Git Product home page Git Product logo

thrifty's Introduction

Thrifty

Build Status Android Arsenal

Thrifty is an implementation of the Apache Thrift software stack for Android, which uses 1/4 of the method count taken by the Apache Thrift compiler.

Thrift is a widely-used cross-language service-definition software stack, with a nifty interface definition language from which to generate types and RPC implementations. Unfortunately for Android devs, the canonical implementation generates very verbose and method-heavy Java code, in a manner that is not very Proguard-friendly.

Like Square's Wire project for Protocol Buffers, Thrifty does away with getters and setters (and is-setters and set-is-setters) in favor of public final fields. It maintains some core abstractions like Transport and Protocol, but saves on methods by dispensing with Factories and server implementations and only generating code for the protocols you actually need.

Thrifty was born in the Outlook for Android codebase; before Thrifty, generated thrift classes consumed 20,000 methods. After Thrifty, the thrift method count dropped to 5,000.

Usage

In build.gradle:

repositories {
  mavenCentral()

  // For snapshot builds
  maven { url https://oss.sonatype.org/content/repositories/snapshots' }
}

dependencies {
  compile 'com.microsoft.thrifty:thrifty-runtime:0.2.2'
}

On the command line:

java -jar thrifty-compiler.jar --out=path/to/output file_one.thrift file_two.thrift file_n.thrift

Building

./gradlew build

Testing

./gradlew check

Contributing

Join the chat at https://gitter.im/Microsoft/thrifty

We welcome contributions at all levels. Contributions could be as simple as bug reports and feature suggestions, typo fixes, additional tests, bugfixes, even new features. If you wish to contribute code, please be sure to read our Contributing Guide.

Differences with Apache Thrift

Thrifty structs and clients are 100% compatible with Apache Thrift services.

The major differences are:

  • Thrifty structs are immutable.
  • Thrifty structs are always valid, once built via a builder.
  • Fields that are neither required nor optional (i.e. "default") are treated as optional; a struct with an unset default field may still be serialized.
  • TupleProtocol and JsonProtocols are unsupported at present.
  • Server-specific features from Apache's implementation are not duplicated in Thrifty.

Guide To Thrifty

Thrift is a language-agnostic remote-procedure-call (RPC) definition toolkit. Services, along with a rich set of structured data, are defined using the Thrift Interface Definition Language (IDL). This IDL is then compiled into one or more target languages (e.g. Java), where it can be used as-is to invoke RPC methods on remote services.

Thrifty is an alternate implementation of Thrift targeted at Android usage. Its benefits over the standard Apache implementation are its greatly reduced method count and its increased type-safety. By generating immutable classes that are validated before construction, consuming code doesn't have to constantly check if required data is set or not.

Interface Definition Language

The Thrift IDL is a simple and standardized way to define data, data structures, and services:

// Let's call this example.thrift

namespace java com.foo.bar

struct Query {
  1: required string text,
  2: optional i64 resultsNewerThan
}

struct SearchResult {
  1: required string url,
  2: required list<string> keywords = [], // A list of keywords related to the result
  3: required i64 lastUpdatedMillis // The time at which the result was last checked, in unix millis
}

service Google {
  list<SearchResult> search(1: Query query)
}

For an authoritative source on Thrift IDL, Thrift: The Missing Guide is an excellent introduction.

Generating Code

Use thrifty-compiler to compile IDL into Java classes:

java -jar thrifty-compiler.jar --out=path/to/output example.thrift

The example file will result in the following files being generated: path/to/output/

  • com/foo/bar/
    • Google.java
    • GoogleClient.java
    • Query.java
    • SearchResult.java

The interesting files here are, of course, our domain objects Query and SearchResult.

The latter looks like this:

package com.foo.bar;

import android.support.annotation.NonNull;
import com.microsoft.thrifty.Adapter;
import com.microsoft.thrifty.StructBuilder;
import com.microsoft.thrifty.TType;
import com.microsoft.thrifty.ThriftField;
import com.microsoft.thrifty.protocol.FieldMetadata;
import com.microsoft.thrifty.protocol.ListMetadata;
import com.microsoft.thrifty.protocol.Protocol;
import com.microsoft.thrifty.util.ProtocolUtil;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Collections;
import java.util.List;

public final class SearchResult {
  public static final Adapter<SearchResult, Builder> ADAPTER = new SearchResultAdapter();

  @ThriftField(
      fieldId = 1,
      isRequired = true
  )
  @NonNull
  public final String url;

  /**
   * A list of keywords related to the result
   */
  @ThriftField(
      fieldId = 2,
      isRequired = true
  )
  @NonNull
  public final List<String> keywords;

  /**
   * The time at which the result was last checked, in unix millis
   */
  @ThriftField(
      fieldId = 3,
      isRequired = true
  )
  @NonNull
  public final Long lastUpdatedMillis;

  private SearchResult(Builder builder) {
    this.url = builder.url;
    this.keywords = Collections.unmodifiableList(builder.keywords);
    this.lastUpdatedMillis = builder.lastUpdatedMillis;
  }

  @Override
  public boolean equals(Object other) {
    if (this == other) return true;
    if (other == null) return false;
    if (!(other instanceof SearchResult)) return false;
    SearchResult that = (SearchResult) other;
    return (this.url == that.url || this.url.equals(that.url))
        && (this.keywords == that.keywords || this.keywords.equals(that.keywords))
        && (this.lastUpdatedMillis == that.lastUpdatedMillis || this.lastUpdatedMillis.equals(that.lastUpdatedMillis));
  }

  @Override
  public int hashCode() {
    int code = 16777619;
    code ^= this.url.hashCode();
    code *= 0x811c9dc5;
    code ^= this.keywords.hashCode();
    code *= 0x811c9dc5;
    code ^= this.lastUpdatedMillis.hashCode();
    code *= 0x811c9dc5;
    return code;
  }

  @Override
  public String toString() {
    return "SearchResult{url=" + this.url + ", keywords=" + this.keywords + ", lastUpdatedMillis=" + this.lastUpdatedMillis + "}";
  }

  public static final class Builder implements StructBuilder<SearchResult> {
    private String url;

    /**
     * A list of keywords related to the result
     */
    private List<String> keywords;

    /**
     * The time at which the result was last checked, in unix millis
     */
    private Long lastUpdatedMillis;

    public Builder() {
      this.keywords = new ArrayList<String>();
    }

    public Builder(SearchResult struct) {
      this.url = struct.url;
      this.keywords = struct.keywords;
      this.lastUpdatedMillis = struct.lastUpdatedMillis;
    }

    public Builder url(String url) {
      if (url == null) {
        throw new NullPointerException("Required field 'url' cannot be null");
      }
      this.url = url;
      return this;
    }

    public Builder keywords(List<String> keywords) {
      if (keywords == null) {
        throw new NullPointerException("Required field 'keywords' cannot be null");
      }
      this.keywords = keywords;
      return this;
    }

    public Builder lastUpdatedMillis(Long lastUpdatedMillis) {
      if (lastUpdatedMillis == null) {
        throw new NullPointerException("Required field 'lastUpdatedMillis' cannot be null");
      }
      this.lastUpdatedMillis = lastUpdatedMillis;
      return this;
    }

    @Override
    public SearchResult build() {
      if (this.url == null) {
        throw new IllegalStateException("Required field 'url' is missing");
      }
      if (this.keywords == null) {
        throw new IllegalStateException("Required field 'keywords' is missing");
      }
      if (this.lastUpdatedMillis == null) {
        throw new IllegalStateException("Required field 'lastUpdatedMillis' is missing");
      }
      return new SearchResult(this);
    }

    @Override
    public void reset() {
      this.url = null;
      this.keywords = new ArrayList<String>();
      this.lastUpdatedMillis = null;
    }
  }

  private static final class SearchResultAdapter implements Adapter<SearchResult, Builder> {
    // Uninteresting but important serialization code
  }

The struct itself is immutable and has a minimal number of methods. It can be constructed only with the assistance of a nested Builder, which validates that all required fields are set. Finally, an Adapter implementation (whose body is omitted here because it is long and mechanical) that handles reading and writing SearchResult structs to and from Protocols.

Finally and separately, note Google and GoogleClient - the former is an interface, and the latter is an autogenerated implementation.

You may notice the similarity to protobuf classes generated by Wire - this is intentional! The design principles codified there - immutable data, build-time validation, preferring fields over methods, separating data representation from serialization logic - lead to better, safer code, and more breathing room for Android applications.

Using Generated Code

Given the example above, the code to invoke Google.search() might be:

// Transports define how bytes move to and from their destination
SocketTransport transport = new SocketTransport("thrift.google.com", 80);
transport.connect();

// Protocols define the mapping between structs and bytes
Protocol protocol = new BinaryProtocol(transport);

// Generated clients do the plumbing
Google client = new GoogleClient(protocol);

Query query = new Query.Builder()
    .text("thrift vs protocol buffers")
    .build();

// RPC clients are asynchronous and callback-based
client.search(query, new ServiceMethodCallback<List<SearchResult>>() {
    @Override
    public void onSuccess(List<SearchResult> response) {
        // yay
    }

    @Override
    public void onError(Throwable error) {
        Log.e("GoogleClient", "Search error: " + error);
    }
});

Extensibility

Every project has its own requirements, and no one style of boilerplate can fill them all. Thrifty offers a small but powerful plugin model that you can implement, using the standard Java SPI mechanism, which will allow one to customize each generated Java class before it is written out to disk. Read more about it in the thrifty-compiler-plugins README. You can see a worked example in thrifty-example-postprocessor.

Thanks

Thrifty owes an enormous debt to Square and the Wire team; without them, this project would not exist. Thanks! An equal debt is owed to Facebook and Apache for developing and opening Thrift to the world.


Copyright © Microsoft Corporation

thrifty's People

Contributors

benjamin-bader avatar

Watchers

James Cloos avatar Andrew Nambudripad avatar

Recommend Projects

  • React photo React

    A declarative, efficient, and flexible JavaScript library for building user interfaces.

  • Vue.js photo Vue.js

    🖖 Vue.js is a progressive, incrementally-adoptable JavaScript framework for building UI on the web.

  • Typescript photo Typescript

    TypeScript is a superset of JavaScript that compiles to clean JavaScript output.

  • TensorFlow photo TensorFlow

    An Open Source Machine Learning Framework for Everyone

  • Django photo Django

    The Web framework for perfectionists with deadlines.

  • D3 photo D3

    Bring data to life with SVG, Canvas and HTML. 📊📈🎉

Recommend Topics

  • javascript

    JavaScript (JS) is a lightweight interpreted programming language with first-class functions.

  • web

    Some thing interesting about web. New door for the world.

  • server

    A server is a program made to process requests and deliver data to clients.

  • Machine learning

    Machine learning is a way of modeling and interpreting data that allows a piece of software to respond intelligently.

  • Game

    Some thing interesting about game, make everyone happy.

Recommend Org

  • Facebook photo Facebook

    We are working to build community through open source technology. NB: members must have two-factor auth.

  • Microsoft photo Microsoft

    Open source projects and samples from Microsoft.

  • Google photo Google

    Google ❤️ Open Source for everyone.

  • D3 photo D3

    Data-Driven Documents codes.