Data was downloaded using functions provided by the TCGAbiolinks R package for projects TCGA-BRCA, TCGA-COAD, TCGA-LUAD, TCGA-OV and TCGA-UCEC. Clinical survival data was downloaded from supplementary data provided in Liu et al 2018. Survival analysis used our rpartSurvivalClassifier method based on the rpart package (Therneau, T., Atkinson, B., & Ripley, B. (2013). Rpart: Recursive Partitioning. R Package Version 4.1-3, http://CRAN.R-project.org/package=rpart) which allows stratification of the patient cohort based on gene expression and survival information. We also ran a conventional median gene expression stratification method. Survival analysis used the survival package (Therneau T (2021). A Package for Survival Analysis in R. R package version 3.2-13, https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=survival). We used the survminer package (https://github.com/kassambara/survminer) for visualisation.