DP_GP_cluster clusters genes by expression over a time course using a Dirichlet process Gaussian process model.
Genes that follow similar expression trajectories in response to stress or stimulus tend to share biological functions. Thus, it is reasonable and common to cluster genes by expression trajectories. Two important considerations in this problem are (1) selecting the "correct" or "optimal" number of clusters and (2) modeling the trajectory and time-dependency of gene expression. A Dirichlet process can determine the number of clusters in a nonparametric manner, while a Gaussian process can model the trajectory and time-dependency of gene expression in a nonparametric manner.
DP_GP_cluster requires the following Python packages:
GPy, pandas, numpy, scipy (>= 0.14), matplotlib.pyplot
It has been tested in linux with Python 2.7 and with Anaconda distributions of the latter four above packages.
Download source code and uncompress, then:
python setup.py install
cd DP_GP_cluster
DP_GP_cluster.py -i test/test.txt -o test/test -p png -n 20 --plot
To cluster genes by expression over time course and create gene-by-gene posterior similarity matrix:
DP_GP_cluster.py -i /path/to/expression.txt -o /path/to/output_prefix [ optional args, e.g. -n 2000 --true_times --criterion MAP --plot ... ]
Above, expression.txt is of the format:
gene 1 2 3 ... time_t
gene_1 10 20 5 ... 8
gene_2 3 2 50 ... 8
gene_3 18 100 10 ... 22
...
gene_n 45 22 15 ... 60
where the first row is a header containing the time points and the first column is an index containing all gene names. Entries are delimited by tabs.
DP_GP_cluster can handle missing data so if an expression value for a given gene at a given time point leave blank or represent with "NA".
We recommend clustering only differentially expressed genes to save runtime. If genes can further be separated by up- and down-regulated beforehand, this will also substantially decrease runtime.
To cluster thousands of genes, use option --fast, although in this mode, no missing data allowed.
From the above command, the optimal clustering will be saved at /path/to/output_path_prefix_optimal_clustering.txt in a simple tab-delimited format:
cluster gene
1 gene_1
1 gene_23
2 gene_7
...
k gene_30
Because the optimal clustering is chosen after the entirety of Gibbs sampling, the script can be rerun with alternative clustering optimality criteria to yield different sets of clusters. Also, if --plot flag was not indicated when the above script is called, plots can be generated after sampling:
DP_GP_cluster.py \
-i /path/to/expression.txt \
--sim_mat /path/to/output_prefix_posterior_similarity_matrix.txt \
--clusterings /path/to/output_prefix_clusterings.txt \
--criterion MPEAR \
--post_process \
--plot --plot_types png,pdf \
--output /path/to/output_prefix_MPEAR_optimal_clustering.txt \
--output_path_prefix /path/to/output_prefix_MPEAR
When the --plot flag is indicated, the script plots (1) gene expression trajectories by cluster along with the Gaussian Process parameters of each cluster and (2) the posterior similarity matrix in the form of a heatmap with dendrogram. For example:
*from McDowell et al. 2017, A549 dexamethasone exposure RNA-seq data
**from McDowell et al. 2017, H. salinarum hydrogen peroxide exposure microarray data
For more details on particular parameters, see detailed help message in script.
Users have the option of directly importing DP_GP for direct access to functions. For example,
from DP_GP import core
import GPy
from DP_GP import cluster_tools
import numpy as np
from collections import defaultdict
expression = "/path/to/expression.txt"
optimal_clusters_out = "/path/to/optimal_clusters.txt"
# read in gene expression matrix
gene_expression_matrix, gene_names, t, t_labels = core.read_gene_expression_matrices([expression])
# run Gibbs Sampler
GS = core.gibbs_sampler(gene_expression_matrix, t,
max_num_iterations=200,
burnIn_phaseI=50, burnIn_phaseII=100)
sim_mat, all_clusterings, sampled_clusterings, log_likelihoods, iter_num = GS.sampler()
sampled_clusterings.columns = gene_names
all_clusterings.columns = gene_names
# select best clustering by maximum a posteriori estimate
optimal_clusters = cluster_tools.best_clustering_by_log_likelihood(np.array(sampled_clusterings),
log_likelihoods)
# combine gene_names and optimal_cluster info
optimal_cluster_labels = defaultdict(list)
optimal_cluster_labels_original_gene_names = defaultdict(list)
for gene, (gene_name, cluster) in enumerate(zip(gene_names, optimal_clusters)):
optimal_cluster_labels[cluster].append(gene)
optimal_cluster_labels_original_gene_names[cluster].append(gene_name)
# save optimal clusters
cluster_tools.save_cluster_membership_information(optimal_cluster_labels_original_gene_names,
optimal_clusters_out)
With this approach, the user will have access to the GP models parameterized to each cluster. With this, the user could, e.g., draw samples from a cluster GP or predict a new expression value at a new time point along with the associated uncertainty.
# [continued from above]
# optimize GP model for best clustering
optimal_clusters_GP = {}
for cluster, genes in optimal_cluster_labels.iteritems():
optimal_clusters_GP[cluster] = core.dp_cluster(members=genes,
X=np.vstack(t),
Y=np.array(np.mat(gene_expression_matrix[genes,:])).T)
optimal_clusters_GP[cluster] = optimal_clusters_GP[cluster].update_cluster_attributes(gene_expression_matrix)
def draw_samples_from_cluster_GP(cluster_GP, n_samples=1):
samples = np.random.multivariate_normal(cluster_GP.mean, cluster_GP.covK, n_samples)
return samples
def predict_new_y_from_cluster_GP(cluster_GP, new_x):
next_time_point = np.vstack([cluster_GP.t, new_x])
mean, var = cluster_GP.model._raw_predict(next_time_point)
y, y_var = float(mean[-1]), float(var[-1])
return y, y_var
draw_samples_from_cluster_GP(optimal_clusters_GP[1])
predict_new_y_from_cluster_GP(optimal_clusters_GP[2], new_x=7.2)
I. C. McDowell, D. Manandhar, C. M. Vockley, A. Schmid, T. E. Reddy, B. Engelhardt, Clustering gene expression time series data using an infinite Gaussian process mixture model. bioRxiv (2017).
I. C. McDowell, D. Manandhar, C. M. Vockley, A. Schmid, T. E. Reddy, B. Engelhardt, Clustering gene expression time series data using an infinite Gaussian process mixture model. PLOS Computational Biology (In revision).
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