This is not a full linear algebra library, only a GEMM library: it only does general matrix multiplication ("GEMM").
The meaning of "low precision" is detailed in this document: doc/low-precision.md
Some of the general design is explained in doc/design.md.
Warning: This library goes very slow if compiled incorrectly; see below.
This is not an official Google product (experimental or otherwise), it is just code that happens to be owned by Google.
gemmlowp-related discussion, about either development or usage, is welcome on this Google Group (mailing list / forum):
https://groups.google.com/forum/#!forum/gemmlowp
Should be portable to any platform with some C++11 and POSIX support, while we have optional optimized code paths for specific architectures.
Required:
- C++11 (a small conservative subset of it)
Required for some features:
- Some POSIX interfaces:
- pthreads (for multi-threaded operation and for profiling).
- sysconf (for multi-threaded operation to detect number of cores; may be bypassed).
Optional:
- Architecture-specific code paths use intrinsics or inline assembly. See "Architecture-specific optimized code paths" below.
We have some optimized code paths for specific instruction sets. Some are written in inline assembly, some are written in C++ using intrinsics. Both GCC and Clang are supported.
Current optimized code paths:
- ARM with NEON (both 32bit and 64bit).
- Intel x86 with SSE 4.1 (both 32bit and 64bit).
When building for x86, it's very important to pass -msse4.1 to the compiler,
otherwise gemmlowp will use slow reference code. Bazel users can compile by
running bazel build --copt=-msse4.1 //gemmlowp:all. The compiled binary should
work on all Intel CPUs since 2008 (including low power microarchitectures) as
well as AMD CPUs since 2011.
Please note when compiling binaries that don't need to be distributed, it's
generally a better idea to pass -march=native to the compiler. That flag
implies -msse4.1 flag, along with others that might be helpful. This of course
assumes the host machine supports those instructions. Bazel users should prefer
to run bazel build --config=opt //gemmlowp:all instead.
Details of what it takes to make an efficient port of gemmlowp, namely writing a suitable GEMM kernel and accompanying packing code, are explained in this file: doc/kernel.md.
gemmlowp's main public interface is in the public/ subdirectory.
This is a headers-only library, so there is nothing to link to.
Usage documentation, and comments on the deprecation status of each public entry point, may be found in doc/public.md .
A full, self-contained usage example, showing how to quantize float matrices and perform a quantized matrix multiplication approximating a float matrix multiplication, is given in doc/quantization_example.cc.
The eight_bit_int_gemm/ subdirectory contains an alternate interface that
should be considered purely legacy, deprecated, and going to be removed at some
point in the future.
Because gemmlowp is so simple, working with it involves only single-command-line compiler invocations. Therefore we expect that most people working with gemmlowp will either manually invoke their compiler, or write their own rules for their own preferred build system.
Keep in mind (previous section) that gemmlowp itself is a pure-headers-only library so there is nothing to build.
For a Android gemmlowp development workflow, the scripts/ directory contains a
script to build and run a program on an Android device:
scripts/test-android.sh
That being said, we also maintain a Bazel BUILD system as part of gemmlowp. Its usage is not mandatory at all and is only one possible way that gemmlowp libraries and tests may be built. If you are interested, Bazel's home page is http://bazel.build/ And you can get started with using Bazel to build gemmlowp targets by first creating an empty WORKSPACE file in a parent directory, for instance:
$ cd gemmlowp/.. # change to parent directory containing gemmlowp/
$ touch WORKSPACE # declare that to be our workspace root
$ bazel build gemmlowp:all
You can download and install gemmlowp using the vcpkg dependency manager:
git clone https://github.com/Microsoft/vcpkg.git
cd vcpkg
./bootstrap-vcpkg.sh
./vcpkg integrate install
./vcpkg install gemmlowp
The gemmlowp port in vcpkg is kept up to date by Microsoft team members and community contributors. If the version is out of date, please create an issue or pull request on the vcpkg repository.
The test/ directory contains unit tests. The primary unit test is
test/test.cc
Since it covers also the EightBitIntGemm interface, it needs to be linked against
eight_bit_int_gemm/eight_bit_int_gemm.cc
It also uses realistic data captured from a neural network run in
test/test_data.cc
Thus you'll want to pass the following list of source files to your compiler/linker:
test/test.cc
eight_bit_int_gemm/eight_bit_int_gemm.cc
test/test_data.cc
The scripts/ directory contains a script to build and run a program on an
Android device:
scripts/test-android.sh
It expects the CXX environment variable to point to an Android toolchain's C++
compiler, and expects source files (and optionally, cflags) as command-line
parameters. To build and run the above-mentioned main unit test, first set CXX
e.g.:
$ export CXX=/some/toolchains/arm-linux-androideabi-4.8/bin/arm-linux-androideabi-g++
Then run:
$ ./scripts/test-android.sh \
test/test.cc \
eight_bit_int_gemm/eight_bit_int_gemm.cc \
test/test_data.cc
Alternatively, you can use Bazel to build and run tests. See the Bazel instruction in the above section on building. Once your Bazel workspace is set up, you can for instance do:
$ bazel test gemmlowp:all
If you're having trouble finding the compiler, follow these instructions to build a standalone toolchain: https://developer.android.com/ndk/guides/standalone_toolchain.html
Here's an example of setting up Clang 3.5:
$ export INSTALL_DIR=~/toolchains/clang-21-stl-gnu
$ $NDK/build/tools/make-standalone-toolchain.sh \
--toolchain=arm-linux-androideabi-clang3.5 --platform=android-21 \
--install-dir=$INSTALL_DIR
$ export CXX="$INSTALL_DIR/bin/arm-linux-androideabi-g++ \
--sysroot=$INSTALL_DIR/sysroot"
Some compilers (e.g. the default clang++ in the same bin directory) don't support NEON assembly. The benchmark build process will issue a warning if support isn't detected, and you should make sure you're using a compiler like arm-linux-androideabi-g++ that does include NEON.
The main benchmark is
test/benchmark.cc
It doesn't need to be linked to any other source file. We recommend building
with assertions disabled (-DNDEBUG).
For example, the benchmark can be built and run on an Android device by doing:
$ ./scripts/test-android.sh test/benchmark.cc -DNDEBUG
If GEMMLOWP_TEST_PROFILE is defined then the benchmark will be built with
profiling instrumentation (which makes it slower) and will dump profiles. See
next section on profiling.
The profiling/ subdirectory offers a very simple, naive, inaccurate,
non-interrupting sampling profiler that only requires pthreads (no signals).
It relies on source code being instrumented with pseudo-stack labels. See
profiling/instrumentation.h. A full example of using this profiler is given in
the top comment of profiling/profiler.h.
Contribution-related discussion is always welcome on the gemmlowp mailing list (see above).
We try to keep a current list of TODO items in the todo/ directory.
Prospective contributors are welcome to pick one to work on, and communicate
about it on the gemmlowp mailing list.
Details of the contributing process, including legalese, are in CONTRIBUTING.
Our performance goals differ from typical GEMM performance goals in the following ways:
-
We care not only about speed, but also about minimizing power usage. We specifically care about charge usage in mobile/embedded devices. This implies that we care doubly about minimizing memory bandwidth usage: we care about it, like any GEMM, because of the impact on speed, and we also care about it because it is a key factor of power usage.
-
Most GEMMs are optimized primarily for large dense matrix sizes (>= 1000). We do care about large sizes, but we also care specifically about the typically smaller matrix sizes encountered in various mobile applications. This means that we have to optimize for all sizes, not just for large enough sizes.
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