┌─┐┬─┐┌─┐┌─┐┬─┐┌─┐┌┬┐┌┬┐┬┌┐┌┌─┐
├─┘├┬┘│ ││ ┬├┬┘├─┤│││││││││││ ┬
┴  ┴└─└─┘└─┘┴└─┴ ┴┴ ┴┴ ┴┴┘└┘└─┘
┌─┐┌─┐┬─┐                      
├┤ │ │├┬┘                      
└  └─┘┴└─                      
┬┌─┬┌┬┐┌─┐                     
├┴┐│ ││└─┐                     
┴ ┴┴─┴┘└─┘                                       


> by: Borislav Nikolov
> year: 2021

The parent has to know how to program.
Spend 30 minutes per day. Every day.

"Anything worth doing is worth doing badly." — G. K. Chesterton

#include <Servo.h>
#define SERVO_PIN 9
Servo s;
void setup()  {
  s.attach(SERVO_PIN, 1000, 2000);
}

void loop()  {
  s.write(0);
  delay(500);

  s.write(60);
  delay(500);

  s.write(120);
  delay(500);
}

+------------------+
|                  |
|  [           ]   |
|  [ Processor ]   |
|  [           ]   |
|                  |
|  [ Memory ]      |
|  [ Memory ]      |
|                  |
|  [ Video Card ]--+------> monitor
|                  |
|  [ Disk ]        |
|                  |  +---> iphone
|                  |  +---> mouse
|  [ USB ]---------+--+---> keyboard
|                  |
|  [ WiFi ]        |
|  [ ... ]         |
+------------------+

/
├─ home/
│  ├─ jack/
│  |  ├─ type.py
│  |  ├─ example.txt
│  |  ├─ image.jpg

  /
  /
 /____________________
 |________  __________
 /_____  /||   |
|".___."| ||   |
|_______|/ |   |
 || .___."||  /
 ||_______|| /
 |_________|/ Felix Lee
 

32  SPC   64  @    96  `
33  !     65  A    97  a
34  "     66  B    98  b
35  #     67  C    99  c
36  $     68  D   100  d
37  %     69  E   101  e
38  &     70  F   102  f
39  '     71  G   103  g
40  (     72  H   104  h
41  )     73  I   105  i
42  *     74  J   106  j
43  +     75  K   107  k
44  ,     76  L   108  l
45  -     77  M   109  m
46  .     78  N   110  n
47  /     79  O   111  o
48  0     80  P   112  p
49  1     81  Q   113  q
50  2     82  R   114  r
51  3     83  S   115  s
52  4     84  T   116  t
53  5     85  U   117  u
54  6     86  V   118  v
55  7     87  W   119  w
56  8     88  X   120  x
57  9     89  Y   121  y
58  :     90  Z   122  z
59  ;     91  [   123  {
60  <     92  \   124  |
61  =     93  ]   125  }
62  >     94  ^   126  ~
63  ?     95  _

 ______________     _             _,-----------._        ___
|              |   (_,.-      _,-'_,-----------._`-._    _)_)
| THE _  _  _  |      |     ,'_,-'  ___________  `-._`.
| |  / \|_)| \ |     `'   ,','  _,-'___________`-._  `.`.
| |__\_/| \|_/ |        ,','  ,'_,-'     .     `-._`.  `.`.
|              |       /,'  ,','        >|<        `.`.  `.\
| OF THE  _ _  |      //  ,','      ><  ,^.  ><      `.`.  \\
| |_)||\|/_(_  |     //  /,'      ><   / | \   ><      `.\  \\
| | \|| |\_|_) |    //  //      ><    \/\^/\/    ><      \\  \\
|______________|   ;;  ;;              `---'              ::  ::
                   ||  ||              (____              ||  ||
 DOORS OF DURIN   _||__||_            ,'----.            _||__||_
                 (o.____.o)____        `---'        ____(o.____.o)
                   |    | /,--.)                   (,--.\ |    |
                   |    |((  -`___               ___`   ))|    |
                   |    | \\,'',  `.           .'  .``.// |    |
                   |    |  // (___,'.         .'.___) \\  |    |
                  /|    | ;;))  ____) .     . (____  ((\\ |    |\
                  \|.__ | ||/ .'.--.\/       `/,--.`. \;: | __,|;
                   |`-,`;.| :/ /,'  `)-'   `-('  `.\ \: |.;',-'|
                   |   `..  ' / \__.'         `.__/ \ `  ,.'   |
                   |    |,\  /,                     ,\  /,|    |
                   |    ||: : )          .          ( : :||    |
                  /|    |:; |/  .      ./|\,      ,  \| :;|    |\
                  \|.__ |/  :  ,/-    <--:-->    ,\.  ;  \| __,|;
                   |`-.``:   `'/-.     '\|/`     ,-\`;   ;'',-'|
                   |   `..   ,' `'       '       `  `.   ,.'   |
                   |    ||  :                         :  ||    |
                   |    ||  |                         |  ||    |
                   |    ||  |                         |  ||    |
                   |    |'  |            _            |  `|    |
                   |    |   |          '|))           |   |    |
                   ;____:   `._        `'           _,'   ;____:
                  {______}     \___________________/     {______}
              SSt |______|_______________________________|______|

import random
letters = 'fjfjfjfjfjfjjfghghghgaa;a;a;abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz'
difficulty = 2

while True:
    q = ''
    for i in range(difficulty):
        q = q + random.choice(letters)

    a = input(q + ': ')
    if a == q:
        difficulty += 1
    else:
        if difficulty > 2:
            difficulty -= 1

aj: aj
akg: akg
jjgh: jjgh

<html>
  <body>
   <h1>welcome!</h1>
   <p>this is my page</p>
  </body>
</html>

<html>
  <body>
    <marquee>
      <h1>check this out!</h1>
    </marquee>
    <mark>Why would somebody use this?</mark>
  </body>
</html>

<html>
  <body>
    <ul>
      <li>first <b>item</b></li>
      <li>second <i>item</i></li>
      <li>third</li>
    </ul>
  </body>
</html>

<html>
  <body>
    first
    line<br>
    second line<br>
    <hr>
    third line<br>
  </body>
</html>

<center>
  <pre style="font-size: 30px; letter-spacing: 4px;" id="question"></pre>
</center>

<script>
var makeNewQuestion = function() {
  var letters = 'fjfjfjfjfjfjjfghghghgaa;a;a;abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz'
  var difficulty = 10
  var q = []
  for (var i = 0; i < difficulty; i++) {
    q.push(letters.charAt(Math.floor(Math.random() * letters.length)));
  }
  return q
}

var currentQuestion = makeNewQuestion()
var questionElement = document.getElementById("question")
questionElement.innerHTML = currentQuestion.join("")

var position = 0
document.body.addEventListener('keydown', (e) => {
  if (e.key == currentQuestion[position]) {
    position++
    if (position == currentQuestion.length) {
      currentQuestion = makeNewQuestion()
      position = 0
    } else {
      currentQuestion[position-1] = '<b>' + currentQuestion[position-1] + '</b>'
    }
    questionElement.innerHTML = currentQuestion.join("")
  }
})
</script>

<html>
    <body>
        <h2>welcome!</h2>
        <p>
            this is my <b>first web page</b> it has also <i>weird twist</i>!
        </p>
        <hr>
        <p>
            and a line
        </p>
    </body>
</html>

<html>
<body>
    <h2>welcome!</h2>
    <p>
        this is my <b>first web page</b>!
    </p>
    and it has a bug!<br>
    <button onclick="document.body.appendChild(this.cloneNode(true))">🐛</button>
</body>
</html>

<html>
    <body style="font-size: 24px;">
        <h1>Presentation For School</h1>
        <small>by: John, from class 4</small>
        <br>
        <br>
        <br>
        <br>
        <br>
        <hr>

        <h1>First Slide</h1>
        <ul>
            <li>Something</li>
            <li>very <b>important</b></li>
            <li>and very <i>strange</i></li>
        </ul>
        <br>
        <br>
        <br>
        <hr>
        <h1>Second Slide</h1>
        <ul>
            <li>Something Else</li>
            <li>very <u>underline</u></li>
            <li>and very <del>weird</del></li>
        </ul>
        <br>
        <br>
        <br>
        <hr>
        <h1>Third Slide</h1>
        <ul>
            <li>... surely we can come up with a line</li>
            <li>... and another line</li>
        </ul>
        <br>
        <br>
        <br>
        <hr>
    </body>
</html>

<html>
  <body>
    <marquee>
      <ul>
        <li>
          <h1>
            <i>
              hello
            </i>
          </h1>
        </li>
      </ul>
    </marquee>
  </body>
</html>

<html>
  <body>
    <table border="10">
      <tr><th>Name</th><th>Year</th></tr>

      <tr>
        <td>
            Donald Duck
        </td>
        <td>
            1937
        </td>
      </tr>
      <tr>
        <td>
            Daisy Duck
        </td>
        <td>
            1940 
        </td>
      </tr>
      <tr>
        <td>
            Scrooge McDuck
        </td>
        <td>
            1947
        </td>
      </tr>
      <tr>
        <td>
            Ludwig Von Drake
        </td>
        <td>
            1961
        </td>
      </tr>
    </table>
  </body>
</html>

<html>
  <body>
    <table border="10">
      <tr><th>Name</th><th>Year</th></tr>

      <tr>
        <td>
            <marquee>
              hello world
            </marquee>
        </td>
        <td>
          <marquee>
            hello universe
          </marquee>
        </td>
      </tr>
      <tr>
        <td>
            <b>this does not move</b>
        </td>
        <td>
            <marquee>
              <i>this is italic</i>
            </marquee>
        </td>
      </tr>
    </table>
  </body>
</html>

<table border=100>
  <tr>
    <td>
      <ul>
        <li>a</li>
        <li>b</li>
        <li>c</li>
      </ul>
    </td>
    <td>
      <ol>
        <li>a</li>
        <li>b</li>
        <li>c</li>
      </ol>
    </td>
  </tr>
</table>

<html>
    <body>
        hi, <a href="https://wikipedia.com">click here</a> to go to wikipedia
    </body>
</html>

<html>
    <body>
        <h1>🌈</h1>
        <h1 style="color: red;">red</h1>
        <h1 style="color: orange">orange</h1>
        <h1 style="color: yellow">yellow</h1>
        <h1 style="color: green">green</h1>
        <h1 style="color: blue">blue</h1>
        <h1 style="color: indigo">indigo</h1>
        <h1 style="color: violet">violet</h1>
    </body>
</html>

<div id='sheep' style='position:absolute'>🐑</div>
<script>
    var sheep = document.getElementById('sheep')
    document.body.onmousemove = (e) => {
        sheep.style.left = (e.clientX - 5 + 'px');
        sheep.style.top = (e.clientY - 5 + 'px');
    }
</script>

<button onclick="this.parentNode.removeChild(this)">👻</button>

<html>
  <body>
    <table border="10">
      <tr><th>Name</th><th>Year</th></tr>

      <tr>
        <td>
            <mark>
              hello
            </mark>
        </td>
        <td>
          <h1>
            world
          </h1>
        </td>
      </tr>
      <tr>
        <td>
            <b>move</b>
        </td>
        <td>
            <marquee>
              <i>italic</i>
            </marquee>
        </td>
      </tr>
    </table>
  </body>
</html>

                 <html>
                   |
                 <body>
                   |
                 <table>
                /   |   \
               /    |    \
              /     |     \
             /      |      \
            /       |       \
           /        |        \
        <tr>      <tr>       <tr>         <--- siblings, same parent
         /\        / \        / \
        /  \      /   \      /   \
      <th> <th> <td>  <td>  <td> <td>     <--- the two td with same parent
      |      |    |     |    |     |           are siblings
     Name  Year <mark> <h1> <b>  <marquee>
                  |      |   |      |
                hello world move   <i>
                                    |
                                  italic
       

                                  italic
                                    |
                hello world move   <i>
                  |      |   |      |
     Name  Year <mark> <h1> <b>  <marquee>
      |      |    |     |    |     |
      <th> <th> <td>  <td>  <td> <td>
        \  /      \   /      \   /
         \/        \ /        \ /
        <tr>      <tr>       <tr>
           \        |        /
            \       |       /
             \      |      /
              \     |     /
               \    |    /
                \   |   /
                 <table>
                   |
                 <body>
                   |
                 <html>

Right click on this page, click Inspect and then go to Console.
<script>
    console.log('🐺🐺🐺🐺 You can see that in the console. 🐺🐺🐺🐺')
    console.log('🐺🐺🐺🐺 type 12312*18237978123 in the console and see what happens. 🐺🐺🐺🐺')
</script>

<html>
  <body>
    Your Robux Balance is: <b>0$</b>
  </body>
</html>

<html>
  <body>
    <img src="https://picsum.photos/id/237/200/300">
    <img src="https://picsum.photos/id/40/200/300">
  </body>
</html>

<html>
  <body>
    <table>
      <tr>
        <td>
          <img src="https://picsum.photos/id/237/200/300">
        </td>
        <td>
          <img src="https://picsum.photos/id/40/200/300">
        </td>
      </tr>
    </table>
  </body>
</html>

<html>
  <body>
    <table>
      <tr>
        <td>
          <a href="https://wikipedia.com">
            <img src="https://picsum.photos/id/237/200/300">
          </a>
        </td>
        <td>
          <a href="https://gutenberg.org">
            <img src="https://picsum.photos/id/40/200/300">
          </a>
        </td>
      </tr>
    </table>
  </body>
</html>

<html>
  <body>
    <table>
      <tr>
        <td>
          <a href="https://wikipedia.com">
            <img src="https://picsum.photos/id/237/200/300">
            <br>
            This dog leads to wikipedia
          </a>
        </td>
        <td>
          <a href="https://gutenberg.org">
            <img src="https://picsum.photos/id/40/200/300">
            <br>
            This cat (I think) leads to guttenberg.org
          </a>
        </td>
      </tr>
    </table>
  </body>
</html>

<p>
  Hello, and welcome to my page.
  I hope you will like this image.
</p>
<img src="https://picsum.photos/id/237/200/300" alt="puppy">

Hello, and welcome to my page. I hope you will like this image. 

Image puppy.

<html>
  <head>
    <title>THIS IS SPARTA</title>
  </head>
  <body>
    <marquee>
      <ul>
        <li>
          <a href="https://wikipedia.com">click me</a>
        </li>
        <li>
          <mark>hello world</mark>
        </li>
      </ul>
    </marquee>
  </body>
</html>

<html>
  <head>
    <style>
      body {
        background: blue;
      }
      p {
        color: pink;
      }
      h1 {
        color: cyan;
      }
    </style>
    <title>some title</title>
  </head>
  <body>
    <center>
      <p>
        Hello Universe
      </p>
      <h1>hello world</h1>
    </center>
  </body>
</html>

<button onclick="makeManyButtons()">🤖</button>
<script>
    function makeManyButtons() {
        // try to make million buttons!

        for(var i = 0; i < 100; i++) {
            var button = document.createElement('button')
            button.innerText = '🐹'
            document.body.appendChild(button)
        }
    }
</script>

<button onclick="replicate(10,'🦊')">🤖</button>
<script>
    function replicate(n,buttonText) {
        // try to make million buttons!

        for(var i = 0; i < n; i++) {
            var button = document.createElement('button')
            button.onclick = function () {
                replicate(20,'🦓')
            };
            button.innerText = buttonText
            document.body.appendChild(button)
        }
    }
</script>

<html>
<body style="padding: 0; margin: 0">
<canvas id="squares"></canvas>
<script>
var canvas=document.getElementById('squares');
var ctx=canvas.getContext("2d");
canvas.width=window.innerWidth;
canvas.height=window.innerHeight;

function draw() {
   ctx.fillStyle= '#' + Math.floor(Math.random()*16777215).toString(16);
   ctx.globalAlpha=0.5;

   var size=Math.floor((Math.random()) * 60) + 1;
   var x = Math.floor(Math.random()*canvas.width)
   var y = Math.floor(Math.random()*canvas.height)

   ctx.fillRect(x, y, size, size);
};

setInterval(draw,10);
// why dont you try to make them rectangles instead of squares?
// or maybe even circles? google for 'canvas fillRect' and 'canvas arc'
</script>
</body>
</html>

print("Hi!")

while True:
  print("Hi!")

Hi!
Hi!
Hi!
Hi!
Hi!
Hi!
Hi!
Hi!
...

while 1 == 1:
  print("Hi!)

while True:
  zzz = input("what is your name: ")
  print(zzz)

while True:
  name = input("what is your name: ")
  print(name)

while True:
  name = input("what is your name: ")
    print(name)

while True:
  name = input("what is your name: ")
  if name == "pikachu":
    print(name)

while True:
  | \
  |  \
  |   \
  |    \
 if:   name = input
  |
print(name)

if (name == "pikachu") {
  console.log("pikaaaachuuuuu")
  console.log("evolutiooonn!")
}

while True:
  name = input("what is your name: ")
  if name == "pikachu":
    break

while True:
  name = input("what is your name: ")
  print(name)
  if name == "pikachu":
    break

print("DONE")

name = ''
while name != "pikachu":
  name = input("what is your name: ")
  print(name)

print("DONE")

while True:
  name = input("what is your name: ")
  if name == "pikachu":
    print("pikaaaaaaachuuuuu")
    break
  else:
    print("Hello, " + name)

False
True
None

and      ->   name == "pikachu" and age == "33"
or       ->   name == "pikachu" or name == "charmander"
not      ->   not name == "pikachu" is the same as name != "pikachu"

for      -> used if you know how many times you want to do something
while    -> do something until condition is True
break    -> break out of the for or while loop 
continue -> go to the start of the while/for loop and continue from there

if       -> if something is true
elif     -> else if something else is true
else     -> else do this

in       -> checks if something is in somethhing else, e.g. "pika" in name
def      -> make a function

as
assert
async
await
class
del
except
finally
from
global
import
is
lambda
nonlocal
pass
raise
return
try
with
yield

print("Welcome to the forest!")
print("This is a world of magic and wonders. You are on a cross road, you can go north east south or west.")
print("South leads to the swamps, where the aligators live")
print("West leads to the mountains, where the yeti lives")
print("North leads to the jungle, where the tigres live")
print("East leads to the desert, where the meerkats live")
print("")

what = input("what would you do next: ")

if what == "east":
  print("Welcome to the desert")
  print("It is very hot, and you need remember to put sun screen.")
  print("Oh, you remember to put your hat as well.")
  print("In the distance you see a meerkat approaching.")
  print("What would you do? Run or Fight the meerkat?")
  print("")

  what = input("what would you do next: ")
  if what == "run":
    print("You start running, and the meerkat is super fast, it catches you in no time.")
  elif what == "fight":
    print("You try to fight it, but turns out it was friendly and wants to become your friend.")
    print("What would you do?")
    print("")
    what = input("Do you want to be its friend: ")

    if what == "yes":
      print("Great! Now the meerkat wants to introduce you to his family.")
    elif what == "no":
      print("The meerkat starts crying!")

  else:
    print("I dont understand: " + what)

                    |
                    |
              if what == "east"
                   |
                 / |  \
                /  |   \
               /   |    \
              /    |     \
             /     |      \
          if      else    elif
    what == "run"  |     what == "fight
          |        |        |
        print   print      / \
                          /   \
                         /     \
                        /       \
                      if        elif
                what == "yes" what == "no"
                     |            |
                  [ ... ]      [ ... ]

a = "he"
b = "ll"
c = "o"
if a == "he":
  if b == "ll":
    if c == "o":
      print("hello")

a = "he"
b = "ll"
c = "o"
if a == "he" and b == "ll" and c == "o":
  print("hello")

def ask(possible_answers):
  answer = ''
  print("---") # print empty line
  while True:
    answer = input("> What would you do next: ")
    if answer not in possible_answers:
      print("> try again, it must be one of:", possible_answers)
    else:
      return answer

print("Welcome to the forest!")
#...

what = ask(["east","west","north","south"])

if what == "east":
  print("Welcome to the desert")
  #...

  what = ask(["run","fight"])
  if what == "run":
    print("You start running, and the meerkat is super fast, it catches you in no time.")
  elif what == "fight":
    print("You try to fight it, but turns out it was friendly and wants to become your friend.")
    # ...
    what = ask(["yes","no"])
    if what == "yes":
      print("Great! Now the meerkat wants to introduce you to his family.")
    elif what == "no":
      print("The meerkat starts crying!")
elif what == "north":
  print("Welcome to the north pole, it is super cold here.")

def sum(a,b):
  return a + b

r = sum(1737,1231231)
print(r)

import random
import time

def fight(playerHP, enemyHP, enemy_name):
  # fight to the death!

  while playerHP >= 0 and enemyHP >= 0:  
    punch = random.randint(0, 20)
    if random.choice(["player","enemy"]) == "player":
      playerHP = playerHP - punch
      print("<"+enemy_name+"> hits you for " + str(punch) + ", " + str(playerHP) + " left")
    else:
      enemyHP = enemyHP - punch
      print("you hit <"+enemy_name+"> for " + str(punch) + ", " + str(enemyHP) + " left")

    time.sleep(1)

  return playerHP


fight(100, 50, "meerkat")

import random
import time

def ask(possible_answers):
  ...

def fight(playerHP, enemyHP, enemy_name):
  ...

...

health = 100

what = ask(["east","west","north","south"])
if what == "east":
  ...
  what = ask(["run","fight"])
  if what == "run":
    ...
  elif what == "fight":
    meerkatHP = 50
    health = fight(health, meerkatHP, "meerkat")
    if health <= 0:
      print("GAME OVER! THE MEERKAT BEAT YOU")
    else:
      print("You won against the meerkat, you have " + str(health) + " HP left))

bad = ["broccoli","chocolate","pineapple"]

while True:
  food = input("what is your favorite food: ")
  if food in bad:
    print("ewwwww I hate " + food)
  else:
    print("yumm, I love " + food)

bad = ["broccoli","chocolate","pineapple"]
good = ["pizza","popcorn"]
while True:
  food = input("what is your favorite food: ")
  if food in bad:
    print("ewwwww I hate " + food)
  elif food in good:
    print("yumm, I love " + food)
  else:
    print("I have never tried " + food)

for i range(100):
  print(i)

for i in range(10, 20):
  print(i)

colors =  ["red","green","blue"]
for color in colors:
  print(color)

name = "jack"
for c in name:
  print(c)

j
a
c
k

def love_test(a,b):
  sum = 0
  for c in a+b:
    print(c + ': ' + str(ord(c)))
    sum += ord(c)

  print('sum is:' + str(sum))
  return sum % 100


while True:
  nameA = input("first name: ")
  nameB = input("second name: ")

  print("love test: " + str(love_test(nameA,nameB)))

first name: jack
second name: jane
j: 106
a: 97
c: 99
k: 107
j: 106
a: 97
n: 110
e: 101
sum is:823
love test: 23

import random

possible = ["nothing"]
while True:
  x = input("What would you like to do: ")
  if x == "done":
    break
  else:
    possible.append(x)

what = random.choice(possible)
print("possible choices: ")
print(possible)
print("the magic 8 ball decided: " + what)

while True:
  a = int(input("first number: "))
  b = int(input("second number: "))
  print(a, "*", b, "=", a*b)

while True:
  a = int(input("first number: "))
  b = int(input("second number: "))
  print(str(a) + " *" + str(b) + "=" + str(a*b))

name = input("what is your name: ")
print("Your spy name is: " + name[0] + name[1])

while True:
  a = int(input("first number: "))
  b = int(input("second number: "))
  op = input("operation * / + :")
  result = 0
  if op == "*":
    result = a * b
  elif op == "/":
    result = a/b
  elif op == "+":    
    result = a+b
  else:
    print("I dont understand " + op)
    continue
  print(a,op,b,'=',result)

while True:
  for i in range(10):
    print(i)

name = input("what is your name: ")
for c in name:
  print(c)

sum = 0

for i in range(100):
  sum = sum + i
print(sum)

def is_prime(n):
  if n == 1 or n == 0:
    return False

  for i in range(2, n):
    if n % i == 0:
      return False

  return True

for i in range(100):
  print(i, is_prime(i))

a = int(input("number 1: "))
b = int(input("number 2: "))
c = a * b

print(c)

import time

s = int(input("how many seconds: "))
for i in range(s):
  print(i)
  time.sleep(1)

print(s, "SECONDS ARE OVER")

import datetime
import time
import os

while True:
  os.system('clear')
  now = datetime.datetime.now()
  print(now)
  time.sleep(1)

def show(calendar):
    for row in calendar:
        for day in row:
            print(day,end=' ')
        print('')

june = [
    ['Su', 'Mo', 'Tu', 'We', 'Th', 'Fr', 'Sa'],
    ['  ', '  ', ' 1', ' 2', ' 3', ' 4', ' 5'],
    [' 6', ' 7', ' 8', ' 9', '10', '11', '12'],
    ['13', '14', '15', '16', '17', '18', '19'],
    ['20', '21', '22', '23', '24', '25', '26'],
    ['27', '28', '29', '30', '  ', '  ', '  '],
]

show(june)

food = []

while True:
  what = input("what is your favorite food: ")
  food.append(what)
  print(what)

colors = ["red","green","blue"]
score = 0
while True:
  guess = input("guess a color: ")
  if guess in colors:
    print("good guess! I like " + guess)
  else:
    print("nop, I dont like " + guess)

def is_in_list(list,what):
  for element in list:
    if element == what:
      return True
  return False

colors = ["red","green","blue"]
score = 0
while True:
  guess = input("guess a color: ")
  if is_in_list(colors, guess):
    print("good guess! I like " + guess)
  else:
    print("nop, I dont like " + guess)

for i in range(10):
  name = input("what is your name: ")
  print(i)
  print(name)

name = input("what is your name: ")
print("first letter: " + name[0])
print("last letter: " + name[len(name)-1])

len("jane"):

j a n e
1 2 3 4


len("ja")

j a
1 2

j a n e
0 1 2 3

name = "jane"
name[0] is j
name[1] is a
name[2] is n
name[3] is e

len(name) is 4 (because len counts from 1)
so name[len(name) - 1], is name[4 - 1] or name[3] which is the last letter

def line(width, symbol):
    for x in range(width):
        print(symbol,end='')

line(20, '#')
line(30, '*')
line(40, '_')

def line(width, symbol):
    for x in range(width):
        print(symbol,end='')

for i in range(100):
  line(i,'*')
  print('')

def line(width, symbol):
    for x in range(width):
        print(symbol,end='')

for i in range(50):
  line(i, ' ')
  line(i, '*')
  print('')

def line(width, symbol):
    for x in range(width):
        print(symbol,end='')

def box(width,height,symbol):
    for y in range(height):
        line(width,symbol)
        print('')

box(16,20)
box(10,20,'#')
box(15,13,'*')

def line(width, symbol):
    for x in range(width):
        print(symbol,end='')

count = 50
for i in range(count):
  line(count - i, ' ')
  line(i, '*')
  print('')

def line(width, symbol):
    for x in range(width):
        print(symbol,end='')

count = 50
for i in range(count):
  half = int((count-i)/2)
  line(half , ' ')
  line(i, '*')
  print('')

def line(width, symbol):
    for x in range(width):
        print(symbol,end='')

count = 50
for i in range(count):
  line(count-i, '*')
  print('')

def line(width, symbol):
    for x in range(width):
        print(symbol,end='')

count = 50
for i in range(count):
  half = int(i/2)
  line(half , ' ')
  line(count-i, '*')
  print('')

def line(width, symbol):
    for x in range(width):
        print(symbol,end='')

while True:
  count = 10
  for i in range(count):
    line(count-i, '*')
    print('')

  for i in range(count):
    line(i, '#')
    print('')

#
##
###
####
#####
######
#######
########
#########
**********
*********
********
*******
******
*****
****
***
**
*

#
##
###
####
#####
######
#######
########
#########
**********
*********
********
*******
******
*****
****
***
**
*

import random

def line(width, symbol):
    for x in range(width):
        print(symbol,end='')


symbols = ['*','#','%','^','&']
while True:
  count = random.randint(5,80)

  symbol = random.choice(symbols)
  for i in range(count):
    line(count-i, symbol)
    print('')

  symbol = random.choice(symbols)
  for i in range(count):
    line(i, symbol)
    print('')

def line(width, symbol):
    for x in range(width):
        print(symbol,end='')


count = 100
for i in range(0, count, 5):
  line(i, '*')
  print('')

for i in range(0, 100, 10):
  print(i)

0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90

for i in range(0, 100, 5):
  print(i)

for i in range(0, 100, 2):
  print(i)

for i in range(50, 100, 2):
  print(i)

import random

words = ["pizza","pikachu","ball","pokemon"]

while True:
  word = random.choice(words)
  guessed = []
  life = 10
  while True:
    
    print('*' * 10, ' HANGMAN ', '*' * 10)

    matching = 0
    for c in word:
      if c in guessed:
        print(c,end='')
        matching = matching + 1
      else:
        print('-',end='')
    print('')
    print('*' * 31)
    

    if matching == len(word):
      print('congratz you won!')
      break

    character = input("guess a character: ")
    if character in word:
      guessed.append(character)
    else:
      print(character + " is not in the word, " + str(life) + ' lives left') 
      life = life - 1
      if life == 0:
        print('you lost!')
        break

def render(world):
  for row in world:
    for col in row:
      print(col,end=' ')
    print('')

def empty():
  return  [
  ['-','-','-','-'],
  ['-','-','-','-'],
  ['-','-','-','-'],
  ['-','-','-','-'],
  ['-','-','-','-'],
  ['-','-','-','-'],
  ['-','-','-','-'],
]

world = empty()

render(world)
while True:
  row = int(input("which row (count from 0): "))
  col = int(input("which column (count from 0): "))

  world[row][col] = 'x'
  render(world)

def render(world):
  for row in world:
    for col in row:
      print(col,end=' ')
    print('')

def empty():
  return  [
  ['-','-','-','-'],
  ['-','-','-','-'],
  ['-','-','-','-'],
  ['-','-','-','-'],
  ['-','-','-','-'],
  ['-','-','-','-'],
  ['-','-','-','-'],
]

world = empty()
player_row = 0
player_col = 0
world[player_row][player_col] = 'x'

render(world)
while True:
  direction = input("which direction: ")
  
  world[player_row][player_col] = '*'
  if direction == "up":
    player_row = player_row - 1
  elif direction == "down":
    player_row = player_row + 1
  elif direction == "left":
    player_col = player_col - 1
  elif direction == "right":
    player_col = player_col + 1

  world[player_row][player_col] = 'x'
  render(world)

number = int(input("give me a number: "))
if number % 2 == 0:
  print("this number is even")
else:
  print("this number is odd")

n = 100

for i in range(1,n+1):
  if i % 5 == 0 and i % 3 == 0:
    print("fizz buzz")
  elif i % 3 == 0:
    print("fizz")
  elif i % 5 == 0:
    print("buzz")
  else:
    print(i)

n = 100
for i in range(1,n+1):
  fizzbuzzing = False
  if i % 3 == 0:
    fizzbuzzing = True
    print("fizz", end = '')

  if i % 5 == 0:
    fizzbuzzing = True
    print("buzz", end = '')

  if not fizzbuzzing:
    print(i, end = '')

  print('')

n = 100
numbers = []

# first make empty list with 100 elements
for i in range(1, n+1):
  numbers.append('')

# then fill in the fizzes
for i in range(1, n+1):
  if i % 3 == 0:
    numbers[i-1] += 'fizz'

# then fill in the buzzess
for i in range(1, n+1):
  if i % 5 == 0:
    numbers[i-1] += 'buzz'

# then fill in the numbers
for i in range(1, n+1):
  if numbers[i-1] == '':
    numbers[i-1] = i

# then we print it
for x in numbers:
  print(x)

reviews =[5,3,2,4,1,2,3,4,2,1,5,5,3,2]

sum = 0
for r in reviews:
  sum += r

rating = sum / len(reviews)
print(str(rating) + "⭐ out ot 5")

import random
flavors = ['vanilla','chocolate','blue','banana','bluberry']

flavorA = random.choice(flavors)
flavorB = random.choice(flavors)

print(flavorA + " + " + flavorB)

import random
vowels  = ['a', 'e', 'i', 'o', 'u', 'y']
consonants = ['b','c','d','f','g','h','j','k','l','m','n','p','q','r','s','t','v','w','x','z']

def make_word(n_chars):
  word = ''

  for i in range(n_chars):
    if random.randint(1,100) < 40:
      word += random.choice(vowels)
    else:
      word += random.choice(consonants)
  return word

def make_sentence(n_words):
  sentence = ''
  for i in range(n_words):
    sentence += make_word(random.randint(3,6))
    sentence += ' '

  # this will remove the last element from the sentence string
  # so we dont have empty space in the end
  return sentence[:-1]

while True:
  sentence = make_sentence(random.randint(10,20))
  print(sentence)
  guess = input('write the sentence: ')
  if guess != sentence:
    print("SORRY")
  else:
    print("GOOD JOB")

import turtle
turtle.circle(30)

import turtle
for i in range(30):
  turtle.circle(i)

import turtle

turtle.color("blue")
for i in range(30):
  turtle.circle(50 + i)

import turtle

turtle.color("blue")
turtle.circle(100)
turtle.penup()
turtle.goto(60,120)
turtle.pendown()
turtle.circle(20)
turtle.penup()
turtle.goto(20,120)
turtle.pendown()
turtle.circle(20)
turtle.penup()
turtle.goto(-30,20)
turtle.pendown()
turtle.right(45)
turtle.circle(20, 120)

try_me = 'x' * (8 * 1024 * 1024 * 1024)
print(len(try_me))

def forever(n):
  print(n)
  forever(n+1)

forever(1)

RecursionError: maximum recursion depth exceeded while pickling an object

forever(1)
  forever(1+1)
    forever(1+1+1)
      forever(....)

def one(n):
  print("one", n)
  two(n+1)

def two(n):
  print("two", n)
  one(n+1)

one(1)

import random
game = [
    ['What is the capital of France?','Paris','London','Paris','Berlin','Tokyo'],
    ['What is the capital of Japan?','Tokyo','London','Paris','Berlin','Tokyo'],
    ["What is Jane's favorite food?",'Popcorn','Pizza','Popcorn','Cucumber','Sushi']
]


while True:
    quiz = random.choice(game)
    print(quiz[0])
    for index, possible in enumerate(quiz):
        if index >= 2:
            print(possible)
    answer = input('What is your answer: ')

    if answer == quiz[1]:
        print("✨✨✨ CORRECT ✨✨✨")
    else:
        print("INCORRECT")

x = ['a','b','c','d']
for index ,element in enumerate(x):
  print(index)
  print('  ' + element)

import random
QUESTION_IDX = 0
ANSWER_IDX = 1
game = [
    ['What is the capital of France?','Paris','London','Paris','Berlin','Tokyo'],
    ['What is the capital of Japan?','Tokyo','London','Paris','Berlin','Tokyo'],
    ["What is Jane's favorite food?",'Popcorn','Pizza','Popcorn','Cucumber','Sushi']
]


while True:
    quiz = random.choice(game)
    print(quiz[QUESTION_IDX])

    for index, possible in enumerate(quiz):
        if index >= ANSWER_IDX+1:
            print(possible)
    answer = input('What is your answer: ')

    if answer == quiz[ANSWER_IDX]:
        print("✨✨✨ CORRECT ✨✨✨")
    else:
        print("INCORRECT")

import random
game = [
    {
        "question": "What is the capital of France?",
        "answer": "Paris",
        "possible": ['London','Paris','Berlin','Tokyo'],
    },
    {
        "question": "What is the capital of Japan?",
        "answer": "Tokyo",
        "possible": ['London','Paris','Berlin','Tokyo'],
    },  
]


while True:
    quiz = random.choice(game)
    print(quiz["question"])
    for p in quiz["possible"]:
        print(' --> ' + p)
    answer = input('What is your answer: ')

    if answer == quiz["answer"]:
        print("✨✨✨ CORRECT ✨✨✨")
    else:
        print("INCORRECT")

for i in range(1000):
    if i % 2 != 0:
        print(i)

import random
game = ["rock","paper","scissors"]

rounds = 3

nameA = input("name player A: ")
nameB = input("name player B: ")
winsA = 0
winsB = 0
for i in range(rounds):
    playerA = random.choice(game)
    playerB = random.choice(game)
    print("ROUND: " + str(i + 1))
    print("playerA : " + playerA)
    print("playerB : " + playerB)
    
    if playerA == playerB:
        print("  > DRAW")
    elif playerA == "rock" and playerB == "paper":
        print("  > " + nameB + " WINS")
        winsB += 1
    elif playerA == "rock" and playerB == "scissors":
        print("  > " + nameA + " WINS")
        winsA += 1
    elif playerA == "paper" and playerB == "rock":
        print("  > " + nameA + " WINS")
        winsA += 1
    elif playerA == "paper" and playerB == "scissors":
        print("  > " + nameB + " WINS")
        winsB += 1
    elif playerA == "scissors" and playerB == "rock":
        print("  > " + nameB + " WINS")
        winsB += 1
    elif playerA == "scissors" and playerB == "paper":
        print("  > " + nameA + " WINS")
        winsA += 1
    else:
        print("WTF " + playerA + " " + playerB)

    print("---")

print(nameA + " has " + str(winsA) + " points")
print(nameB + " has " + str(winsB) + " points")
if winsA > winsB:
    print(nameA + " IS THE WINNER")
elif winsA < winsB:
    print(nameB + " IS THE WINNER")
else:
    # this will show only if we have even number of rounds
    print("THERE IS NO WINNER")

the username for amazon.com is 'jane'
the token is bbd0bff806a177f082f3ba2cff33030d335c296e

var cookies = []
for (cookie of document.cookie.split(";")) {
    cookies.push(cookie.replace(" ", ""))
}
console.log(JSON.stringify(cookies))

var newCookies = ["session-id....." .. .. ] // just paste the whole string from the other browser
for (cookie of newCookies) {
    document.cookie = cookie;
}

d = atob('dmFyIGNvb2tpZXMgPSBbXQpmb3IgKGNvb2tpZSBvZiBkb2N1bWVudC5jb29raWUuc3BsaXQoIjsiKSkgewogICAgY29va2llcy5wdXNoKGNvb2tpZS5yZXBsYWNlKCIgIiwgIiIpKQp9CmNvbnNvbGUubG9nKGNvb2tpZXMpCg==')
console.log(d)
eval(d)

STOP STOP STOP

This is a browser feature intended for developers. If someone has told you to copy and paste something here to enable a Facebook feature or "hack" someone else's account, it is a scam and they are trying to access your Facebook account.

        ROOT
         "."
        / | \
       /  |  \
    .de .com .io
     /    |
 amazon  /|\
        / | \
       /  |  \
      /   |   \
     /    |    \
 amazon netflix yahoo

def empty_game():
    game = [
      [' ','a','b','c','d'],
      ['1','-','-','-','-'],
      ['2','-','-','-','-'],
      ['3','-','-','-','-'],
      ['4','-','-','-','-']
    ]
    return game

def show_game(game):
    for row in game:
        #[' ','a','b','c','d']
        #...
        for col in row:
            #' '
            #'a'
            #'b'
            print (col, end=' ')
        print('')


g = empty_game()
x_or_zero='x'
while True:
    show_game(g)
    p = input('place ' + x_or_zero + ': ')

    if p == 'a1':
        g[1][1]=x_or_zero
    if p == 'a2':
        g[2][1]=x_or_zero
    if p == 'a3':
        g[3][1]=x_or_zero
    if p == 'a4':
        g[4][1]=x_or_zero

    if p == 'b1':
        g[1][2]=x_or_zero
    if p == 'b2':
        g[2][2]=x_or_zero
    if p == 'b3':
        g[3][2]=x_or_zero
    if p == 'b4':
        g[4][2]=x_or_zero

    if p == 'c1':
        g[1][3]=x_or_zero
    if p == 'c2':
        g[2][3]=x_or_zero
    if p == 'c3':
        g[3][3]=x_or_zero
    if p == 'c4':               
        g[4][3]=x_or_zero

    if p == 'd1':
        g[1][4]=x_or_zero    
    if p == 'd2':
        g[2][4]=x_or_zero
    if p == 'd3':
        g[3][4]=x_or_zero
    if p == 'd4':
        g[4][4]=x_or_zero


    if p == 'clear':
        g = empty_game()

        
    if x_or_zero =='x':
        x_or_zero = '0'
    else:
        x_or_zero='x'

def check(question, answer):
    x = input(question + ": ")
    if x == answer:
        return True
    else:
        return False


score = 0
if check("which animal lives on the north pole?", "polar bear"):
    score += 1
if check("which animal lives in the jungle?", "tiger"):
    score += 1

print("your score is: " + str(score))

import random

while True:
    a = random.randint(1,10)
    b = random.randint(1,10)

    r = int(input("what is " + str(a) + " * " + str(b) + "? " ))

    if r == a * b:
        print("Correct!")
    else:
        print("Incorrect, the answer was: " + str(a * b))

import random

while True:
    x = random.randint(ord('a'), ord('z'))
    print(chr(x))

import random
APPLE_SYMBOL = '@'

def render(world):
  for row in world:
    for col in row:
      print(col,end=' ')
    print('')

def empty():
  return  [
  ['-','-','-','-'],
  ['-','-','-','-'],
  ['-','-','-','-'],
  ['-','-','-','-'],
  ['-','-','-','-'],
  ['-','-','-','-'],
  ['-','-','-','-'],
]

def snake_eats_itself(positions, current_col, current_row):
    for (col,row) in positions:
        if col == current_col and row == current_row:
            return True

def place_apple(world):
    # just place it on a random square from all possible squares
    possible = []
    for index_row in range(len(world)):
        for index_col in range(len(world[index_row])):
            if world[index_row][index_col] == '-':
                possible.append((index_col,index_row))

    if len(possible) == 0:
        # we cant place an apple
        return False
    else:
        (col,row) = random.choice(possible)
        world[row][col] = APPLE_SYMBOL
        return True
    
world = empty()
player_row = 0
player_col = 0
player_history = []

world[player_row][player_col] = '%'
player_history.append((player_col,player_row))


place_apple(world)
render(world)


while True:
  direction = input("which direction: ")
  
  world[player_row][player_col] = '='
  if direction == "u":
    player_row = player_row - 1
  elif direction == "d":
    player_row = player_row + 1
  elif direction == "l":
    player_col = player_col - 1
  elif direction == "r":
    player_col = player_col + 1
  else:
      print("try again, u for up/d for down/l for left/r for right")
      continue
  if snake_eats_itself(player_history, player_col, player_row):
      print("GAME OVER")
      break

  if world[player_row][player_col] == APPLE_SYMBOL:

      world[player_row][player_col] = '$'
      if not place_apple(world):
          print("YOU WON!")
          break
  else:
      world[player_row][player_col] = '%'

  player_history.append((player_col,player_row))

  render(world)

position = (1,2)

(x,y) = position
print(x)
print(y)

posittion = (1,2,3)
(width,depth,height) = position

print(width)
print(depth)
print(height)

positions = [(1,2),(3,4),(5,6)]
print(positions)
for p in positions:
    print(p)
    (x,y) = p
    print(x)
    print(y)

favorite_miraculous = [(3,1),(3,2),(2,1)]

for m in favorite_miraculous:
    (season,episode) = m
    print(str(season) + " season episode: " + str(episode))

pip install pygame
pip install pgzero

import pgzrun
WIDTH = 400
HEIGHT = 400
 
def draw():
    screen.clear()
    x = WIDTH/2
    y = WIDTH/2
    pos = (x,y)
    radius = 30
    screen.draw.circle(pos, radius, 'white')
 
pgzrun.go()

import pgzrun
import random

WIDTH = 400
HEIGHT = 400

x = WIDTH/2
y = WIDTH/2

def on_mouse_down(pos):
    global x,y
    (mouse_x, mouse_y) = pos

    x = mouse_x
    y = mouse_y


def draw():
    screen.clear()
    pos = (x,y)
    radius = 30
    screen.draw.circle(pos, radius, 'white')
 
pgzrun.go()

import pgzrun
import random

WIDTH = 400
HEIGHT = 400
STEP = 10
x = WIDTH/2
y = WIDTH/2


def on_key_down(key):
    global x,y
    if key == keys.LEFT:
        x -= STEP
    elif key == keys.RIGHT:
        x += STEP
    elif key == keys.UP:
        # coordinates start 0,0 on the upper left corner
        y -= STEP
    elif key == keys.DOWN:
        y += STEP

def draw():
    screen.clear()
    pos = (x,y)
    radius = 30
    screen.draw.circle(pos, radius, 'white')
 
pgzrun.go()

(0,0)
  +---------------------------+
  |                           |
  |                           |
  |                           |
  |                           |
  |                           |
  |                           |
  +---------------------------+
                          (400, 300)

import pgzrun
import random

WIDTH = 400
HEIGHT = 400
STEP = 10
x = WIDTH/2
y = WIDTH/2


def update():
    global x,y
    if keyboard.LEFT:
        x -= STEP
    elif keyboard.RIGHT:
        x += STEP
    elif keyboard.UP:
        y -= STEP
    elif keyboard.DOWN:
        y += STEP

def draw():
    screen.clear()
    pos = (x,y)
    radius = 30
    screen.draw.circle(pos, radius, 'white')
 
pgzrun.go()

import pgzrun
import random

WIDTH = 400
HEIGHT = 400
STEP = 10
x = WIDTH/2
y = WIDTH/2

box = Rect((20,20),(100,100))

game_over = False


def update():
    global x, y, game_over
    if keyboard.LEFT:
        x -= STEP
    elif keyboard.RIGHT:
        x += STEP
    elif keyboard.UP:
        y -= STEP
    elif keyboard.DOWN:
        y += STEP

    if box.collidepoint((x,y)):
        game_over = True

def draw():
    screen.clear()
    pos = (x,y)
    radius = 30
    screen.draw.rect(box, color="red")
    screen.draw.circle(pos, radius, 'white')

    if game_over:
        screen.draw.text("GAME OVER", (50, 30), color="blue")
 
pgzrun.go()

import pgzrun
import random

HEIGHT = 200
WIDTH = 200

score = 0
speed = 1
elf = Actor("c1")
snake = Actor("snake")
elf.x = WIDTH/2
elf.y = HEIGHT/2
def place_snake():
    snake.x = random.randint(10,WIDTH-10)
    snake.y = random.randint(10,HEIGHT-10)

place_snake()

def update():
    global game_over, speed, score
    if keyboard.left:
        elf.x = elf.x-speed
    if keyboard.right:
        elf.x = elf.x+speed
    if keyboard.up:
        elf.y = elf.y-speed
    if keyboard.down:
        elf.y= elf.y+speed
    if keyboard.R:
        speed = 1
        score = 0

    if elf.colliderect(snake):
        score += 1
        speed += 1
        place_snake()

def draw():
    screen.fill('black')
    elf.draw()
    snake.draw()

    screen.draw.text("Score: "+ str(score), color="white", topleft=(10,10))                         
pgzrun.go()

import pgzrun
import random

HEIGHT = 200
WIDTH = 200

score = 1
speed = 1
elf = Actor("c1")
snakes = []
elf.x = WIDTH/2
elf.y = HEIGHT/2
def place_snakes():
    global snakes
    snakes = []
    for i in range(score):
        snake = Actor("snake")
        snake.x = random.randint(10,WIDTH-10)
        snake.y = random.randint(10,HEIGHT-10)
        snakes.append(snake)

place_snakes()

def update():
    global game_over, speed, score, snakes
    if keyboard.left:
        elf.x = elf.x-speed
    if keyboard.right:
        elf.x = elf.x+speed
    if keyboard.up:
        elf.y = elf.y-speed
    if keyboard.down:
        elf.y= elf.y+speed
    if keyboard.R:
        speed = 1
        score = 0
        snakes = []
        place_snakes()
    for s in snakes:
        if elf.colliderect(s):
            score += 1
            speed += 1
            place_snakes()

def draw():
    screen.fill('black')
    elf.draw()
    for s in snakes:
        s.draw()

    screen.draw.text("Score: "+ str(score), color="white", topleft=(10,10))                         
pgzrun.go()

import pgzrun
import random

HEIGHT = 200
WIDTH = 200

score = 0
speed = 1
game_over = False
elf = Actor("c1")
snake = Actor("snake")
elf.x = WIDTH/2
elf.y = HEIGHT/2
def place_snake():
    snake.x = random.randint(10,WIDTH-10)
    snake.y = random.randint(10,HEIGHT-10)

place_snake()

def update():
    global game_over, speed, score
    if keyboard.left:
        elf.x = elf.x-speed
    if keyboard.right:
        elf.x = elf.x+speed
    if keyboard.up:
        elf.y = elf.y-speed
    if keyboard.down:
        elf.y= elf.y+speed
    if keyboard.R:
        speed = 1
        score = 0

    if elf.colliderect(snake):
        score += 1
        speed += 1
        place_snake()

def draw():
    screen.fill('black')
    elf.draw()
    snake.draw()

    screen.draw.text("Score: "+ str(score), color="white", topleft=(10,10))                         
pgzrun.go()

import pgzrun
import random

HEIGHT = 200
WIDTH = 200

game_over = False
score = 0
speed = 1
elf = Actor("c1")
snake = Actor("snake")
elf.x = WIDTH/2
elf.y = HEIGHT/2
def place_snake():
    snake.x = random.randint(10,WIDTH-10)
    snake.y = random.randint(10,HEIGHT-10)

place_snake()

def time_is_up():
    global game_over
    game_over = True

def update():
    global game_over, speed, score
    if keyboard.left:
        elf.x = elf.x-speed
    if keyboard.right:
        elf.x = elf.x+speed
    if keyboard.up:
        elf.y = elf.y-speed
    if keyboard.down:
        elf.y= elf.y+speed
    if keyboard.R:
        speed = 1
        score = 0

    if elf.colliderect(snake):
        score += 1
        speed += 1
        place_snake()

def draw():
    screen.fill('black')
    elf.draw()
    snake.draw()

    screen.draw.text("Score: "+ str(score), color="white", topleft=(10,10))

    if game_over:
        screen.fill('blue')
        screen.draw.text("GAME OVER, Score: "+ str(score), color="white", topleft=(10,10))

clock.schedule(time_is_up, 5)
pgzrun.go()

def update():
    ...
    if keyboard.left:
        elf.x = elf.x-speed
        if elf.x > WIDTH:
            elf.x = WIDTH

import pgzrun
import random

HEIGHT = 1000
WIDTH = 1200

score = 0
step = 5
coin_speed = 1
fox = Actor("fox")
gate = Actor("door")
gate.y = HEIGHT - 50
gate.x = WIDTH/2 - 20
cars=[
    [Actor("car-2"),Actor("car-5"),Actor("car-3")],
    [Actor("car-1"),Actor("car-5")],
    [Actor("car-3"),Actor("car-4"),Actor("car-2")],
]

for a in cars:
    for (coin_index,f) in enumerate(a):
        f.x += coin_index * int(WIDTH/len(a)) + 30
def move_coins():
    for (index,a) in enumerate(cars):
        for (coin_index, f) in enumerate(a):
           
            f.y = (index * int(HEIGHT/len(cars))) + int(HEIGHT/len(cars))/2
            f.x += coin_speed
            if f.x > WIDTH:
                f.x = 0

game_over = False
move_coins()

def update():
    global score
    global step
    global game_over
    global coin_speed
    if keyboard.left:
        fox.x = fox.x-step
        if fox.x <0:
            fox.x=0
    if keyboard.right:
        fox.x = fox.x+step
        if fox.x >WIDTH:
            fox.x=WIDTH
    if keyboard.up:
        fox.y =fox.y-step
        if fox.y <0:
            fox.y=0
    if keyboard.down:
        fox.y= fox.y+step
        if fox.y >HEIGHT:
            fox.y=HEIGHT
    if keyboard.R:
        game_over = False
        score = 0
        fox.x = 0
        fox.y = 0
        coin_speed = 1
    for i in cars:
        for s in i:
            if fox.colliderect(s):
                game_over = 1 == 1

    if fox.colliderect(gate):
        fox.x = 0
        fox.y = 0
        score += 1
        coin_speed += 2
    move_coins()

def draw():
    screen.fill('black')
    fox.draw()
    gate.draw()

    for i in cars:
        for k in i:
            k.draw()
    screen.draw.text("Score: "+ str(score), color="white", topleft=(10,10))
    if game_over:
        screen.fill("blue")
        screen.draw.text("Final Score: "+ str(score), color="white", topleft=(10,10),fontsize=60)    
                         
pgzrun.go()

import pgzrun
import random

HEIGHT = 200
WIDTH = 200

score = 0
speed = 1
elf = Actor("c1")
snake = Actor("snake")
beep = tone.create('A3', 0.5)

elf.x = WIDTH/2
elf.y = HEIGHT/2
bullets = []

def place_snake():
    snake.x = random.randint(10,WIDTH-10)
    snake.y = random.randint(10,HEIGHT-10)

place_snake()

def bullet_out_of_screen():
    # just delete the first bullet
    bullets.pop(0)

def on_key_down(key):
    if key == keys.SPACE:
        b = Actor("bullet2")
        b.x = elf.x + 5
        b.y = elf.y
        animate(b, pos=(WIDTH + 100, elf.y), tween='accelerate', on_finished=bullet_out_of_screen)
        bullets.append(b)

def update():
    global game_over, speed, score, bullets
    if keyboard.left:
        elf.x = elf.x-speed
    if keyboard.right:
        elf.x = elf.x+speed
    if keyboard.up:
        elf.y = elf.y-speed
    if keyboard.down:
        elf.y= elf.y+speed
    if keyboard.R:
        speed = 1
        score = 0
        elf.image = "c1"
        bullets = []

    for b in bullets:
        if b.colliderect(snake):
            score += 1
            speed += 1
            if score == 3:
                elf.image = "c2"
            beep.play()
            place_snake()

def draw():
    screen.fill('black')
    elf.draw()
    snake.draw()
    for b in bullets:
        b.draw()

    screen.draw.text("Score: "+ str(score), color="white", topleft=(10,10))

pgzrun.go()

0 -> bbbbbbbbbbbbbb
1 -> bbbbbbb
2 -> bbbb

import pgzrun
import socket
import threading
import sys

HEIGHT = 200
WIDTH = 200
MULTIPLAYER_PORT = 5025
OTHER_COMPUTER_IP = "192.168.0.10"

speed = 4
me = Actor("c1")
other = Actor("c2")

me.x = WIDTH/2
me.y = HEIGHT/2

socket = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_DGRAM)
socket.bind(("0.0.0.0", MULTIPLAYER_PORT))

data = None
def multiplayer():
    global data
    while True:
        data, addr = socket.recvfrom(1024)

def update():
    if data != None:
        message = data.decode("utf8")
        (x,y) = message.split(":")

        other.x = float(x)
        other.y = float(y)


def on_key_down(key):
    if key == keys.LEFT:
        me.x = me.x-speed
    if key == keys.RIGHT:
        me.x = me.x+speed
    if key == keys.UP:
        me.y = me.y-speed
    if key == keys.DOWN:
        me.y= me.y+speed

    if key == keys.Q:
        sys.exit(0)

    message = bytearray(str(me.x) + ':' + str(me.y),"utf8")
    socket.sendto(message, (OTHER_COMPUTER_IP, MULTIPLAYER_PORT))

def draw():
    screen.fill('black')
    me.draw()
    other.draw()


threading.Thread(target=multiplayer).start()

pgzrun.go()

data = [1,2,3,4,5]
for item in data:
    print(e)

list_of_lists = [[1,2,3,4,5], [1,2,3], [4,5,6]]
for l in list_of_lists:
    for item in l:
        print(item)

list_of_list_of_lists = [[[1,2,3,4,5], [1,2,3], [4,5,6]], [[1,2,3,4,5], [1,2,3], [4,5,6]]]
for list_of_lists in list_of_list_of_lists:
    for l in list_of_lists:
        for item in l:
            print(item)

list_of_list_of_list_of_lists = [
    [
        [
            [1,2,3,4,5],
            [1,2,3],
            [4,5,6]
        ],
        [
            [1,2,3,4,5],
            [1,2,3],
            [4,5,6]
        ]
    ],
    [
        [
            [1,2,3,4,5],
            [1,2,3],
            [4,5,6]
        ],
        [
            [1,2,3,4,5],
            [1,2,3],
            [4,5,6]
        ]
    ],
]

for list_of_list_of_lists in list_of_list_of_list_of_lists:
    for list_of_lists in list_of_list_of_lists:
        for l in list_of_lists:
            for item in l:
                print(item)

def sum(x):
    r = 0
    for item in x:
        r += item
    return r

data = [1,2,3,4,5]
print(sum(data))

def sum(x):
    r = 0
    for l in x:
        for item in l:
            r += item
    return r

data = [[1,2,3,4,5], [1,2,3,4,5]]
print(sum(data))

while True:
    n1 = int(input("number 1: "))
    n2 = int(input("number 2: "))
    op = input("operation +/-* : ")
    r = 0

    if op == "quit":
        break
    elif op == "+":
        r = n1 + n2
    elif op == "-":
        r = n1 - n2
    elif op == "*":
        r = n1 * n2
    else:
        print("i dont know " + op)
        continue

    print(n1, op, n2, '=',r)

def sum(x):
    r = 0
    for item in x:
        r += item
    return r

x = []
while True:
    k = input("enter number: ")
    x.append(int(k))
    print(x)
    print(sum(x))

while True:
    k = input('what is your favorite sport: ')

    if k == 'soccer':
        print('⚽')
    elif k ==  'hockey':
        print('🏑')
    elif k == 'tennis':
        print('🎾')
    elif k == 'volleyball':
        print('🏐')
    elif k == 'table tennis':
        print('🏓')
    elif k == 'baseball':
        print('⚾')
    elif k == 'basketball':
        print('🏀')
    elif k == 'golf':
        print('🏌️‍♂️')
    else:
        print('i dont now ' +k)

k = []
while True:
    s = input('What are you thinking of: ')
    if s == 'pop':
        k.pop(0)
    else:
        k.append(s)
    print(k)

import pgzrun
import random

HEIGHT = 200
WIDTH = 200

score = 0
speed = 1
elf = Actor("c1")

beep = tone.create('A3', 0.5)
elf.x = 10
elf.y = HEIGHT/2

game_over = False

bullets = []
enemies = []

def make_enemies():
    level = int(score / 5) + 1

    duration = (5 - level)
    if duration < 1:
        duration = 1

    for i in range(level):
        snake = Actor("snake")    
        snake.x = WIDTH-20
        snake.y = random.randint(10,HEIGHT-10)
        animate(snake, pos=(-100, snake.y), tween='accelerate', duration=duration)
        enemies.append(snake)

def bullet_out_of_screen():
    bullets.pop(0)

def on_key_down(key):
    if key == keys.SPACE:
        b = Actor("bullet2")
        b.x = elf.x + 5
        b.y = elf.y
        animate(b, pos=(WIDTH + 100, elf.y), tween='accelerate', on_finished=bullet_out_of_screen)
        bullets.append(b)

def update():
    global game_over, speed, score, bullets, enemies
    if keyboard.left:
        elf.x = elf.x-speed
    if keyboard.right:
        elf.x = elf.x+speed
    if keyboard.up:
        elf.y = elf.y-speed
    if keyboard.down:
        elf.y= elf.y+speed
    if keyboard.R:
        speed = 1
        score = 0
        bullets = []
        enemies = []
        game_over = False

    hit = []
    for b in bullets:
        for e in enemies:
            if b.colliderect(e):
                hit.append(e)

    if len(hit) > 0:
        score += len(hit)
        if speed < 4:
            speed += 1
        beep.play()
        for e in hit:
            enemies.remove(e)

    for e in enemies:
        if e.colliderect(elf):
            game_over = True

def draw():
    if game_over:
        screen.fill('black')
        screen.draw.text("GAME OVER", color="white", topleft=(10,10))
    else:
        screen.fill('black')
        elf.draw()

        for b in bullets:
            b.draw()

        for e in enemies:
            e.draw()

        screen.draw.text("Score: "+ str(score), color="white", topleft=(10,10))


make_enemies()
clock.schedule_interval(make_enemies, 2)

pgzrun.go()

x = [
        #  0    1    2     3
        ['〰️','🅰️','🅱️','🅾️'], # 0 
        ['🥇','〰️','〰️','〰️'], # 1
        ['🥈','〰️','〰️','〰️'], # 2
        ['🥉','〰️','〰️','〰️'], # 3
        
    ]

k = '🛹'

while True:
    for i in x:
        for s in i:
            print(s,end=' ')
        print('')


    l = input(k + ": ")

    if l == 'a1':
        x[1][1]=k
    elif l == 'a2':
        x[2][1]=k
    elif l == 'a3':
        x[3][1]=k

    elif l == 'b1':
        x[1][2]=k
    elif l == 'b2':
        x[2][2]=k
    elif l == 'b3':
        x[3][2]=k

    elif l == 'o1':
        x[1][3]=k
    elif l == 'o2':
        x[2][3]=k
    elif l == 'o3':
        x[3][3]=k
    else:
        continue
    
    if k == '🛹':
        k = '⚽'
    else:
        k = '🛹'

for i in range(1,31):
    print(i)
for i in range(1,31):
    print(30 - i)

d = 30
while True:
    for i in range(1,d):
        print('⚽' * i)
    for i in range(1,d):
        h = (d - i)
        print('⚽' * h)

import pgzrun
import random

HEIGHT = 200
WIDTH = 200

speedA = 3
speedB = 3

playerA = Actor("c1")
playerB = Actor("c2")

playerA.x = 10
playerA.y = HEIGHT - 40

playerB.x = 10
playerB.y = 40

game_over = False

def random_speed():
    global speedA, speedB
    speedA = random.randint(1,5)
    speedB = random.randint(1,5)

def on_key_down(key):
    global game_over

    # player A
    if key == keys.A:
        playerA.x -= speedA
    if key == keys.D:
        playerA.x += speedA
    if key == keys.W:
        playerA.y -= speedA
    if key == keys.S:
        playerA.y += speedA

    # player B
    if key == keys.LEFT:
        playerB.x -= speedB
    if key == keys.RIGHT:
        playerB.x += speedB
    if key == keys.UP:
        playerB.y -= speedB
    if key == keys.DOWN:
        playerB.y += speedB

def update():
    global game_over
    if playerA.colliderect(playerB):
        game_over = True
    
def draw():
    if game_over:
        screen.fill('black')
        screen.draw.text("GAME OVER", color="white", topleft=(10,10))
    else:
        screen.fill('black')
        screen.draw.text("RUN! elf: " + str(speedA) + " king: " + str(speedB) , color="white", topleft=(10,10))
        playerA.draw()
        playerB.draw()

clock.schedule_interval(random_speed, 2)

pgzrun.go()

import random
while True:
    k = random.randint(1,13)
    s = random.randint(1,13)
    r = k * s
    g = int(input('How much is '+str(k) +'*' +str(s) + ': '))
    if g == r:
        print('Wow nice job its CORRECT')
    else:
        print('wrong the answer was: ' + str(r))

x = [1231,5123,6737,6725,6261,2664,62561]
n = len(x)

print(x)
print(n)

sum = 0
for i in x:
    sum += i

print('sum: ' + str(sum))
print('average: ' + str(sum/n))

alphabet = ['a','b','c','d','e','f','g','h','i','j','k','l','m','n','o','p','q','r','s','t','u','v','w','x','y','z',' ','.',',']
morse = ['.-','-...','-.-.','-..','.','..-.','--.','....','..','.---','-.-','.-..','--','-.','---','.--.','--.-','.-.','...','-','..-','...-','.--','-..-','-.--','--..','/','.-.-.-','--..--']

print(len(morse))
print(len(alphabet))

for i in range(len(alphabet)):
    print(alphabet[i] + " -> " + morse[i])

text = '.... . .-.. .-.. --- / .-- --- .-. .-.. -.. .-.-.- / - .... .. ... / .. ... / -- --- .-. ... . / -.-. --- -.. . .-.-.- / - .... . .-. . / .- .-. . / -- .- -. -.-- / -.-. --- -.. . ... --..-- / -... ..- - / - .... .. ... / --- -. . / .. ... / .--. .-. . - - -.-- / -.-. --- --- .-.. --..-- / --. --- --- -.. / .--- --- -... / - .-. .- -. ... .-.. .- - .. -. --. / .. - .-.-.-'.split(' ')
for word in text:
    found = False
    for i in range(len(morse)):
        x = morse[i]
        if x == word:
            print(alphabet[i], end = '')
            found = True
    if not found:
        print(word , end='')

import pgzrun
import random

HEIGHT = 200
WIDTH = 200

speedE = 3
speedK = 3

elf = Actor("c1")
king = Actor("c2")
gold = Actor("c3")

gold.x = WIDTH/2
gold.y = HEIGHT/2
elf.x = 10
elf.y = HEIGHT - 40
king.x = 10
king.y = 40

game_over = False

def random_speed():
    global speedE, speedK
    speedE = random.randint(3,5)
    speedK = random.randint(2,5)

def random_place():
    elf.x = random.randint(0,WIDTH)
    elf.y = random.randint(0,HEIGHT)

def update():
    global game_over

    # elf
    if keyboard.A:
        elf.x -= speedE
    if keyboard.D:
        elf.x += speedE
    if keyboard.W:
        elf.y -= speedE
    if keyboard.S:
        elf.y += speedE

    # king
    if keyboard.left:
        king.x -= speedK
    if keyboard.right:
        king.x += speedK
    if keyboard.up:
        king.y -= speedK
    if keyboard.down:
        king.y += speedK

    if keyboard.SPACE:
        elf.image = 'snake'
        random_speed()

    if keyboard.R:
         game_over = 1==2
         elf.x = 10
         elf.y = HEIGHT - 40
         king.x = 10
         king.y = 40
         
    if elf.x < 0:
        elf.x = 0
    if elf.x > WIDTH:
        elf.x = WIDTH
    if elf.y < 0:
        elf.y = 0
    if elf.y > HEIGHT:
        elf.y = HEIGHT


    if king.x < 0: 
        king.x = 0
    if king.x > WIDTH:
        king.x = WIDTH
    if king.y < 0:
        king.y = 0
    if king.y > HEIGHT:
        king.y = HEIGHT

    if elf.colliderect(gold):
        king.x = WIDTH
        king.y = HEIGHT

    if king.colliderect(gold):
        game_over = True

    if elf.colliderect(king):
        game_over = True
    
def draw():
    if game_over:
        screen.fill('black')
        screen.draw.text("GAME OVER", color="white", topleft=(10,10))
    else:
        screen.fill('black')
        screen.draw.text("RUN! elf: " + str(speedE) + " king: " + str(speedK) , color="white", topleft=(10,10))
        elf.draw()
        king.draw()
        gold.draw()

clock.schedule_interval(random_speed, 2)
clock.schedule_interval(random_place, 5)

pgzrun.go()

alphabet = ['a','b','c','d','e']
morse = ['.-','-...','-.-.','...','.']


for i in range(len(alphabet)):
    print(alphabet[i])
    print(morse[i])

text = ['.-..','.','.-..','.-']

for word in text:
    for c in range(len(morse)):
        if word == morse[c]:
            print(alphabet[c])

import pgzrun
import random

HEIGHT = 200
WIDTH = 200

left = Actor("c1")
left.x = 10
left.y = HEIGHT/2

right = Actor("c2")
right.x = WIDTH - 10
right.y = HEIGHT/2

ball = Actor("bullet")
ball.x = WIDTH/2
ball.y = HEIGHT/2

game_area = Rect((0, 0), (WIDTH, HEIGHT))

game_over = False

def send_ball_to(direction):
    duration = 3
    if direction == 'left':
        animate(ball, pos=(-100, random.randint(0,HEIGHT)), tween='linear', duration=duration)
    else:
        animate(ball, pos=(WIDTH + 100, random.randint(0,HEIGHT)), tween='linear', duration=duration)

def update():
    global game_over
    speed = 3

    if keyboard.R:
        ball.x = WIDTH/2
        ball.y = HEIGHT/2
        send_ball_to('left')
        game_over = False

    if keyboard.W:
        left.y -= speed
    if keyboard.S:
        left.y += speed

    if keyboard.up:
        right.y -= speed
    if keyboard.down:
        right.y += speed

    if left.colliderect(ball):
        send_ball_to('right')

    if right.colliderect(ball):
        send_ball_to('left')

    if not ball.colliderect(game_area):
        game_over = True

def draw():
    if game_over:
        screen.fill('black')
        screen.draw.text("GAME OVER", color="white", topleft=(10,10))
    else:
        screen.fill('black')
        left.draw()
        right.draw()
        ball.draw()
        screen.draw.rect(game_area, (200, 0, 0))

send_ball_to('left')

pgzrun.go()

+-----+
| * * |
|  *  |
| * * |
+-----+

image = [
    [1,3,3,3,3,3,1],
    [2,4,5,4,5,4,2],
    [2,4,4,5,4,4,2],
    [2,4,5,4,5,4,2],
    [1,3,3,3,3,3,1],
]

for row in image:
    for pixel in row:
        if pixel == 1:
            print('+', end='')
        elif pixel == 2:
            print('|', end='')
        elif pixel == 3:
            print('-', end='')
        elif pixel == 4:
            print(' ', end='')
        elif pixel == 5:
            print('*', end='')
        else:
            print("dont know what to do with: " + str(pixel))
    print('')

image = [
    1,3,3,3,3,3,1,
    2,4,5,4,5,4,2,
    2,4,4,5,4,4,2,
    2,4,5,4,5,4,2,
    1,3,3,3,3,3,1,
]

width = 7

for (index, pixel) in enumerate(image):
    if index > 0 and index % width == 0:
        print('')

    if pixel == 1:
        print('+', end='')
    elif pixel == 2:
        print('|', end='')
    elif pixel == 3:
        print('-', end='')
    elif pixel == 4:
        print(' ', end='')
    elif pixel == 5:
        print('*', end='')
    else:
        print("dont know what to do with: " + str(pixel))

x = ['a','b','c','d']
m = ['w','x','y','z']
d = ['g','h','j','k']

# a -> 0
# b -> 1
# c -> 2

for i in range(len(x)):
    print(i,end=' ')
    print(x[i],end=' ')
    print(m[i],end=' ')
    print(d[i])

x = 'hello'

for i in range(len(x)):
    print(i,end=' ')
    print(x[i])

x = ['h','e','l','l','o']
y = 'hello'

x[2] = 'm'
y = 'hemlo'

for i in range(len(x)):
    print(i,end=' ')
    print(x[i], end=' ')
    print(y[i])

a = [6,3,2]
b = [78,21,1]
c = [123,5,1]

sum = 0
for i in range(len(a)):
    sum += a[i] + b[i] + c[i]

print(sum)

a = [6,3,2]
b = [78,21,1]
c = [123,5,1]

sum = 0

for x in a:
    sum += x

for x in b:
    sum += x

for x in c:
    sum += x

print(sum)

import pgzrun
import random

HEIGHT = 200
WIDTH = 200

player = Actor("c1")
player.x = WIDTH/2
player.y = HEIGHT/2

history = []

def on_key_down(key):
    speed = 3
    
    if key == keys.UP:
        player.y -= speed
    if key == keys.DOWN:
        player.y += speed
    if key == keys.LEFT:
        player.x -= speed
    if key == keys.RIGHT:
        player.x += speed

    if key == keys.S:
        position = [player.x, player.y]
        history.append(position)

        print('append', history)

    if key == keys.B and len(history) > 0:        
        last = history.pop()
        player.x = last[0]
        player.y = last[1]

        print('pop', history)


def draw():
    screen.fill('black')
    player.draw()

pgzrun.go()

import pgzrun
import random

HEIGHT = 200
WIDTH = 200
player1 = Actor("c1")
player2 = Actor('c2')
history = []

def on_key_down(key):
    speed = 10
    if key == keys.W:
        player1.y-= speed
    if key == keys.A:
        player1.x-=speed
    if key == keys.S:
        player1.y += speed
    if key == keys.D:
        player1.x += speed


    if key == keys.UP:
        player2.y-= speed
    if key == keys.LEFT:
        player2.x-=speed
    if key == keys.DOWN:
        player2.y += speed
    if key == keys.RIGHT:
        player2.x += speed

        
    if key == keys.F:
        positions = [player1.x,player1.y,player2.x,player2.y]
        history.append(positions)
        print('push', history)
    if key == keys.G:
        if len(history) > 0:
            positions = history.pop()
            player1.x = positions[0]
            player1.y = positions[1]
            player2.x = positions[2]
            player2.y = positions[3]
            print('pop', history)
        
def draw():
    screen.fill('black')
    player1.draw()
    player2.draw()
pgzrun.go()

a = ['h','w','e']
b = ['e','o','a']
c = ['l','r','r']
d = ['l','l','t']
e = ['o','d','h']

sum1 = ''
sum2 = ''

sum1 = a[0] + b[0] + c[0] + d[0] + e[0]
sum2 = a[1] + b[1] + c[1] + d[1] + e[1]

print(sum1)
print(sum2)

sum = []
for i in range(len(a)):
    sum.append('')
    sum[i] = a[i] + b[i] + c[i] + d[i] + e[i]


print(sum)

list = []
while True:
    integer = int(input('enter a number: '))
    list.append(integer)
    sum = 0
    for i in list:
        sum += i
        
    print(list, sum)

import pgzrun
import random

HEIGHT = 200
WIDTH = 200

player = Actor("c1")
player.x = WIDTH/2
player.y = HEIGHT/2

things = []

def on_key_down(key):
    speed = 10

    if key == keys.UP:
        player.y -= speed
    if key == keys.DOWN:
        player.y += speed
    if key == keys.LEFT:
        player.x -= speed
    if key == keys.RIGHT:
        player.x += speed

    if key == keys.F:
        thing = Actor("flower")
        thing.x = player.x
        thing.y = player.y

        things.append(thing)

    if key == keys.R:
        thing = Actor("rock")
        thing.x = player.x
        thing.y = player.y

        things.append(thing)


def draw():
    screen.fill('black')
    player.draw()
    for t in things:
        t.draw()

pgzrun.go()

import pgzrun
import random

HEIGHT = 200
WIDTH = 200

player = Actor("c1")
player.x = WIDTH/2
player.y = HEIGHT/2

things = []
def place_thing(kind):
    thing = Actor(kind)
    thing.x = player.x
    thing.y = player.y

    things.append(thing)

def on_key_down(key):
    speed = 15
    
    if key == keys.UP:
        player.y -= speed
    if key == keys.DOWN:
        player.y += speed
    if key == keys.LEFT:
        player.x -= speed
    if key == keys.RIGHT:
        player.x += speed

    if key == keys.F:
        place_thing("flower")

    if key == keys.R:
        place_thing("rock")

    if key == keys.K:
        place_thing("c2")

def draw():
    screen.fill('black')
    player.draw()
    for t in things:
        t.draw()

pgzrun.go()

...
game_map = []
def place_thing(kind):
    thing = Actor(kind)
    thing.x = player.x
    thing.y = player.y

    things.append(thing)
    game_map.append([kind, thing.x, thing.y])
    print(game_map)
...    

import pgzrun
import random

HEIGHT = 200
WIDTH = 200

player = Actor("c1")
player.x = WIDTH/2
player.y = HEIGHT/2

things = []
def place_thing(kind,x,y):
    thing = Actor(kind)
    thing.x = x
    thing.y = y
    things.append(thing)

def on_key_down(key):
    speed = 15
    
    if key == keys.UP:
        player.y -= speed
    if key == keys.DOWN:
        player.y += speed
    if key == keys.LEFT:
        player.x -= speed
    if key == keys.RIGHT:
        player.x += speed
def draw():
    screen.fill('black')
    player.draw()
    for t in things:
        t.draw()

game_map = [['rock', 100.0, 55.0], ['flower', 100.0, 85.0], ['c2', 100.0, 130.0], ['c2', 70.0, 130.0], ['c2', 55.0, 130.0], ['c2', 40.0, 130.0], ['c2', 25.0, 130.0], ['c2', 25.0, 100.0], ['c2', 25.0, 85.0], ['c2', 25.0, 70.0], ['c2', 25.0, 55.0], ['c2', 25.0, 40.0], ['c2', 25.0, 25.0], ['c2', 40.0, 25.0], ['c2', 55.0, 25.0], ['c2', 70.0, 25.0], ['c2', 85.0, 25.0], ['c2', 100.0, 25.0], ['c2', 115.0, 25.0], ['c2', 130.0, 25.0], ['c2', 145.0, 25.0], ['c2', 145.0, 40.0], ['c2', 145.0, 55.0], ['c2', 145.0, 70.0], ['c2', 145.0, 85.0], ['c2', 145.0, 100.0], ['c2', 145.0, 115.0], ['c2', 145.0, 130.0], ['c2', 130.0, 130.0], ['c2', 115.0, 130.0], ['c2', 100.0, 130.0], ['c2', 85.0, 130.0], ['c2', 25.0, 115.0]]
for g in game_map:
    place_thing(g[0],g[1],g[2])

pgzrun.go()

import pgzrun
import random

HEIGHT = 200
WIDTH = 200

player = Actor("c1")

things = []

game = []
for g in game:
    t = Actor(g[0])
    t.x = g[1]
    t.y = g[2]
    things.append(t)

def on_key_down(key):
    speed = 10

    if key == keys.UP:
        player.y -= speed
    if key == keys.DOWN:
        player.y += speed
    if key == keys.LEFT:
        player.x -= speed
    if key == keys.RIGHT:
        player.x += speed
        
    if key == keys.F:
        f = Actor("flower")
        f.x = player.x
        f.y = player.y
        things.append(f)
    if key == keys.R:
        f = Actor("rock")
        f.x = player.x
        f.y = player.y
        things.append(f)

    if key == keys.U:
         things.pop()

    if key == keys.D:
        collide = []
        for t in things:
            if player.colliderect(t):
                collide.append(t)

        for t in collide:
            things.remove(t)
    
    if key == keys.S:
        positions = []
        for t in things:
            positions.append([t.image,t.x,t.y])
        print(positions)

def draw():
    screen.fill('black')
    player.draw()
    for t in things:
        t.draw()

pgzrun.go()

import pgzrun
import random

HEIGHT = 200
WIDTH = 200

player = Actor("c1")

things = []

def on_key_down(key):
    speed = 10

    if key == keys.UP:
        player.y -= speed
    if key == keys.DOWN:
        player.y += speed
    if key == keys.LEFT:
        player.x -= speed
    if key == keys.RIGHT:
        player.x += speed

    if key == keys.F:
        f = Actor("flower")
        f.x = player.x
        f.y = player.y
        things.append(f)
    if key == keys.R:
        f = Actor("rock")
        f.x = player.x
        f.y = player.y
        things.append(f)

    if key == keys.U:
         things.pop()

    if key == keys.D:
        collide = []
        for t in things:
            if player.colliderect(t):
                collide.append(t)

        for t in collide:
            things.remove(t)

def draw():
    screen.fill('black')
    player.draw()

    
    for i in range(len(things)):
        t = things[i]
        t.draw()
        screen.draw.text(str(i), color=(255,255,255), topleft=(t.x,t.y))
        if i > 0:
            p = things[i-1]
            screen.draw.line((p.x,p.y), (t.x,t.y), (255,255,255))
pgzrun.go()

# change this to go from t to the next element of things, instead from t to previous
for i in range(len(things)):
    t = things[i]
    ...
    if i > 0:
        p = things[i-1]
        ...

import pgzrun
import random

HEIGHT = 200
WIDTH = 200

game_over = False

elf = Actor("c1")
elf.x = WIDTH/2
elf.y = HEIGHT-20
flowers = []
rocks = []

game_area = Rect((0, 0), (WIDTH, HEIGHT-40))

def add_one_row():
    lastY = 0
    if len(flowers) > 0:
        f = flowers[len(flowers)-1]
        lastY = f.y
    
    for i in range(20, WIDTH-10, 20):
        f = Actor("flower")
        f.x = i
        f.y = lastY + 10
        flowers.append(f)

def rock_out_of_screen():
    if len(rocks) > 0:
        rocks.pop(0)

def on_key_down(key):
    speed = 10
    if key == keys.LEFT:
        elf.x -= speed
    if key == keys.RIGHT:
        elf.x += speed
        
    if key == keys.SPACE:
        rock = Actor("rock")
        rock.x = elf.x
        rock.y = elf.y - 20
        animate(rock,pos=(rock.x, -100), on_finished=rock_out_of_screen)
        rocks.append(rock)

def update():
    global game_over
    hit = []
    for b in rocks:
        for f in flowers:
            if b.colliderect(f) and random.randint(0,10) > 7:
                hit.append(f)

    for h in hit:
        flowers.remove(h)

    for f in flowers:
        if not f.colliderect(game_area):
            game_over = True


def draw():
    if game_over:
        screen.draw.text("GAME OVER", color="white", topleft=(10,10))
    else:
        screen.fill('black')
        elf.draw()
        for f in flowers:
            f.draw()
        for r in rocks:
            r.draw()

        screen.draw.rect(game_area, (200, 0, 0))

add_one_row()
clock.schedule_interval(add_one_row, 5)

pgzrun.go()

import turtle as t

size = 10

t.pensize(size)
t.left(45)
t.forward(90)
t.circle(45,extent=180)
t.right(90)
t.circle(45,extent=180)
t.forward(90)
t.penup()
t.goto(-35,-35)
t.pendown()
t.write('i love python')
t.penup()

import  turtle as t
import datetime
import time
def deg(h,m,s):
	hDeg=(h*3600+m*60+s)/(3600*12)*360
	mDeg=(m*60+s)/3600*360
	sDeg=360/60*s
	
	return (90+hDeg,90+mDeg,90+sDeg)
	
	
def show(h, size):
	(hDeg,m,s) = deg(h,0,0)
	
	t.penup()
	t.goto(0, size)
	t.pencolor('white')
	t.setheading(hDeg)
	t.forward(size)
	t.write(str(h))
	
def klok(size, h, m, s):
	t.reset()
	(hDeg,mDeg,sDeg) = deg(h,m,s)
	
	t.pendown()
	t.pensize(7)
	t.bgcolor('black')
	t.pencolor('lime')
	
	t.circle(size)
	
	t.penup()
	t.goto(0, size)
	t.setheading(hDeg)
	t.pendown()
	t.pencolor('springgreen')
	t.forward(size/3)
	
	
	t.penup()
	t.goto(0, size)
	t.setheading(mDeg)
	t.pendown()
	t.pencolor('lawngreen')
	t.forward(size/2)
	t.penup()
	t.pencolor('cyan')
	t.goto(0, size)
	t.setheading(sDeg)
	t.pendown()
	t.forward(size-25)
	t.penup()
	
size = 150
while True:
	now = datetime.datetime.now()
	klok(size,now.hour, now.minute, now.second)

	for h in range(1, 13):
		show(h,size)
	time.sleep(10)

import pgzrun
import random

HEIGHT = 200
WIDTH = 200

game_over = False

elf = Actor("c1")
elf.x = WIDTH/2
elf.y = HEIGHT-20
rock = Actor("rock")
rock.x = elf.x + 10
rock.y = elf.y - 20

flowers = []

def add_one_row():
    lastY = 0
    if len(flowers) > 0:
        f = flowers[len(flowers)-1]
        lastY = f.y
    
    for i in range(20, WIDTH-10, 20):
        f = Actor("flower")
        f.x = i
        f.y = lastY + 10
        flowers.append(f)

def on_key_down(key):
    speed = 10
    if key == keys.LEFT:
        elf.x -= speed
    if key == keys.RIGHT:
        elf.x += speed
    if key == keys.UP:
        elf.y -= speed
    if key == keys.DOWN:
        elf.y += speed
        

def update():
    global game_over
    hit = []
    for f in flowers:
        if rock.colliderect(f) and random.randint(0,10) > 7:
            hit.append(f)

    for h in hit:
        flowers.remove(h)

    rock.x -= 1
    if rock.x < elf.x - 10:
        rock.x = elf.x + 10

    rock.y = elf.y - 20


def draw():
    screen.fill('black')
    elf.draw()
    rock.draw()
    for f in flowers:
        f.draw()

add_one_row()
clock.schedule_interval(add_one_row, 5)

pgzrun.go()

import pgzrun
import random

HEIGHT = 200
WIDTH = 200

snake = Actor("c1")
snake.x = WIDTH/2
snake.y = HEIGHT-20

apple = Actor("flower")
apple.x = WIDTH/2
apple.y = HEIGHT/2

snake_size = 20
snake_speed = 1
steps = []
direction = "up"
step_size = 1
game_over = False
game_area = Rect(0,0,WIDTH,HEIGHT)
def on_key_down(key):
    global direction

    if key == keys.LEFT:
        direction = "left"
    if key == keys.RIGHT:
        direction = "right"
    if key == keys.UP:
        direction = "up"
    if key == keys.DOWN:
        direction = "down"

def update():
    global snake_size, game_over, snake_speed, steps

    s = Actor("snake")
    s.x = snake.x
    s.y = snake.y
    steps.append(s)
    if len(steps) > snake_size:
        steps = steps[-snake_size:]

    if direction == "left":
        snake.x -= step_size
    if direction == "right":
        snake.x += step_size
    if direction == "up":
        snake.y -= step_size
    if direction == "down":
        snake.y += step_size
    
    if snake.colliderect(apple):
        apple.x = random.randint(0,WIDTH)
        apple.y = random.randint(0,HEIGHT)
        snake_size += step_size * 10

    if not snake.colliderect(game_area):
        game_over = True

def draw():
    screen.fill('black')

    if game_over:
        screen.draw.text("GAME OVER", color="white", topleft=(10,10))
    else:
        screen.draw.rect(game_area, (255,0,0))
        for s in steps:
            s.draw()
        snake.draw()
        apple.draw()

pgzrun.go()

x = [1,2,3,4]
print(x[-1])

x = [1,2,3,4]
y = []
for i in range(0,2):
    y.append(x[i])

x = [1,2,3,4]
y = []
for i in range(len(x)-2,len(x)):
    y.append(x[i])

f = open("day-87.txt", "w")

while True:
    a = input("what do you want to write: ")
    if a == "quit":
        break
    f.write(a + "\n")

f.close()

f = open("day-87.txt", "r")
data = f.read()
print(data)

import pgzrun
import random

HEIGHT = 200
WIDTH = 200

elf = Actor("c1")
elf.x = WIDTH/2
elf.y = HEIGHT-20

try:
    x = open("day-87-x.txt", "r")
    elf.x = float(x.read())
    x.close()
    
    y = open("day-87-y.txt", "r")
    elf.y = float(y.read())
    y.close()
except IOError:
    pass

def on_key_down(key):
    speed = 10
    if key == keys.LEFT:
        elf.x -= speed
    if key == keys.RIGHT:
        elf.x += speed
    if key == keys.UP:
        elf.y -= speed
    if key == keys.DOWN:
        elf.y += speed

    if key == keys.S:
        x = open("day-87-x.txt", "w")
        x.write(str(elf.x))
        x.close()

        y = open("day-87-y.txt", "w")
        y.write(str(elf.y))
        y.close()


def draw():
    screen.fill('black')
    elf.draw()

pgzrun.go()

try:
    try to do something
except some error:
    handle error

from flask import Flask, redirect, request,make_response
import random
app = Flask(__name__)

tokens = {}

@app.route('/')
def index():
    token = request.cookies.get('token')
    if token in tokens:
        response = make_response("""
        welcome to the secure section of the website,
        <a href="/logout">click here to logout
        """)
        return response

    
    response = make_response("""
        <html>
        <form action="/login" method="post">
        user: <input name="user">
        pass: <input type="password" name="pass">
        <input type="submit">
        </form>
        </html>
        """)
    return response

@app.route('/logout')
def logout():
    token = request.cookies.get('token')
    try:
        del tokens[token]
    except KeyError:
        pass

    response = make_response(redirect('/'))
    response.set_cookie('token', '')
    return response

@app.route('/login', methods = ['POST'])
def login():
    user = request.form['user']
    password = request.form['pass']
    if user == "admin" and password == "123":
        token = str(random.randint(0,10000000))
        tokens[token] = "admin"

        response = make_response(redirect('/'))
        response.set_cookie('token', token)
        return response
    else:
        return "access denied"
    
if __name__ == "__main__":
    app.run(host="127.0.0.1",port=8000,debug=True)

import pgzrun
import random

HEIGHT = 480
WIDTH = 640
filename = "example.py"
lines = [[]]
cursor_row = 0
cursor_col = 0

try:
    x = open(filename, "r")
    for c in x.read():
        if c== '\n' or c == '\r':
            lines.append([])
            cursor_row += 1
            cursor_col = 0
        else:
            lines[cursor_row].append(c)
            cursor_col += 1

    x.close()
except IOError:
    pass

def lines_to_string():
    s = ''
    for r in lines:
        for c in r:
            s += c
        s += '\n'
    return s

def on_key_down(key, mod, unicode):
    global cursor_row, cursor_col

    if key == keys.Q and mod == keymods.LCTRL:
        exit()
    if key == keys.S and mod == keymods.LCTRL:
        x = open(filename, "w")
        s = lines_to_string()
        x.write(s)
        x.close()

    elif key == keys.LEFT:
        if cursor_col > 0:
            cursor_col -= 1
    elif key == keys.RIGHT:
        if cursor_col < len(lines[cursor_row]):
            cursor_col += 1
    elif key == keys.UP:
        if cursor_row > 0:
            cursor_row -= 1
            if cursor_col > len(lines[cursor_row]):
                cursor_col = len(lines[cursor_row])
    elif key == keys.DOWN:
        if cursor_row < len(lines) - 1:
            cursor_row += 1
            if cursor_col > len(lines[cursor_row]):
                cursor_col = len(lines[cursor_row])


    elif key == keys.BACKSPACE:
        if cursor_col == 0:
            if cursor_row >= 1:
                row = lines.pop(cursor_row)
                cursor_col = len(lines[cursor_row-1])
                for c in row:
                    lines[cursor_row-1].append(c)
                cursor_row -= 1
        else:
            row = lines[cursor_row]
            if len(row) > 0:
                cursor_col -= 1
                row.pop(cursor_col)


    elif key == keys.RETURN:
        # get the rest of the lines
        left = []
        right = []
        if cursor_col < len(lines[cursor_row]):
            # split the line if we are pressing enter in the middle
            row = lines[cursor_row]

            left = row[:cursor_col]
            right = row[cursor_col:]

            if cursor_row < len(lines):
                lines[cursor_row] = left

        cursor_col = 0
        cursor_row += 1
        lines.insert(cursor_row, right)

    elif len(unicode) > 0 and ord(unicode) >= 20 and ord(unicode) <= 125:
        lines[cursor_row].insert(cursor_col, unicode)
        cursor_col += 1

def draw():
    screen.fill('black')
    screen.draw.text(filename + ", " + str(cursor_row) + ":" + str(cursor_col), (0,0), fontsize=20,fontname="437-win", color="green")

    x = 0
    y = 30
    stepX = 10
    stepY = 22

    for (index_row, row) in enumerate(lines):
        for (index_col, c) in enumerate(row):
            screen.draw.text(c, (x,y), fontsize=20,fontname="437-win")
            x += stepX
        y += stepY
        x = 0

    cursorX = cursor_col * stepX
    cursorY = 30 + (cursor_row * stepY)

    screen.draw.rect(Rect((cursorX,cursorY,stepX,stepY)), (255,0,0))

pgzrun.go()

import pgzrun

HEIGHT = 480
WIDTH = 640

text = ''

def on_key_down(key, mod, unicode):
    global text

    if key == keys.Q and mod == keymods.LCTRL:
        exit()


    elif key == keys.BACKSPACE:
        if len(text) > 0:
            text = text[:len(text)-1]

    elif key == keys.RETURN:
        text += '\n'

    elif len(unicode) > 0 and ord(unicode) >= 20 and ord(unicode) <= 125:
        text += unicode

def draw():
    screen.fill('black')
    x = 0
    y = 0
    stepX = 10
    stepY = 22

    for c in text:
        if c == '\n':
            y += stepY
            x = 0
        else:
            screen.draw.text(c, (x,y), fontsize=20,fontname="437-win")
            x += stepX

    screen.draw.rect(Rect((x,y,stepX,stepY)), (255,0,0))

pgzrun.go()

games = [
    ["mario smash bros", 3],
    ["mario party", 4],
    ["super mario", 2]
]

while True:
    for game in games:
        print(game[0])
    what = input("which game are you interested in: ")
    for game in games:
        if what in game[0]:
            print("i like " + game[0] + ", score: " + str(game[1]))

songs = [
    ["wellerman", """There once was a ship that put to sea
The name of the ship was the Billy of Tea
The winds blew up, her bow dipped down
Oh blow, my bully boys, blow (huh)

Soon may the Wellerman come
To bring us sugar and tea and rum
One day, when the tonguing is done
We'll take our leave and go"""],
]

while True:
    what = input("which song are you interested in: ")
    for song in songs:
        if what in song[0]:
            print('-' * 40)
            print(song[1])
            print('-' * 40)

import sys
print(sys.argv)

import sys

x = open(sys.argv[1], "r")
data = x.read()
print(data)

import os
import sys

files = os.listdir(sys.argv[1])
files.sort()

for f in files:
    if os.path.isdir(f):
        print(f + "/")
    else:
        print(f)

import sys
import os

text = ''

filename = sys.argv[1]

try:
    f = open(filename, "r")
    text = f.read()
    f.close()
except IOError:
    pass

while True:
    what = input("> ")
    if what == '?':
        print("""
        * ? - help
        * p - print
        * s - save
        * d [n] - delete last N lines
        * a text - append text to the end
        """)
    elif what == 'q':
        sys.exit(0)
    elif what == 'p':
        print(text, end = '')
    elif what == 's':
        f = open(filename, "w")
        f.write(text)
        f.close()
    elif what[0] == 'a' and what[1] == ' ':
        text += what[2:] + '\n'
    elif what[0] == 'd':
        lines = text.split('\n')

        n = 1
        if len(what) > 2:
            n = int(what[2:])

        for i in range(0, n):
            lines.pop()

        text = "\n".join(lines)


    else:
        print("* use ? for help")

$ python3 xed,py example.py
> a for i in range(100)
> a   print(i)
> p
> s

$ python3 xls.py .
$ python3 xcat.py example.py
$ python3 example.py

Help on built-in function open in module io:

open(file, mode='r', buffering=-1, encoding=None, errors=None, newline=None, closefd=True, opener=None)
    Open file and return a stream.  Raise OSError upon failure.

    file is either a text or byte string giving the name (and the path
    if the file isn't in the current working directory) of the file to
    be opened or an integer file descriptor of the file to be
    wrapped. (If a file descriptor is given, it is closed when the
    returned I/O object is closed, unless closefd is set to False.)

    mode is an optional string that specifies the mode in which the file
    is opened. It defaults to 'r' which means open for reading in text
    mode.  Other common values are 'w' for writing (truncating the file if
    it already exists), 'x' for creating and writing to a new file, and
    'a' for appending (which on some Unix systems, means that all writes
    append to the end of the file regardless of the current seek position).
    In text mode, if encoding is not specified the encoding used is platform
    dependent: locale.getpreferredencoding(False) is called to get the
    current locale encoding. (For reading and writing raw bytes use binary
    mode and leave encoding unspecified.) The available modes are:

    ========= ===============================================================
    Character Meaning
    --------- ---------------------------------------------------------------
    'r'       open for reading (default)
    'w'       open for writing, truncating the file first
    'x'       create a new file and open it for writing
    'a'       open for writing, appending to the end of the file if it exists
    'b'       binary mode
    't'       text mode (default)
    '+'       open a disk file for updating (reading and writing)
    'U'       universal newline mode (deprecated)
    ========= ===============================================================

    The default mode is 'rt' (open for reading text). For binary random
    access, the mode 'w+b' opens and truncates the file to 0 bytes, while
    'r+b' opens the file without truncation. The 'x' mode implies 'w' and
    raises an `FileExistsError` if the file already exists.

    Python distinguishes between files opened in binary and text modes,
    even when the underlying operating system doesn't. Files opened in
    binary mode (appending 'b' to the mode argument) return contents as
    bytes objects without any decoding. In text mode (the default, or when
    't' is appended to the mode argument), the contents of the file are
    returned as strings, the bytes having been first decoded using a
    platform-dependent encoding or using the specified encoding if given.

    'U' mode is deprecated and will raise an exception in future versions
    of Python.  It has no effect in Python 3.  Use newline to control
    universal newlines mode.

    buffering is an optional integer used to set the buffering policy.
    Pass 0 to switch buffering off (only allowed in binary mode), 1 to select
    line buffering (only usable in text mode), and an integer > 1 to indicate
    the size of a fixed-size chunk buffer.  When no buffering argument is
    given, the default buffering policy works as follows:

    * Binary files are buffered in fixed-size chunks; the size of the buffer
      is chosen using a heuristic trying to determine the underlying device's
      "block size" and falling back on `io.DEFAULT_BUFFER_SIZE`.
      On many systems, the buffer will typically be 4096 or 8192 bytes long.

    * "Interactive" text files (files for which isatty() returns True)
      use line buffering.  Other text files use the policy described above
      for binary files.

    encoding is the name of the encoding used to decode or encode the
    file. This should only be used in text mode. The default encoding is
    platform dependent, but any encoding supported by Python can be
    passed.  See the codecs module for the list of supported encodings.

    errors is an optional string that specifies how encoding errors are to
    be handled---this argument should not be used in binary mode. Pass
    'strict' to raise a ValueError exception if there is an encoding error
    (the default of None has the same effect), or pass 'ignore' to ignore
    errors. (Note that ignoring encoding errors can lead to data loss.)
    See the documentation for codecs.register or run 'help(codecs.Codec)'
    for a list of the permitted encoding error strings.

    newline controls how universal newlines works (it only applies to text
    mode). It can be None, '', '\n', '\r', and '\r\n'.  It works as
    follows:

    * On input, if newline is None, universal newlines mode is
      enabled. Lines in the input can end in '\n', '\r', or '\r\n', and
      these are translated into '\n' before being returned to the
      caller. If it is '', universal newline mode is enabled, but line
      endings are returned to the caller untranslated. If it has any of
      the other legal values, input lines are only terminated by the given
      string, and the line ending is returned to the caller untranslated.

    * On output, if newline is None, any '\n' characters written are
      translated to the system default line separator, os.linesep. If
      newline is '' or '\n', no translation takes place. If newline is any
      of the other legal values, any '\n' characters written are translated
      to the given string.

    If closefd is False, the underlying file descriptor will be kept open
    when the file is closed. This does not work when a file name is given
    and must be True in that case.

    A custom opener can be used by passing a callable as *opener*. The
    underlying file descriptor for the file object is then obtained by
    calling *opener* with (*file*, *flags*). *opener* must return an open
    file descriptor (passing os.open as *opener* results in functionality
    similar to passing None).

    open() returns a file object whose type depends on the mode, and
    through which the standard file operations such as reading and writing
    are performed. When open() is used to open a file in a text mode ('w',
    'r', 'wt', 'rt', etc.), it returns a TextIOWrapper. When used to open
    a file in a binary mode, the returned class varies: in read binary
    mode, it returns a BufferedReader; in write binary and append binary
    modes, it returns a BufferedWriter, and in read/write mode, it returns
    a BufferedRandom.

    It is also possible to use a string or bytearray as a file for both
    reading and writing. For strings StringIO can be used like a file
    opened in a text mode, and for bytes a BytesIO can be used like a file
    opened in a binary mode.

$ ed zzz
a
for i in range(10);
  print(i)
.
w
31
1,$n
1	for i in range(10);
2	  print(i)
q

memory = []
for i in range(1000000):
    memory.append(0)

[0,0,0,..............0,0,0,0....0,0,0,0,0]

def add(a_address,b_address):
    return memory[a_address] + memory[b_address]

x_address = 1000
y_address = 1001
memory[x_address] = 5
memory[y_address] = 10

r = add(x_address,y_address)

print(r)

def add(a_address,b_address,r_address):
    memory[r_address] = memory[a_address] + memory[b_address]

x_address = 1000
memory[x_address] = 5

y_address = 1001
memory[y_address] = 10

r_address = 1002
add(x_address,y_address,r_address)

print(memory[r_address])

[....0,0,0,5,10,15,0,...]
           ^ ^  ^
           | |  |
           x |  |
             y  |
                r

x at index 1000
y at index 1001
r at index 1002

x = 5
y = 10
r = x + y
print(r)

h_address = 2000
memory[h_address] = 5
memory[h_address+1] = ord('h')
memory[h_address+2] = ord('e')
memory[h_address+3] = ord('l')
memory[h_address+4] = ord('l')
memory[h_address+5] = ord('o')

def xprint(address):
    l = memory[address]
    for i in range(l):
        # +1 is because of the length
        c = memory[address + 1 + i]
        print(chr(c), end = '')
    print('')

n_address = 3000
memory[n_address+0] = ord('h')
memory[n_address+1] = ord('e')
memory[n_address+2] = ord('l')
memory[n_address+3] = ord('l')
memory[n_address+4] = ord('o')

def nprint(address):
    for addr in range(address, len(memory)):
        c = memory[addr]
        if c == 0:
            break
        print(chr(c), end = '')
    print('')

nprint(n_address)

a_address = 4000
memory[a_address] = 5
memory[a_address+1] = ord('h')
memory[a_address+2] = ord('e')
memory[a_address+3] = ord('l')
memory[a_address+4] = ord('l')
memory[a_address+5] = ord('o')

b_address = 4006
memory[b_address] = 5
memory[b_address+1] = ord('w')
memory[b_address+2] = ord('o')
memory[b_address+3] = ord('r')
memory[b_address+4] = ord('l')
memory[b_address+5] = ord('d')

c_address = 7000

def xadd(a,b,dst):
    len_a = memory[a]
    len_b = memory[b]
    memory[dst] = len_a + len_b
    for i in range(len_a):
        c = memory[a + 1 + i]
        memory[dst + 1 + i] = c

    for i in range(len_b):
        c = memory[b + 1 +i]
        memory[dst + 1 + len_a + i] = c

xadd(a_address, b_address, c_address)
xprint(c_address)

i_address = 3996
memory[i_address] = 9999

[....9999,0,0,0,5,104,101,108,108,111,5,119,111,114,108,100....]
     ^          ^                     ^
     i          this is a             this is b
  idx: 3996     idx: 4000             idx: 4006

world

* reduce the length to 4
* move r to the left
* move l to the left
* move d to the left

[0, value]            # w
 |
[next_address, value] # o
 |
[next_address, value] # r
 |
[next_address, value] # l
 |
[0, value ]           # d

memory[20000] = 30000
memory[20001] = 1

memory[30000] = 30500
memory[30001] = 2

memory[30500] = 30605
memory[30501] = 3

memory[30605] = 0
memory[30606] = 4

[ ....30000, 1, .... 30500, 2, .... 30605, 3, .... 0, 4, ...]
      ^              ^              ^              ^
      first          second         third          forth element

def lprint(start_address):
    done = False
    while not done:
        # check if this is the last element of the list
        done = memory[start_address] == 0

        # print the value at address + 1
        print(memory[start_address+1])

        # go to the next element from the list
        start_address = memory[start_address]

lprint(20000)

memory[20000] = 30000
memory[20001] = 1

memory[30000] = 20000
memory[30001] = 2

lprint(20000)

1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2

memory = []
for i in range(1000000):
    memory.append(0)


memory[1000] = 5  # a
memory[1001] = 10 # b
memory[1002] = 0  # result

# lets multiply a * b
# the code looks like this
# counter = b
# while counter > 0:
#     r = r + a
#     counter -= 1
# print(r)

# counter = b
memory[1003] = memory[1001]

# jump to position 10 if counter is 0
memory[0] = 4
memory[1] = 1003
memory[2] = 13

# r = r + a
memory[3] = 1
memory[4] = 1002
memory[5] = 1000
memory[6] = 1002


# since our add operation adds two things in memory, we
# need to store the value -1 somewhere to subtract it from the counter
#
# counter -= 1
memory[9999] = -1
memory[7] = 1
memory[8] = 1003
memory[9] = 9999
memory[10] = 1003

# go back to the if counter == 0 instruction
memory[11] = 5
memory[12] = 0

# print(r)
memory[13] = 3
memory[14] = 1002

# stop the program
memory[15] = 0

position = 0
while True:
    instruction = memory[position]
    print('instruction',instruction, 'position',position)
    # quit if instruction is 0
    if instruction == 0:
        break

    # add position+1 and position+2 and write result in position+3
    elif instruction == 1:
        a_address = memory[position+1]
        b_address = memory[position+2]

        r_address = memory[position+3]

        memory[r_address] = memory[a_address] + memory[b_address]
        position += 4

    # print position + 1
    elif instruction == 3:
        address = memory[position+1]
        print(memory[address])
        position+=2

    # if memory[position+1] is 0 jump to positon+2, else continue to position+3
    elif instruction == 4:
        address = memory[position+1]
        if memory[address] == 0:
            position = memory[position+2]
        else:
            position += 3

    # jump to value of position+1
    elif instruction == 5:
        position = memory[position+1]

('instruction', 4, 'position', 0)
('instruction', 1, 'position', 3)
('instruction', 1, 'position', 7)
('instruction', 5, 'position', 11)
('instruction', 4, 'position', 0)
('instruction', 1, 'position', 3)
('instruction', 1, 'position', 7)
('instruction', 5, 'position', 11)
('instruction', 4, 'position', 0)
('instruction', 1, 'position', 3)
('instruction', 1, 'position', 7)
('instruction', 5, 'position', 11)
('instruction', 4, 'position', 0)
('instruction', 1, 'position', 3)
('instruction', 1, 'position', 7)
('instruction', 5, 'position', 11)
('instruction', 4, 'position', 0)
('instruction', 1, 'position', 3)
('instruction', 1, 'position', 7)
('instruction', 5, 'position', 11)
('instruction', 4, 'position', 0)
('instruction', 1, 'position', 3)
('instruction', 1, 'position', 7)
('instruction', 5, 'position', 11)
('instruction', 4, 'position', 0)
('instruction', 1, 'position', 3)
('instruction', 1, 'position', 7)
('instruction', 5, 'position', 11)
('instruction', 4, 'position', 0)
('instruction', 1, 'position', 3)
('instruction', 1, 'position', 7)
('instruction', 5, 'position', 11)
('instruction', 4, 'position', 0)
('instruction', 1, 'position', 3)
('instruction', 1, 'position', 7)
('instruction', 5, 'position', 11)
('instruction', 4, 'position', 0)
('instruction', 1, 'position', 3)
('instruction', 1, 'position', 7)
('instruction', 5, 'position', 11)
('instruction', 4, 'position', 0)
('instruction', 3, 'position', 13)
50
('instruction', 0, 'position', 15)

...

# instructions
HALT = 0
ADD = 1
PRINT = 3
JUMP_IF_ZERO = 4
JUMP = 5


# variabnles
A = 1000
B = 1001
R = 1002
MINUS_1 = 9999
COUNTER = 1003


# program
memory[A] = 5  # A = 5
memory[B] = 10 # B = 5
memory[R] = 0  # R = 0
memory[COUNTER] = memory[B]  # COUNTER = B

# jump to position 10 if counter is 0
memory[0] = JUMP_IF_ZERO
memory[1] = COUNTER
memory[2] = 13

# r = r + a
memory[3] = ADD
memory[4] = R
memory[5] = A
memory[6] = R


# counter -= 1
memory[MINUS_1] = -1
# counter = counter + minus_1
memory[7] = ADD
memory[8] = COUNTER
memory[9] = MINUS_1
memory[10] = COUNTER

# go back to the if counter == 0 instruction
memory[11] = JUMP
memory[12] = 0

# print(r)
memory[13] = PRINT
memory[14] = R

# stop the program
memory[15] = HALT
...

[4, 1003, 13, 1, 1000, 1002, 1002, 1, 1003, 9999, 1003, 5, 0, 3, 1002, 0]
 ^                                                      ^
 jump to 13 if memory[1003] is zero                     jump to 0

...
r = multiply(5, 10)
print(r)
...

stack = [1,2,3]

print(stack.pop())
print(stack.pop())
print(stack.pop())

memory = []
for i in range(1000000):
    memory.append(0)

HALT         = 0
ADD          = 1
PRINT        = 3
JUMP_IF_ZERO = 4
JUMP         = 5
PUSH         = 8
POP          = 9
SET          = 10

JUMPV        = 11 # same as jump, but jumps to the
                  # value of the address instead of the address itself
                  # so jumpv 9, will jump to the value of memory[9]

PUSHV        = 12 # same as jumpv but for push


# just used for debug
instruction_lookup = dict([
    (HALT         , 'HALT'),
    (ADD          , 'ADD'),
    (PRINT        , 'PRINT'),
    (JUMP_IF_ZERO , 'JUMP_IF_ZERO'),
    (JUMP         , 'JUMP'),
    (PUSH         , 'PUSH'),
    (POP          , 'POP'),
    (SET          , 'SET'),
    (PUSHV        , 'PUSHV'),
    (JUMPV        , 'JUMPV')
])

                  # pushv 9, will push memory[9] instead of 9
# constants addressess
# there is no such thing as constants though, we just think of them as such
MINUS_1 = 9999

# set "global" variable MINUS_1 to -1
memory[MINUS_1] = -1 # minus_1 = -1

# MAIN FUNCTION

# main function has only one variable, the MULTIPLY_RESULT
MULTIPLY_RESULT = 1000

# MULTIPLY_RESULT = multiply (5, 10)
memory[0] = PUSH            # |  |
memory[1] = 5               # ^  |
memory[2] = PUSH            #    |
memory[3] = 10              # >--+
memory[4] = PUSH            # >-------------+
memory[5] = 8               #               | after the function is called
memory[6] = JUMP            #               | jump to get the value
memory[7] = 198             #               | from the stack
memory[8] = POP             # <-------------+
memory[9] = MULTIPLY_RESULT #
memory[10] = PRINT
memory[11] = MULTIPLY_RESULT


####### MULTIPLY FUNCTION ######
# get the value of A
A = 9000
B = 9001
COUNTER = 9003
R = 9004
BACK_TO_ADDRESS = 9005

# get the value for where to return to
memory[198] = POP
memory[199] = BACK_TO_ADDRESS

# get the value for A
memory[200] = POP
memory[201] = A

# get the value for B
memory[202] = POP
memory[203] = B

# COUNTER = B (which is counter = 0 ; counter = counter + b)
# COUNTER = 0
memory[204] = SET
memory[205] = COUNTER
memory[206] = 0

# COUNTER = COUNTER + B
memory[207] = ADD
memory[208] = COUNTER
memory[209] = B
memory[210] = COUNTER

# the actual loop
memory[211] = JUMP_IF_ZERO
memory[212] = COUNTER
memory[213] = 224

# r = r + a
memory[214] = ADD
memory[215] = A
memory[216] = R
memory[217] = R

# since our add operation adds two things in memory, we
# need to store the value -1 somewhere to subtract it from the counter
#
# counter -= 1
memory[218] = ADD
memory[219] = COUNTER
memory[220] = MINUS_1
memory[221] = COUNTER

# go back to the if counter == 0 instruction
memory[222] = JUMP
memory[223] = 211

# return(r)
memory[224] = PUSHV
memory[225] = R

memory[226] = JUMPV
memory[227] = BACK_TO_ADDRESS

# start the computer from position 80, we will use positions up-to 80 for our function call stack
position = 0
stack = []
while True:
    instruction = memory[position]

    print(instruction_lookup[instruction], 'position',position, 'stack', stack)

    # quit if instruction is 0
    if instruction == HALT:
        break

    # add position+1 and position+2 and write result in position+3
    elif instruction == ADD:
        a_address = memory[position+1]
        b_address = memory[position+2]

        r_address = memory[position+3]

        memory[r_address] = memory[a_address] + memory[b_address]
        position += 4

    # print position + 1
    elif instruction == PRINT:
        address = memory[position+1]
        print(memory[address])
        position+=2

    # if memory[position+1] is 0 jump to positon+2, else continue to position+3
    elif instruction == JUMP_IF_ZERO:
        address = memory[position+1]
        if memory[address] == 0:
            position = memory[position+2]
        else:
            position += 3

    # jump to value of position+1
    elif instruction == JUMP:
        position = memory[position+1]

    elif instruction == JUMPV:
        position = memory[memory[position+1]]

    elif instruction == PUSH:
        stack.append(memory[position+1])
        position += 2

    elif instruction == PUSHV:
        stack.append(memory[memory[position+1]])
        position += 2

    elif instruction == POP:
        memory[memory[position+1]] = stack.pop()
        position += 2

    elif instruction == SET:
        memory[position+1] = memory[position+2]
        position += 3

PUSH position 0 stack-before [] stack-after [5]
PUSH position 2 stack-before [5] stack-after [5, 10]
PUSH position 4 stack-before [5, 10] stack-after [5, 10, 8]
JUMP position 6 stack-before [5, 10, 8] stack-after [5, 10, 8]
POP position 198 stack-before [5, 10, 8] stack-after [5, 10]
POP position 200 stack-before [5, 10] stack-after [5]
POP position 202 stack-before [5] stack-after []
SET position 204 stack-before [] stack-after []
ADD position 207 stack-before [] stack-after []
JUMP_IF_ZERO position 211 stack-before [] stack-after []
ADD position 214 stack-before [] stack-after []
ADD position 218 stack-before [] stack-after []
JUMP position 222 stack-before [] stack-after []
JUMP_IF_ZERO position 211 stack-before [] stack-after []
ADD position 214 stack-before [] stack-after []
ADD position 218 stack-before [] stack-after []
JUMP position 222 stack-before [] stack-after []
JUMP_IF_ZERO position 211 stack-before [] stack-after []
ADD position 214 stack-before [] stack-after []
ADD position 218 stack-before [] stack-after []
JUMP position 222 stack-before [] stack-after []
JUMP_IF_ZERO position 211 stack-before [] stack-after []
ADD position 214 stack-before [] stack-after []
ADD position 218 stack-before [] stack-after []
JUMP position 222 stack-before [] stack-after []
JUMP_IF_ZERO position 211 stack-before [] stack-after []
ADD position 214 stack-before [] stack-after []
ADD position 218 stack-before [] stack-after []
JUMP position 222 stack-before [] stack-after []
JUMP_IF_ZERO position 211 stack-before [] stack-after []
PUSHV position 224 stack-before [] stack-after [50]
JUMPV position 226 stack-before [50] stack-after [50]
POP position 8 stack-before [50] stack-after []
PRINT position 10 stack-before [] stack-after []
50
HALT position 12 stack-before []

0 # tails
1 # heads

0 0 # both coins are tails
0 1 # second coin is heads
1 0 # first coin is heads
1 1 # both coins are heads

000
001
010
011
100
101
110
111

0000
0001
0010
0011
0100
0101
0110
0111
1000
1001
1010
1011
1100
1101
1110
1111

for i in range(255):
    print(i, ' -> ', format(i, '08b'))

0   ->  00000000
1   ->  00000001
2   ->  00000010
3   ->  00000011
4   ->  00000100
5   ->  00000101
6   ->  00000110
7   ->  00000111
8   ->  00001000
9   ->  00001001
10  ->  00001010
11  ->  00001011
12  ->  00001100
13  ->  00001101
14  ->  00001110
15  ->  00001111
16  ->  00010000
...

       5               h                 e              l                    l               o
       5              104               101            108                  108             111

0,0,0,0,0,1,0,1, 0,1,1,0,1,0,0,0, 0,1,1,0,0,1,0,1, 0,1,1,0,1,1,0,0, 0,1,1,0,1,1,0,0, 0,1,1,0,1,1,1,1
0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0, 0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0, 0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0, 0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0, 0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0, 0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0, 0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0, 0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0, 0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0, 0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0, 0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0, 0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0, 0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0, 0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0, 0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0, 0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0, 0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0, 0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0, 0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0, 0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0, 0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0, 0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0, 0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0, 0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0, 0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0, 0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0, 0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0, 0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0, 0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0, 0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0, 0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0, 0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0, 0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0, 0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0, 0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0, 0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0, 0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0, 0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0, 0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0, 0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0, 0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0, 0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0, 0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0, 0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0, 0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0, 0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0, 0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0, 0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0, 0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0, 0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0, 0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0, 0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0, 0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0, 0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0, 0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0, 0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0, 0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0, 0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0, 0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0, 0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0, 0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0, 0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0, 0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0, 0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0, 0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0, 0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0, 0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0, 0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0, 0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0, 0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0, 0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0, 0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0, 0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0, 0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0, 0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0, 0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0, 0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0, 0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0, 0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0, 0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0, 0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0, 0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0, 0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0, 0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0, 0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0, 0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0, 0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0, 0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0, 0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0, 0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0, 0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0, 0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0, 0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0, 0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0, 0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0, 0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0, 0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0, 0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0, 0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0, 0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0, 0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0, 0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0, 0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0, 0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0, 0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0, 0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0, 0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0, 0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0, 0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0, 0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0, 0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0, 0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0, 0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0, 0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0, 0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0, 0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0, 0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0, 0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0, 0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0, 0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0, 0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0, 0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0, 0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0, 0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0, 0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0, 0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0, 0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0, 0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0, 0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0, 0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0, 0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0, 0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0, 0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0, 0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0, 0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0, 0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
...

import pgzrun
import random

HEIGHT = 400
WIDTH = 300

falling = []
game_area = Rect(0,0,WIDTH,HEIGHT)
elf = Actor("c1")

elf.y = HEIGHT - 10
elf.x = WIDTH/2
game_over = False

def drop():
    f = Actor("snake")
    f.x = random.randint(0,WIDTH)
    f.y = random.randint(0, 150)
    falling.append(f)

def update():
    global game_over

    # move the elf left or right
    ...


    # detect the collisions between snakes and elf
    # and remove them if they collide
    ...


    # advance the snakes downwards
    ...


    # check if the snakes are outside of the game area, and set game over
    ...


    # add new snakes if there are less than 5 on the screen
    ...


def draw():
    if game_over:
        screen.fill('pink')
    else:
        screen.fill('black')
        for f in falling:
            f.draw()

        screen.draw.rect(game_area, (255,0,0))
        elf.draw()

pgzrun.go()

import pgzrun
import random

HEIGHT = 400
WIDTH = 300

falling = []
game_area = Rect(0,0,WIDTH,HEIGHT)
elf = Actor("c1")

elf.y = HEIGHT - 10
elf.x = WIDTH/2
game_over = False

def drop():
    f = Actor("snake")
    f.x = random.randint(0,WIDTH)
    f.y = random.randint(0, 150)
    falling.append(f)

def update():
    global game_over

    # move the elf left or right
    if keyboard.left:
        elf.x = elf.x-5
    if keyboard.right:
        elf.x = elf.x+5


    # detect the collisions between snakes and elf
    # and remove them if they collide
    remove = []
    for f in falling:
        if f.colliderect(elf):
            remove.append(f)

    for r in remove:
        falling.remove(r)

    # advance the snakes downwards
    for f in falling:
        f.y += 1

    # check if the snakes are outside of the game area, and set game over
    for f in falling:
        if not f.colliderect(game_area):
            game_over = True

    # add new snakes if there are less than 5 on the screen
    if len(falling) < 5:
        drop()

def draw():
    if game_over:
        screen.fill('pink')
    else:
        screen.fill('black')
        for f in falling:
            f.draw()

        screen.draw.rect(game_area, (255,0,0))
        elf.draw()

pgzrun.go()

import pgzrun
import random

HEIGHT = 400
WIDTH = 300

falling = []
game_area = Rect(0,0,WIDTH,HEIGHT)
elf = Actor("c1")

elf.y = HEIGHT - 10
elf.x = WIDTH/2
game_over = False
score = 0
lives = 5

def drop():
    f = Actor("snake")
    f.x = random.randint(0,WIDTH)
    f.y = random.randint(0, 150)
    falling.append(f)

def update():
    global game_over, score, lives


    if keyboard.A:
        elf.x -= 5
    if keyboard.D:
        elf.x += 5

    for i in falling:
        i.y += 1

    for i in list(falling):
        if not i.colliderect(game_area):
            falling.remove(i)
            lives -= 1

    game_over = lives <= 0

    if len(falling) < 5:
        drop()

    for i in list(falling):
        if i.colliderect(elf):
            falling.remove(i)
            score += 1

def draw():
    if game_over:
        screen.fill('pink')
    else:
        screen.fill('black')
        screen.draw.text("score: " + str(score) + " lives: " + str(lives), topleft=(10,10))

        for f in falling:
            f.draw()

        screen.draw.rect(game_area, (255,0,0))
        elf.draw()

pgzrun.go()

import pgzrun
import sys # for sys.exit()


HEIGHT = 300
WIDTH = 300

elf = Actor("c1")
colors = [
    [(255,0,0), Rect(0,0,40,40)],
    [(0,255,0), Rect(60,0,40,40)],
    [(0,0,255), Rect(120,0,40,40)],
]
color = None
pixels = []

def update():
    global color, pixels

    if keyboard.LEFT:
        elf.x -= 2
    if keyboard.RIGHT:
        elf.x += 2
    if keyboard.UP:
        elf.y -= 2
    if keyboard.DOWN:
        elf.y += 2

    if keyboard.Q:
        sys.exit(0)

    if keyboard.SPACE and color != None:
        pixels.append([
            color,
            Rect(elf.x,elf.y,40,40)
        ])

    if keyboard.C:
        pixels = []
        color = None

    if keyboard.D:
        drop = Rect(elf.x,elf.y,40,40)
        for p in list(pixels):
            if drop.colliderect(p[1]):
                pixels.remove(p)

    for c in colors:
        if elf.colliderect(c[1]):
            color = c[0]

def draw():
    screen.fill('black')

    for c in colors:
        screen.draw.filled_rect(c[1], c[0])

    for p in pixels:
        screen.draw.filled_rect(p[1], p[0])

    if color != None:
        screen.draw.rect(Rect(elf.x,elf.y,40,40), color)

    elf.draw()
    screen.draw.text(str(len(pixels)), topleft=(10,10))

pgzrun.go()

import pgzrun
import sys # for sys.exit()


HEIGHT = 300
WIDTH = 300

elf = Actor("c1")
flower = Actor("flower")

def update():
    if keyboard.LEFT:
        elf.x -= 5
    # add RIGHT/UP/DONW

    if keyboard.Q:
        sys.exit(0)

    # check if the elf collides the flower
    # and if it does, increment the score
    # and place the flower on some random place
    # ...

def draw():
    screen.fill('black')
    elf.draw()
    flower.draw()

    # show the score
    # ...
pgzrun.go()

import pgzrun
import random
import sys # for sys.exit()


HEIGHT = 300
WIDTH = 300

elf = Actor("c1")
elf.x = WIDTH/2
elf.y = HEIGHT/2

flower = Actor("flower")
flower.x = 10
flower.y = 10
score = 0
def update():
    global score
    if keyboard.LEFT:
        elf.x -= 5
    if keyboard.RIGHT:
        elf.x += 5
    if keyboard.UP:
        elf.y -= 5
    if keyboard.DOWN:
        elf.y += 5

    if keyboard.Q:
        sys.exit(0)

    if elf.colliderect(flower):
        flower.x = random.randint(10,WIDTH-10)
        flower.y = random.randint(10,HEIGHT-10)
        score += 1

def draw():
    screen.fill('black')
    elf.draw()
    flower.draw()
    screen.draw.text(str(score), topleft=(10,10))

pgzrun.go()

import pgzrun
import sys # for sys.exit()


HEIGHT = 300
WIDTH = 300

elf = Actor("c1")
colors = [
    [(255,0,0), Rect(0,0,40,40)],
    [(0,255,0), Rect(60,0,40,40)],
    [(0,0,255), Rect(120,0,40,40)],
]
color = None
pixels = []

def make_rect_around_actor(a):
    return Rect(a.x,a.y,40,40)
def update():
    global color, pixels

    if keyboard.LEFT:
        elf.x -= 2
    if keyboard.RIGHT:
        elf.x += 2
    if keyboard.UP:
        elf.y -= 2
    if keyboard.DOWN:
        elf.y += 2

    if keyboard.Q:
        sys.exit(0)

    if keyboard.SPACE and color != None:
        pixels.append([
            color,
            make_rect_around_actor(elf),
        ])

    if keyboard.C:
        pixels = []
        color = None

    if keyboard.S:
        f = open("save.txt", "w")
        for p in pixels:
            (red,green,blue) = p[0]
            f.write(str(red))
            f.write(",")
            f.write(str(green))
            f.write(",")
            f.write(str(blue))
            f.write(",")
            f.write(str(p[1].x))
            f.write(",")
            f.write(str(p[1].y))
            f.write(",")
            f.write(str(p[1].width))
            f.write(",")
            f.write(str(p[1].height))
            f.write("\n")
        f.close()

    if keyboard.L:
        pixels = []

        f = open("save.txt", "r")

        lines = f.readlines()
        for l in lines:
            (red,green,blue,x,y,w,h) = l.split(",")
            pixels.append([
                (float(red),float(green),float(blue)),
                Rect(float(x),float(y), float(w), float(h))
            ])

        f.close()

    if keyboard.D:
        drop = make_rect_around_actor(elf)
        for p in list(pixels):
            if drop.colliderect(p[1]):
                pixels.remove(p)

    for c in colors:
        if elf.colliderect(c[1]):
            color = c[0]

def draw():
    screen.fill('black')

    for c in colors:
        screen.draw.filled_rect(c[1], c[0])

    for p in pixels:
        screen.draw.filled_rect(p[1], p[0])

    if color != None:
        screen.draw.rect(make_rect_around_actor(elf), color)

    elf.draw()
    screen.draw.text(str(len(pixels)), topleft=(10,10))

pgzrun.go()

class Point:
    x = 0
    y = 0
    def __init__(self, name):
        self.name = name

    def print(self):
        print('point',self.x,self.y,self.name)

    def colliderect(self,r):
        return self.x > r.x and self.x < r.x + r.w and self.y > r.y and self.y < r.y + r.h

class Rect:
    x = 0
    y = 0
    w = 0
    h = 0
    def print(self):
        print('rect',self.x,self.y,self.w,self.h)


#
# |-----------------------+
# |                       |
# 6  +-------+            |
# |  |       |            |
# 4--|---x   |            |
# |  |   |   |            |
# 2--+-------+            |
# |  |   |   |            |
# +--2---6---9------------+
# 0,0
def collidepoint(rect, point):
    if point.x > rect.x and point.x < rect.x + rect.w and point.y > rect.y and point.y < rect.y + rect.h:
        return True
    else:
        return False

p = Point("blue") # instance
p.x = 6
p.y = 4

r = Rect() # instance
r.x = 2
r.y = 2
r.w = 7
r.h = 4

if collidepoint(r,p):
    print("COLLIDES")
    r.print()
    p.print()

p2 = Point("red")
p2.x = 10
p2.y = 10
if not collidepoint(r,p2):
    print("NO COLLISION")
    r.print()
    p.print()


if p.colliderect(r):
    print("p collides")

import pgzrun
import sys # for sys.exit()
import random

HEIGHT = 600
WIDTH = 600

elf = Actor("c1")
speed = 3
back = []
def update():
    global score
    if keyboard.A:
        elf.x -= speed
    if keyboard.D:
        elf.x += speed
    if keyboard.W:
        elf.y -= speed
    if keyboard.S:
        elf.y += speed
    if keyboard.J:
        f = Actor('flower')
        f.x = elf.x
        f.y = elf.y
        back.append(f)

    if keyboard.M:
        f = open("save.txt", "w")
        for x in back:
            f.write(str(x.x))
            f.write(",")
            f.write(str(x.y))
            f.write("\n")
        f.close()
    if keyboard.L:
        f = open("save.txt", "r")
        for line in f.readlines():
            (x,y) = line.split(",") # 30,20
            a = Actor('flower')
            a.x = float(x)
            a.y = float(y)
            back.append(a)
        f.close()
    if keyboard.Q:
        sys.exit(0)

def draw():
    screen.fill('black')

    for i in back:
        i.draw()

    elf.draw()

pgzrun.go()

import pgzrun
import sys # for sys.exit()
import random

HEIGHT = 600
WIDTH = 600

elf = Actor("c1")
speed = 3
back = []
def update():
    global score
    if keyboard.A:
        elf.x -= speed
    if keyboard.D:
        elf.x += speed
    if keyboard.W:
        elf.y -= speed
    if keyboard.S:
        elf.y += speed
    if keyboard.J:
        f = Actor('flower')
        f.x = elf.x
        f.y = elf.y
        back.append(f)

    if keyboard.M:
        f = open("save.txt", "w")
        for x in back:
            f.write(str(x.x))
            f.write(",")
            f.write(str(x.y))
            f.write("\n")
        f.close()
    if keyboard.L:
        f = open("save.txt", "r")
        for line in f.readlines():
            (x,y) = line.split(",") # 30,20
            a = Actor('flower')
            a.x = float(x)
            a.y = float(y)
            back.append(a)
        f.close()
    if keyboard.Q:
        sys.exit(0)

def draw():
    screen.fill('black')

    for i in back:
        i.draw()

    elf.draw()

pgzrun.go()

import pgzrun
import random

HEIGHT = 400
WIDTH = 600

words = []
text = ''
game_over = False
beep = tone.create('A3', 0.5)

def move():
    global game_over
    for w in words:
        w[1]+= random.randint(10,15)
        if w[1] > HEIGHT:
            game_over = True

def add_word():
    common = ['a','about','all','also','and','as','at','be','because','but','by','can','come','could','day',
              'do','even','find','first','for','from','get','give','go','have','he','her','here','him','his',
              'how','i','if','in','into','it','its','just','know','like','look','make','man','many','me',
              'more','my','new','no','not','now','of','on','one','only','or','other','our','out','people',
              'say','see','she','so','some','take','tell','than','that','the','their','them','then','there',
              'these','they','thing','think','this','those','time','to','two','up','use','very','want','way',
              'we','well','what','when','which','who','will','with','would','year','you','your',
    ]
    words.append([random.randint(10,WIDTH-50), random.randint(10,HEIGHT/2), random.choice(common)])

def on_key_down(key, mod, unicode):
    global text
    if key == keys.BACKSPACE:
        if len(text) > 0:
            text = text[:-1]
    elif len(unicode) > 0 and ord(unicode) >= 65 and ord(unicode) <= 125:
        text += unicode
        for w in list(words):
            if w[2] == text:
                words.remove(w)
                text = ''
                beep.play()


def draw():
    if game_over:
        screen.fill('pink')
    else:
        screen.fill('black')

        for w in words:
            screen.draw.text(w[2], (w[0],w[1]), fontsize=20,fontname="437-win")

        screen.draw.text(text, (WIDTH/2,HEIGHT - 40), color=(255,0,0), fontsize=40,fontname="437-win")

for i in range(5):
    add_word()

clock.schedule_interval(add_word, 2)
clock.schedule_interval(move, 1)
pgzrun.go()

import random
score = 0
while True:
    ghost = random.randint(1,3)
    choice = input('Pick a door from 1,2, or 3: ')
    if choice == str(ghost):
        print ('there is a ghost :O GAME OVER !!!')
        break
    else:
        score += 1
        print('lucky no gosht')
print('your score is ' + str(score))

def invert(l):
    #...

print(invert([1,2,3]))

def invert(s):
    #...

print(invert("hello"))

def invert(n):
    #...

print(invert(123456))

Anna
civic
kayak
level
madam
mom
noon
racecar
radar
redder
refer
repaper
rotator
rotor
sagas
solos
stats
tenet
wow
Never odd or even.
We panic in a pew.
Won’t lovers revolt now?
Don’t nod.
Sir, I demand, I am a maid named Iris.
Don't nod.
I did, did I?
Step on no pets.
Eva, can I see bees in a cave?
Was it a cat I saw?

while True:
    n = input("which string you want to check: )
    if is_palindrome(n):
        print(n + " is a palindrome")
    else:
        print(n + " is not a palindrome")

day0: Basics of Basics
day1: Basics of Basics
day2: Basics of Basics
day3: Basics of Basics
day4: Basics of Basics
day5: Basics of Basics
day6: Basics of Basics

import pgzrun
import random
import time

HEIGHT = 800
WIDTH = 600

words = []
text = ''
game_over = False
beep = tone.create('A3', 0.5)
pause = False
score = 0
times = []
def words_per_minute():
    if len(times) < 2:
        return 0

    return int(len(times) / ((times[-1] - times[0]) / 60.0))

def move():
    global game_over
    if pause:
        return
    for w in words:
        w[1]+= random.randint(10,15)
        if w[1] > HEIGHT:
            game_over = True

def add_word():
    if pause:
        return
    common = ['a','about','all','also','and','as','at','be','because','but','by','can','come','could','day',
              'do','even','find','first','for','from','get','give','go','have','he','her','here','him','his',
              'how','i','if','in','into','it','its','just','know','like','look','make','man','many','me',
              'more','my','new','no','not','now','of','on','one','only','or','other','our','out','people',
              'say','see','she','so','some','take','tell','than','that','the','their','them','then','there',
              'these','they','thing','think','this','those','time','to','two','up','use','very','want','way',
              'we','well','what','when','which','who','will','with','would','year','you','your',
              'paper','game','remember','person','english','dutch','amsterdam','nothing','sleep','product','natural',
              'juice','orange','blue','green','together','friends','between','music','book','bookstore','fish','complete',
              'width','weight','height','length','string','python','unicode','backspace','random','choice','string','integer',
              'function','print','print','print','for','range','range',
    ]
    w = random.choice(common)
    words.append([random.randint(10,WIDTH-(len(w) * 15)), random.randint(10,int(HEIGHT/3)), w])

def on_key_down(key, mod, unicode):
    global text, pause, score_words, score
    if key == keys.BACKSPACE:
        if len(text) > 0:
            text = text[:-1]
    elif key == keys.SPACE:
        pause = not pause
    elif len(unicode) > 0 and ord(unicode) >= 65 and ord(unicode) <= 125:
        text += unicode
        for w in list(words):
            if w[2] == text:
                score += 1
                words.remove(w)
                if len(words) < 4:
                    add_word()

                text = ''
                beep.play()

                times.append(time.time())


def draw():
    if game_over:
        screen.fill('pink')
    elif pause:
        screen.fill('magenta')
    else:
        screen.fill('black')

        screen.draw.text("score: " + str(score) + " wpm: " + str(words_per_minute()), (10,10), color=(0,255,0), fontsize=15,fontname="437-win")

        for w in words:
            screen.draw.text(w[2], (w[0],w[1]), fontsize=20,fontname="437-win")

        screen.draw.text(text, (WIDTH/2,HEIGHT - 40), color=(255,0,0), fontsize=40,fontname="437-win")

for i in range(5):
    add_word()

clock.schedule_interval(add_word, 5)
clock.schedule_interval(move, 5)
pgzrun.go()

import sys
need = ['k','l','i','o']
for line in sys.stdin:
    missing = False
    s = line.rstrip()

    for n in need:
        if n not in s:
            missing = True

    if not missing and len(s) <= 7:
print(s)

cat /usr/share/dict/words | python3 words.py | tr "[A-Z]" "[a-z]" | sort | uniq | sed -e "s/^/'/g" -e "s/$/',/g" | pbcopy

import csv
import sys
import argparse
parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
parser.add_argument('--author', help='match author name')
parser.add_argument('--title', help='match title')
parser.add_argument('--subject', help='match subject')
args = parser.parse_args()

def show(id, title, authors, subjects, issued, language):
    print(">>> " + title + " <<<")
    print("    " + issued)
    print("    https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/" + id)

    print('')
    for a in authors:
        print("    Author: " + a)
    print('')
    for s in subjects:
        print("    Subject: " + s)
    print("    Language: " + language)
    print("-" * 40)

file = open('pg_catalog.csv')
reader = csv.reader(file)
for row in reader:
    # ['Text#', 'Type', 'Issued', 'Title', 'Language', 'Authors', 'Subjects', 'LoCC', 'Bookshelves']
    id = row[0]
    if id == "Text#":
        # skip the first row (header)
        continue

    issued = row[2]
    title = row[3].replace("\n","; ")
    language = row[4]
    authors = row[5].split("; ")
    subjects = row[6].split("; ")

    match = 0
    need = 0
    if args.title != None:
        need += 1
        if args.title in title:
            match += 1

    if args.subject != None:
        need += 1
        for s in subjects:
            if args.subject in s:
                match += 1
                break

    if args.author != None:
        need += 1
        for a in authors:
            if args.author in a:
                match += 1
                break

    if match == need:
        show(id,title,authors,subjects,issued,language)

file.close()

python3 search.py --title Alice  --author Carroll | less

import sys
import re
import json

def show(book):
    id = book["id"]
    title = book["title"]
    authors = book["authors"]
    subjects = book["subjects"]
    issued = book["issued"]
    language = book["language"]

    print(">>> " + title + " <<<")
    print("    " + issued)
    print("    https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/" + str(id))

    print('')
    for a in authors:
        print("    Author: " + a)
    print('')
    for s in subjects:
        print("    Subject: " + s)
    print("    Language: " + language)
    print("-" * 40)

def parse(filename):
    file = open(filename)
    reader = csv.reader(file)
    books = []
    for row in reader:
        # ['Text#', 'Type', 'Issued', 'Title', 'Language', 'Authors', 'Subjects', 'LoCC', 'Bookshelves']
        if row[0] == "Text#":
        # skip the first row (header)
            continue

        id = int(row[0])
        issued = row[2]
        title = row[3].replace("\n","; ")
        language = row[4]
        authors = row[5].split("; ")
        subjects = row[6].split("; ")

        book = {
            "title": title,
            "language": language,
            "authors": authors,
            "subjects": subjects,
            "issued": issued,
            "id": id
        }
        books.append(book)

    file.close()
    return books


def normalize(s):
    # 'Alice's Adventures in Wonderland' -> 'alice's adventures in wonderland'
    return s.lower()

def tokenize(s):
    # 'alice's adventures in wonderland' -> ['alice','s','adventures','in','wonderland']
    return re.split("[^\w+]",s)

def build_search_index(books):
    index = {}

    for i,book in enumerate(books):
        tokens = set()
        for token in tokenize(normalize(book["title"])):
            k = "title:" + token
            tokens.add(k)

        for token in tokenize(normalize(book["language"])):
            k = "language:" + token
            tokens.add(k)

        for author in book["authors"]:
            for token in tokenize(normalize(author)):
                k = "author:" + token
                tokens.add(k)


        for subject in book["subjects"]:
            for token in tokenize(normalize(subject)):
                k = "subject:" + token
                tokens.add(k)

        for t in tokens:
            if not t in index:
                index[t] = []
            index[t].append(i)

    return index

def search(books, index, query):
    matching = None
    for q in query:
        if q in index:
            if matching == None:
                matching = set(index[q])
            else:
                matching.intersection_update(index[q])
        else:
            matching = set() # if one of the terms is not matching, return empty

    result = []
    if matching == None:
        return result

    for book_index in matching:
        book = books[book_index]
        result.append(book)
    return result

if len(sys.argv) == 1:
    print("usage:\n\t" + sys.argv[0] + " title:alice author:lewis")
    sys.exit(1)

data = None

try:
    f = open("search.json", mode="r")
    data = json.load(f)
    f.close()
except IOError:
    books = parse("pg_catalog.csv")
    search_index = build_search_index(books)

    data = {}
    data["search"] = search_index
    data["books"] = books

    f = open("search.json", mode="w")
    json.dump(data,f)
    f.close()

query = []
for arg in sys.argv[1:]:
    query.append(normalize(arg))

for book in search(data["books"], data["search"], query):
    show(book)

% python3 search.py title:Alice author:carroll author:lewis subject:children
>>> Alice's Adventures in Wonderland <<<
    2008-06-27
    https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/11

    Author: Carroll, Lewis, 1832-1898

    Subject: Fantasy fiction
    Subject: Children's stories
    Subject: Imaginary places -- Juvenile fiction
    Subject: Alice (Fictitious character from Carroll) -- Juvenile fiction
    Language: en

...

episodes = {}

episodes["naruto"] = 220
episodes["naruto shippuuden"] = 500
episodes["boruto"] = 215

print(episodes)
print(episodes["naruto"])

if "naruto" in episodes:
    print("naruto is in the map")

for k in episodes:
    print(k)

for k in episodes:
    print(k, episodes[k])

flowers = set()
flowers.add("rose")
flowers.add("camomile")
flowers.add("tulip")

if "tulip" in flowers:
    print("tulip is in the set")

for f in flowers:
    print(f)

import pgzrun
import sys # for sys.exit()


HEIGHT = 300 
WIDTH = 300

elf = Actor("c1")
flowers = []
def update():
    if keyboard.A:
        elf.x -= 5
    if keyboard.D:
        elf.x += 5
    if keyboard.W:
        elf.y -= 5
    if keyboard.S:
        elf.y += 5
    if keyboard.F:
        flower = Actor("flower")
        flower.x = elf.x
        flower.y = elf.y
        flowers.append(flower)
    if keyboard.R:
        flower = Actor("rock")
        flower.x = elf.x
        flower.y = elf.y
        flowers.append(flower)
    if keyboard.Q:
        sys.exit(0)

    if elf.x < 0:
        elf.x = 10
    if elf.y < 0:
        elf.y = 10
    if elf.x > WIDTH:
        elf.x = WIDTH - 10
    if elf.y > HEIGHT:
        elf.y = HEIGHT - 10

def draw():
    screen.fill('black')
    elf.draw()
    for flower in flowers:
        flower.draw()
pgzrun.go()

import pgzrun
import sys # for sys.exit()


HEIGHT = 800
WIDTH = 1000

elf = Actor("c1")
colors = [
    [(255,0,0), Rect(0,0,40,40)],
    [(0,255,0), Rect(60,0,40,40)],
    [(0,0,255), Rect(120,0,40,40)],
    [(0,128,128), Rect(180,0,40,40)],
    [(0,191,255), Rect(240,0,40,40)],
    [(255,215,0), Rect(300,0,40,40)],
]
color = None
pixels = []

size = 40

def make_rect_around_actor(a):
    return Rect(a.x,a.y,size,size)
def update():
    global color, pixels,size

    if keyboard.LEFT:
        elf.x -= 2
    if keyboard.RIGHT:
        elf.x += 2
    if keyboard.UP:
        elf.y -= 2
    if keyboard.DOWN:
        elf.y += 2

    if keyboard.MINUS:
        size -= 1
        if size < 1:
            size = 1
    if keyboard.EQUALS:
        size += 1
        
    if keyboard.Q:
        sys.exit(0)

    if keyboard.SPACE and color != None:
        pixels.append([
            color,
            make_rect_around_actor(elf),
        ])

    if keyboard.C:
        pixels = []
        color = None

    if keyboard.S:
        f = open("save.txt", "w")
        for p in pixels:
            (red,green,blue) = p[0]
            f.write(str(red))
            f.write(",")
            f.write(str(green))
            f.write(",")
            f.write(str(blue))
            f.write(",")
            f.write(str(p[1].x))
            f.write(",")
            f.write(str(p[1].y))
            f.write(",")
            f.write(str(p[1].width))
            f.write(",")
            f.write(str(p[1].height))
            f.write("\n")
        f.close()

    if keyboard.L:
        pixels = []

        f = open("save.txt", "r")

        lines = f.readlines()
        for l in lines:
            (red,green,blue,x,y,w,h) = l.split(",")
            pixels.append([
                (float(red),float(green),float(blue)),
                Rect(float(x),float(y), float(w), float(h))
            ])

        f.close()
    if keyboard.k_1:
        color = colors[0][0]
    if keyboard.k_2:
        color = colors[1][0]
    if keyboard.k_3:
        color = colors[2][0]
    if keyboard.k_4:
        color = colors[3][0]
    if keyboard.k_5:
        color = colors[4][0]
    if keyboard.k_6:
        color = colors[5][0]
               
    if keyboard.D:
        drop = make_rect_around_actor(elf)
        for p in list(pixels):
            if drop.colliderect(p[1]):
                pixels.remove(p)

    for c in colors:
        if elf.colliderect(c[1]):
            color = c[0]

def draw():
    screen.fill('black')

    for c in colors:
        screen.draw.filled_rect(c[1], c[0])

    for p in pixels:
        screen.draw.filled_rect(p[1], p[0])

    if color != None:
        screen.draw.rect(make_rect_around_actor(elf), color)

    elf.draw()
    screen.draw.text(str(len(pixels)), topleft=(10,10))

pgzrun.go()

f = open("week-015.md","r")
count = []

for line in f.readlines():
    for word in line.rstrip().split(" "):
        found = False
        for counted in count:
            if counted[0] == word:
                counted[1]+= 1
                found = True
                break
        if not found:
            count.append([word, 1])

f.close()

print(count)

f = open("week-015.md","r")
count = {}

for line in f.readlines():
    for word in line.rstrip().split(" "):
        if word in count:
            count[word] += 1
        else:
            count[word] = 1

f.close()

for k in count:
    print(count[k], k)

f = open("week-015.md","r")
unique = set()

for line in f.readlines():
    for word in line.rstrip().split(" "):
        unique.add(word)

f.close()

print(unique)

f = open("week-015.md","r")
word = ''
count = {}
while True:
    byte = f.read(1)
    if not byte:
        break
    if byte == ' ' or byte == '\n':
        if word in count:
            count[word] += 1
        else:
            count[word] = 1
        word = ''
    else:
        word += byte
f.close()

for k in count:
    print(count[k], k)

import sys
count = {}

for line in sys.stdin.readlines():
    for word in line.rstrip().split(" "):
        if word in count:
            count[word] += 1
        else:
            count[word] = 1

for k in count:
    print(count[k], k)

$ cat week-015.md | python3 count.py

cat week-015.md | python3 count.py | sort -n

line = "A quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog"
count = {}
for s in line:
    if s not in count:
        count[s] = 1
    else:
        count[s] += 1

for s in count:
    print(count[s], s)

alphabet = {
    'a': True,
    'b': True,
    'c': True,
    'd': True,
    'e': True,
    'f': True,
    'g': True,
    'h': True,
    'i': True,
    'j': True,
    'k': True,
    'l': True,
    'm': True,
    'n': True,
    'o': True,
    'p': True,
    'q': True,
    'r': True,
    's': True,
    't': True,
    'u': True,
    'v': True,
    'w': True,
    'x': True,
    'y': True,
    'z': True,
    ' ': True,
}
line = "A quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog"

for s in line:
    lower_case = s.lower()
    if lower_case not in alphabet:
        print(lower_case + " is not in the alphabet")
        break

def equal(a,b):
    if len(a) != len(b):
        return False
    for i in range(len(a)):
        if a[i] != b[i]:
            return False
    return True

print(equal("hello","world"))
print(equal("hello","hello"))
print(equal("hello","roblox"))

def equal(a,b):
    if len(a) != len(b):
        return False
    for i in range(len(a)):
        if a[i] != b[i]:
            return False
    return True

print(equal([1,2,3],[1,2,3,4]))
print(equal([1,2,3],[1,2,3]))

def equal(a,b):

    for k in a:
        if k not in b:
            return False
        if a[k] != b[k]:
            return False

    for k in b:
        if k not in a:
            return False
        if b[k] != a[k]:
            return False

    return True

print(equal({'a':'hello','b':'world'},{'a':'hello','b':'world'}))
print(equal({'a':'hello','b':'world'},{'a':'hello','b':'earth'}))
print(equal({'a':'hello','roblox': True},{'a':'hello', 'roblox': False}))
print(equal({'a':'hello','b':'world','roblox': True},{'a':'hello','b':'world'}))

from turtle import *
bgcolor('black')
n = 0
colormode(255)
while n < 200:
    right(n)
    forward(n*3)
    color(n,255-n,n%30*8)
    n+=1

from turtle import *
color('green')
speed(11)
i = 0
while True:
    circle(i*1.5)
    right(4)
    i+=1

import pgzrun
import random

WIDTH = 400
HEIGHT = 400
fox = Actor("c1")
fox.x = WIDTH/2
fox.y =HEIGHT/2

other = [
    Actor("c2", pos=(100,100)),
    Actor("c2", pos=(100,300)),
    Actor("c2",pos=(300,300)),
    Actor("c2",pos=(300,100))
]


def update():
    if keyboard.left:
        for o in other:
            o.x += 5
    if keyboard.right:
        for o in other:
            o.x -= 5
    if keyboard.up:
        for o in other:
            o.y += 5
    if keyboard.down:
        for o in other:
            o.y -= 5

    for o in list(other):
        if o.colliderect(fox):
            other.remove(o)
    if len(other) < 4:
        other.append(Actor("c2",pos=(random.randint(10,WIDTH-10), random.randint(10,HEIGHT-10))))

    for o in other:
        o.y -=1

def draw():
    screen.clear()
    screen.fill("deepskyblue")
    fox.draw()
    for o in other:
        o.draw()
pgzrun.go()

song = """There once was a ship that put to sea
The name of the ship was the Billy of Tea
The winds blew up, her bow dipped down
O blow, my bully boys, blow (huh)
She had not been two weeks from shore
When down on her a right whale bore
The captain called all hands and swore
He'd take that whale in tow (huh)
Soon may the Wellerman come
To bring us sugar and tea and rum (hey)
One day, when the tonguin' is done
We'll take our leave and go
Take our leave and go
Soon may the Wellerman come
To bring us sugar and tea and rum
One day, when the tonguin' is done
We'll take our leave and go
Before the boat had hit the water
The whale's tail came up and caught her
All hands to the side harpooned and fought her
When she dived down below (huh)
She had not been two weeks from shore
When down on her a right whale bore
The captain called all hands and swore
He'd take that whale in tow (huh)
Soon may the Wellerman come
To bring us sugar and tea and rum (hey)
One day, when the tonguin' is done
We'll take our leave and go
Take our leave and go
Soon may the Wellerman come
To bring us sugar and tea and rum
One day, when the tonguin' is done
We'll take our leave and go
Soon may the Wellerman come
To bring us sugar and tea and rum (hey)
One day, when the tonguin' is done
We'll take our leave and go
Take our leave and go
Take our leave and go
"""

words = {}
word = ''
for c in song:
    if c == ' ' or c == '\n':
        if word not in words:
            words[word] = 1
        else:
            words[word] += 1
        word = ''
    else:
        word += c

for word in words:
    print(words[word],word)

...
l = 0
for c in song:
    l += 1
print(l)
print(len(song))

song = """Soon may the Wellerman come
To bring us sugar and tea and rum (hey)
One day, when the tonguin' is done
We'll take our leave and go
Take our leave and go
Soon may the Wellerman come
To bring us sugar and tea and rum (hey)
One day, when the tonguin' is done
"""

words = {}
word = ''
for c in song:
    if c == ' ' or c == '\n':
        if word not in words:
            words[word] = 1
        else:
            words[word] += 1
        word = ''
    else:
        word += c

for word in words:
    print(words[word],word)

from turtle import *
from random import randint,choice

colors = ['red','deepskyblue','lawngreen']

screen = Screen()
width, height = screen.window_width(), screen.window_height()

pensize(5)
speed(20)

while True:
    pencolor(choice(colors))
    setheading(randint(0,360))
    forward(randint(1,100))
    (x,y) = pos()
    if x > width/2 or y > height/2 or x < -width/2 or y < -height/2:
        setpos(0,0)

import pyautogui
import pydirectinput
import time

time.sleep(2)

while True:
    for key in ['w','a','s','d']:
        print('executing',key)
        pydirectinput.keyDown(key)
        time.sleep(1.6)
        pydirectinput.keyUp(key)
        time.sleep(0.5)

import turtle

turtle.setup(width=800, height=800)

bob = turtle.Turtle(shape='turtle')
bob.color('orange')
bob.speed(3000)

alice = turtle.Turtle(shape='turtle')
alice.color('lawngreen')
alice.speed(3000)

for i in range(500):

    bob.forward(i)
    bob.left(91)

    alice.backward(i)
    alice.right(91)

turtle.exitonclick()

import turtle

turtle.setup(width=800, height=800)

bob = turtle.Turtle(shape='turtle')
bob.color('orange')
bob.speed(3000)

alice = turtle.Turtle(shape='turtle')
alice.color('lawngreen')
alice.speed(3000)


charlie = turtle.Turtle(shape='turtle')
charlie.color('deepskyblue')
charlie.speed(3000)

for i in range(500):

    bob.forward(i)
    bob.left(91)

    alice.backward(i)
    alice.right(91)

    charlie.forward(i)
    charlie.right(101)

turtle.exitonclick()

import turtle
turtle.setup(width=800, height=800)

bob = turtle.Turtle(shape='turtle')
bob.color('orange')

alice = turtle.Turtle(shape='turtle')
alice.color('lawngreen')
angle = 10
while True:
    alice.backward(20)
    bob.forward(20)
    alice.right(angle)
    bob.left(angle)
    angle += 1

import curses
import time

screen = curses.initscr()
screen.addstr(0, 0, "hello world",curses.A_NORMAL)
screen.refresh()

time.sleep(2)

import curses

screen = curses.initscr()
text = ''
while True:
    screen.addstr(0, 0, text,curses.A_NORMAL)
    screen.refresh()

    c = screen.getch()
    text += chr(c)

import curses
import sys

screen = curses.initscr()
curses.curs_set(2)

if len(sys.argv) != 2:
    print("usage:")
    print(sys.argv[0] + " filename")
    sys.exit(1)


text = ''
try:
    file = open(sys.argv[1],"r")
    text = file.read()
    file.close()
except:
    pass

status = 'file: ' + sys.argv[1]
while True:
    screen.clear()
    screen.addstr(0, 0, status + ' (len: ' + str(len(text)) + ')',curses.A_NORMAL)
    screen.addstr(2, 0, text,curses.A_NORMAL)
    screen.refresh()

    c = screen.getch()
    if c == 3:
        # quit Ctrl+C
        break

    if c == 19:
        # save Ctrl+S
        file = open(sys.argv[1],"w")
        file.write(text)
        file.close()
        status = 'file: ' + sys.argv[1]
        screen.addstr(0, 0, text,curses.A_NORMAL)
        continue
    if c == 8:
        # backspace
        if len(text) > 0:
            text = text[:len(text)-1]
        continue
    if (c < 127 and c > 30) or c == 10:
        text += chr(c)
        status = 'file: ' + sys.argv[1] + " (modified)"

import lyricsgenius
genius = lyricsgenius.Genius('get api key from genius.com')
genius.verbose = False
while True:
    artist = input("🔥 Artist: ")
    song_name = input("🔥 Song: ")
    song = genius.search_song(song_name, artist)
    if song == None:
        print(song_name + " / " + artist + " not found")
    else:
        print('-'  * 40)
        print(song.lyrics)
        print('-'  * 40)

import pgzrun
import random

HEIGHT = 600
WIDTH = 600

elf = Actor('c1')
king = Actor('c2')
ball = Actor('bullet')

king.y = HEIGHT/2
elf.y = HEIGHT/2
elf.x = WIDTH-10
ball.x = WIDTH/2
ball.y = HEIGHT/2
d = 1
game_over = False
speed = 1
def update():
    global d,game_over,speed
    if keyboard.up:
            elf.y -= 5
    if keyboard.down:
            elf.y += 5
    if keyboard.S:
            king.y += 5
    if keyboard.W:
            king.y -= 5

    if ball.x < 0 or ball.x > WIDTH:
        game_over = True

    if d == 1:
        ball.x += speed
    else:
        ball.x -= speed

    if elf.colliderect(ball):
        d = 0
        ball.y = random.randint(10,HEIGHT-10)
        speed += 1
    if king.colliderect(ball):
        d = 1
        ball.y = random.randint(10,HEIGHT-10)
        speed += 1

def draw():
    screen.clear()
    screen.fill("deepskyblue")

    elf.draw()
    king.draw()
    ball.draw()

    if game_over:
        screen.fill('red')

pgzrun.go()

import pgzrun
import random
HEIGHT = 600
WIDTH = 600

elf = Actor('c1')
elf.x = 20
elf.y = random.randint(0,HEIGHT)

def update():
    if keyboard.UP:
        elf.y -= 5
    if keyboard.DOWN:
        elf.y += 5
    if keyboard.RIGHT:
        elf.x += 5
    if keyboard.LEFT:
        elf.x -= 5

def draw():
    elf.draw()

pgzrun.go()

import pgzrun
import random
HEIGHT = 600
WIDTH = 600

elf = Actor('c1')
king = Actor('c2')
elf.x = 20
elf.y = random.randint(0,HEIGHT)
king.y = random.randint(0,HEIGHT)
king.x = WIDTH-20

things = []

def add_new_obsticle(l):
    image = random.choice(["snake","bullet","flower","rock"])
    x = Actor(image)
    x.x = random.randint(0,WIDTH)
    x.y = random.randint(0,HEIGHT)
    l.append(x)

for i in range(10):
    add_new_obsticle(things)

def update():
    if keyboard.UP:
        elf.y -= 5
    if keyboard.DOWN:
        elf.y += 5
    if keyboard.RIGHT:
        elf.x += 5
    if keyboard.LEFT:
        elf.x -= 5

    if keyboard.W:
        king.y -= 5
    if keyboard.S:
        king.y += 5
    if keyboard.D:
        king.x += 5
    if keyboard.A:
        king.x -= 5

    for s in range(len(things)):
        if things[s].colliderect(elf):
            elf.image = things[s].image

    if king.colliderect(elf):
        king.image = "c3"
def draw():
    screen.fill('azure')
    king.draw()
    elf.draw()
    for thing in things:
        thing.draw()

pgzrun.go()

import pgzrun
import random
from itertools import cycle
WIDTH = 300
HEIGHT = 300
game_over = False
player = Actor("c1", pos=((WIDTH/2), (HEIGHT-16)), anchor=("center","bottom"))
obsticles = []

def jump_up(jumper):
    sounds.jump.play()
    animate(jumper, tween='decelerate', duration=0.3, pos=(jumper.x, jumper.y - 16),on_finished=lambda: jump_down(jumper))

def jump_down(jumper):
    animate(jumper, tween='accelerate', duration=0.3, pos=(jumper.x, HEIGHT-16))

def on_key_down(key):
    if key == keys.SPACE:
        jump_up(player)

def make_obsticles():
     for i in range(0, 5 - len(obsticles)):
        # check if colliding, add random + 20 to it
        actor = Actor(random.choice(["o1","o2","o3","o4","o5","o6","o7","o8","o9","o10","o11"]), anchor=("center","bottom"))
        actor.x = WIDTH + 40 + random.randint(10, WIDTH*2)
        actor.y = HEIGHT - 16
        while True:
            actor.x += random.randint(30, 50)
            conflict = False
            for o in obsticles:
                if o.colliderect(actor):
                    conflict = True
            if not conflict:
                break

        obsticles.append(actor)

def update():
    global game_over

    if len(obsticles) < 5:
        make_obsticles()

    for o in list(obsticles):
        # shrink the collision rects so the game is more fun to play
        if o.inflate(-4,-4).colliderect(player.inflate(-16,-16)):
            game_over = True

        # remove the obsticles out of screen
        o.x -= 2
        if o.x < -10:
            obsticles.remove(o)


# player animation
# we just change the image of the actor every 0.4 seconds
poses = cycle(["player/tiles-46","player/tiles-47","player/tiles-48","player/tiles-49","player/tiles-50","player/tiles-51"])
def make_actor_move():
    player.image = next(poses)
clock.schedule_interval(make_actor_move, 0.4)

def draw():
    screen.fill("black")
    player.draw()
    for o in obsticles:
        o.draw()

    for i in range(100):
        screen.blit('floor',(i * 16, HEIGHT - 16))

    if game_over:
        screen.fill("red")

pgzrun.go()

file = open("images/joshi-100.bmp","rb")
data = file.read()
file.close()

for b in data:
    print("%3d" % b,end='')

file = open("images/joshi-100.bmp","rb")
data = file.read()
file.close()

width = 100
height = 106
offset = 54

for y in range(width):
    for x in range(height):
        off = offset + ((y * width + x) * 4)
        print("%3d" % data[off+2],end='')
    print()

file = open("images/joshi-100.bmp","rb")
data = file.read()
file.close()

offset = int.from_bytes(data[10:14], byteorder='little')
width = int.from_bytes(data[18:22], byteorder='little')
height = int.from_bytes(data[22:26], byteorder='little')

for y in range(width):
    for x in range(height):
        off = offset + ((y * width + x) * 4)
        print("%3d" % data[off+2],end='')
    print()

import pgzrun
import random
from itertools import cycle

WIDTH=600
HEIGHT=600

enemies = []
heroes = []

text = """
for h in heroes:
    h.x += random.randint(-10,10)
    h.y += random.randint(-10,10)
"""

enemy_programs = cycle([
"""
i = 0
for e in enemies:
    e.x = i * 10
    e.y = i * 10
    i += 1
""",
"""
for e in enemies:
    e.x += random.randint(-10,10)
    e.y += random.randint(-10,10)
""",
"""
for e in enemies:
    (x,y) = random.choice(heroes)
    e.x = x
    e.y = y
"""
])

enemy_code = None

def reset():
    global heroes, enemies, enemy_code
    enemy_code = next(enemy_programs)
    enemies = []
    heroes = []
    for i in range(20):
        enemies.append(Rect(random.randint(0,WIDTH),random.randint(0,HEIGHT), 10, 10))
        heroes.append(Rect(random.randint(0,WIDTH),random.randint(0,HEIGHT), 10, 10))


def on_key_down(key, mod, unicode):
    global text, pause, score_words, score
    if key == keys.BACKSPACE:
        if mod == 1024 or mod == 256:
            text = ''
        if len(text) > 0:
            text = text[:-1]
    elif key == keys.SPACE:
        text += ' '
    elif key == keys.TAB:
        text += '  '        
    elif key == keys.RETURN:
        text += '\n'        
    elif len(unicode) > 0 and ord(unicode) >= 34 and ord(unicode) <= 126:
        text += unicode

def run_code():
    try:
        enemy_positions = []
        for e in enemies:
            enemy_positions.append((e.x, e.y))
        hero_positions = []
        for h in heroes:
            hero_positions.append((e.x, e.y))            
        exec(text, {"heroes": heroes,"random":random, "enemies": enemy_positions})
        exec(enemy_code, {"enemies": enemies, "random":random, "heroes": hero_positions})

        for h in list(heroes):
            collided = False
            for e in list(enemies):
                if e.colliderect(h):
                    enemies.remove(e)
            if collided:
                heroes.remove(h)                    
        if len(enemies) < 50:
            enemies.append(Rect(random.randint(0,WIDTH),random.randint(0,HEIGHT), 10, 10))

        heroes.append(Rect(random.randint(0,WIDTH),random.randint(0,HEIGHT), 10, 10))
        if len(enemies) < 5:
            reset()

    except Exception as err:
        print(err)
        pass

reset()

clock.schedule_interval(run_code, 1)
def draw():
    screen.fill("black")

    screen.draw.text("heroes: " + str(len(heroes)) + " enemies: " + str(len(enemies)), (0, 0), align='left',fontname="437-win", fontsize=20)
    for (i,l) in enumerate(enemy_code.split('\n')):
        screen.draw.text(l, (0, (20 + (i * 16))), align='left',fontname="437-win", fontsize=14)


    for (i,l) in enumerate(text.split('\n')):
        screen.draw.text(l, (0, (HEIGHT - 200 + (i * 16))), align='left',fontname="437-win", fontsize=14)

    for e in enemies:
        screen.draw.rect(e, (255,0,0))
    for h in heroes:
        screen.draw.rect(h, (0,255,255))

pgzrun.go()

import pgzrun

HEIGHT = 600
WIDTH = 600

elf = Actor('c1')
elf.x = WIDTH/2
elf.y = HEIGHT/2

def update():
    if keyboard.UP:
        elf.y -= 5
    if keyboard.LEFT:
        elf.x -= 5
    if keyboard.RIGHT:
        elf.x += 5
    if keyboard.DOWN:
        elf.y += 5
    if keyboard.S:
        f = open('save','w')
        f.write('MAGIC HEADER\n' + str(elf.x) + '\n' + str(elf.y) + '\n')
        f.close()
    if keyboard.B:
        f = open("save","r")
        lines = f.readlines()
        if (lines[0].startswith('MAGIC HEADER')):
            elf.x = float(lines[1])
            elf.y = float(lines[2])
        f.close()

       
def draw():
    elf.draw()
pgzrun.go()

from itertools import cycle
import pgzrun

WIDTH=200
HEIGHT=200

elf = Actor("c1")
elf.x = WIDTH/2
elf.y = HEIGHT/2

poses = cycle(["player/tiles-46","player/tiles-47","player/tiles-48","player/tiles-49","player/tiles-50","player/tiles-51"])

def make_actor_move():
    elf.image = next(poses)
clock.schedule_interval(make_actor_move, 0.4)

def draw():
    screen.fill("black")
    elf.draw()

pgzrun.go()

import random
import pgzrun

WIDTH = 800
HEIGHT = 800

actors = []
for i in range(0, 100000):
    elf = Actor("c1")
    elf.x = WIDTH/2
    elf.y = HEIGHT/2
    actors.append(elf)


def update():
    if keyboard.UP:
        for i in range(0, len(actors)):
            a = actors[i]
            a.y -= i
    if keyboard.DOWN:
        for i in range(0, len(actors)):
            a = actors[i]
            a.y += i
    if keyboard.LEFT:
        for i in range(0, len(actors)):
            a = actors[i]
            a.x -= i
    if keyboard.RIGHT:
        for i in range(0, len(actors)):
            a = actors[i]
            a.x += i


def draw():
    screen.fill("black")
    for a in actors:
        a.draw()


pgzrun.go()

while True:
    x = 1

a = []
for i in range(10000000000):
    a.append(i)

import turtle
import random
colors = ['violet', 'turquoise', 'black', 
          'deepskyblue','lawngreen', 'seagreen ', 
          'royalblue', 'purple', 'red','orange']

turtles = []
for i in range(10):
    t = turtle.Turtle()
    t.color(random.choice(colors))
    t.speed(9000)
    turtles.append(t)


while True:
    for i in range(len(turtles)):
        t = turtles[i]
        t.setheading(random.randint(0,360))
        t.forward(10)

class Point:
    x = 0
    y = 0

points = []
for i in range(10):
    p = Point()
    p.x = i * 20
    p.y = i * 20
    points.append(p)

for p in points:
    print(p, p.x, p.y)

class Dog:
    name = ''
    def bark(self):
        print(self.name+' woof woof woof')

max = Dog()
max.name = 'Maxie'
max.bark()

rocky = Dog()
rocky.name = "Rocky"
rocky.bark()

class Point:
    x = 0
    y = 0

    def __init__(self, x,y):
        self.x = x
        self.y = y

points = []
for i in range(10):
    p = Point(i * 10, i * 20)
    points.append(p)

for p in points:
    print(p, p.x, p.y)

words = {}

words["some long key"] = True
words["x"] = 10

for k in words:
    print(k)
    print(words[k])


list_of_characters = ['a','b','c']

for i in range(len(list_of_characters)):
    print(i)
    print(list_of_characters[i])



s = "hello"
for i in range(len(s)):
    print(i)
    print(s[i])

a = []

for i in range(100):
    a.append(i)

for i in range(100):
    print(a[i])

import sys
f = open("account.txt", "a")

f.write(sys.argv[1] + " " + sys.argv[2] + "\n")

f.close()

import pgzrun
import random

WIDTH=1024
HEIGHT=576

towers = []
enemies = []
bullets = []
game_over = False
background = Actor("grass_template2", pos=(0,0), anchor=(0,0))

player = Actor("c1", pos=(WIDTH/2, HEIGHT/2), anchor=('center','bottom'))
lives = 100
cash = 100
current_wave = 1

class Tower:
    def __init__(self, image, x,y, size):
        self.actor = Actor(image, pos=(x,y), )
        self.rect = Rect((x-size/2,y-size/2), (size,size))
        self.color =  (random.randint(100,250),random.randint(100,250),random.randint(100,250))
    def shoot(self):
        for e in enemies:
            if e.colliderect(self.rect):
                b = Actor("bullet3")
                b.x = self.actor.x
                b.y = self.actor.y
                b.hit = False
                animate(b, pos=(e.x,e.y), tween='accelerate', on_finished=lambda: bullets.remove(b))
                bullets.append(b)
                break

    def colliderect(self,other):
        return self.actor.colliderect(other)
    def draw(self):
        self.actor.draw()
        #screen.draw.rect(self.rect,self.color)

def shoot():
    global cash
    for t in towers:
        t.shoot()
    for e in list(enemies):
        if e.image == 'exploded':
            enemies.remove(e)
            cash+=1

def new_wave():
    global current_wave
    for i in range(current_wave * 10):
        e = Actor("c3")
        e.y = HEIGHT
        e.x = random.randint(int(WIDTH/3), int(WIDTH-WIDTH/3))
        enemies.append(e)
    current_wave += 1

def on_key_down(key):
    global cash
    if key == keys.K_1:
        if cash >= 10:
            conflict = False
            for t in towers:
                if t.colliderect(player):
                    conflict = True

            if not conflict:
                t = Tower("tower_grass",player.x, player.y, 150)
                towers.append(t)
                cash -= 10

def update():
    global game_over
    if keyboard.UP:
        player.y -= 5
    if keyboard.DOWN:
        player.y += 5
    if keyboard.LEFT:
        player.x -= 5
    if keyboard.RIGHT:
        player.x += 5

    for e in enemies:
        if e.image != 'exploded':
            e.y -= random.randint(-1,2)
        for b in bullets:
            if b.colliderect(e):
                e.image = 'exploded'
                b.hit = True
                break
        if not background.colliderect(e):
            game_over = True
    pass


clock.schedule_interval(shoot, 1)
clock.schedule_interval(new_wave, 10)

new_wave()

def draw():
    screen.clear()
    if game_over:
        screen.fill('blue')
    else:
        background.draw()
        screen.draw.text("current_wave: " + str(current_wave) + ", cash: " + str(cash) + ", lives: " + str(lives), (5,0),fontname="437-win")   

        for b in bullets:
            if not b.hit:
                b.draw()

        for e in enemies:
            e.draw()

        for t in towers:
            t.draw()

        player.draw()

pgzrun.go()

[...]

path = [
    Rect(0, HEIGHT/2, 50, 50),
    Rect(50, HEIGHT/2, 50, 50),

[...]

def update():

[...]

    for e in enemies:
        if e.image != 'exploded':
            destination = None
            for (i, p) in enumerate(path):
                if e.colliderect(p) and i < len(path) - 1:
                    destination = path[i+1]
                    break

            if destination != None:
                center_x = destination.x + 25
                center_y = destination.y + 25
                if e.x < center_x:
                    e.x += random.randint(0, 2)
                if e.x > center_x:
                    e.x -= random.randint(0, 2)
                if e.y > center_y:
                    e.y -= random.randint(0, 2)
                if e.y < center_y:
                    e.y += random.randint(0, 2)

[...]

import pgzrun
import random

WIDTH = 1024
HEIGHT = 576

towers = []
enemies = []
bullets = []
game_over = False
background = Actor("grass_template2", pos=(0, 0), anchor=(0, 0))


path_size = 50
path = [
    Rect(0, HEIGHT/2, 50, 50),
    Rect(50, HEIGHT/2, 50, 50),
    Rect(50, HEIGHT/2 + 50, 50, 50),
    Rect(100, HEIGHT/2 + 50, 50, 50),
    Rect(150, HEIGHT/2 + 50, 50, 50),
    Rect(200, HEIGHT/2 + 50, 50, 50),
    Rect(250, HEIGHT/2 + 50, 50, 50),
    Rect(250, HEIGHT/2 + 100, 50, 50),
    Rect(300, HEIGHT/2 + 100, 50, 50),
    Rect(350, HEIGHT/2 + 100, 50, 50),
    Rect(400, HEIGHT/2 + 100, 50, 50),
    Rect(450, HEIGHT/2 + 100, 50, 50),
    Rect(500, HEIGHT/2 + 100, 50, 50),
    Rect(500, HEIGHT/2 + 150, 50, 50),
    Rect(550, HEIGHT/2 + 150, 50, 50),
    Rect(600, HEIGHT/2 + 150, 50, 50),
    Rect(650, HEIGHT/2 + 150, 50, 50),
    Rect(650, HEIGHT/2 + 200, 50, 50),
    Rect(700, HEIGHT/2 + 200, 50, 50),
    Rect(750, HEIGHT/2 + 200, 50, 50),
    Rect(800, HEIGHT/2 + 200, 50, 50),
    Rect(850, HEIGHT/2 + 200, 50, 50),
    Rect(850, HEIGHT/2 + 150, 50, 50),
    Rect(850, HEIGHT/2 + 100, 50, 50),
    Rect(850, HEIGHT/2 + 50, 50, 50),
    Rect(850, HEIGHT/2 + 0, 50, 50),
    Rect(850, HEIGHT/2 - 50, 50, 50),
    Rect(850, HEIGHT/2 - 100, 50, 50),
    Rect(900, HEIGHT/2 - 100, 50, 50),
    Rect(950, HEIGHT/2 - 100, 50, 50),
    Rect(1000, HEIGHT/2 - 100, 50, 50),
    Rect(1050, HEIGHT/2 - 100, 50, 50),
    Rect(1100, HEIGHT/2 - 100, 50, 50),
]


player = Actor("c1", pos=(WIDTH/2, HEIGHT/2), anchor=('center', 'bottom'))
lives = 100
cash = 100
current_wave = 1


class Tower:
    def __init__(self, image, x, y, size):
        self.actor = Actor(image, pos=(x, y), )
        self.rect = Rect((x-size/2, y-size/2), (size, size))
        self.color = (random.randint(100, 250), random.randint(
            100, 250), random.randint(100, 250))

    def shoot(self):
        for e in enemies:
            if e.colliderect(self.rect):
                b = Actor("bullet3")
                b.x = self.actor.x
                b.y = self.actor.y
                b.hit = False
                animate(b, pos=(e.x, e.y), tween='accelerate',
                        on_finished=lambda: bullets.remove(b))
                bullets.append(b)
                break

    def colliderect(self, other):
        return self.actor.colliderect(other)

    def draw(self):
        self.actor.draw()
        screen.draw.rect(self.rect,self.color)


def shoot():
    global cash
    for t in towers:
        t.shoot()
    for e in list(enemies):
        if e.image == 'exploded':
            enemies.remove(e)
            cash += 1


def new_wave():
    global current_wave
    for i in range(10 + (current_wave * 2)):
        e = Actor("c3")
        e.y = HEIGHT/2+10
        e.x = 0
        enemies.append(e)
    current_wave += 1


def on_key_down(key):
    global cash
    if key == keys.K_1:
        if cash >= 10:
            conflict = False
            for t in towers:
                if t.colliderect(player):
                    conflict = True

            for p in path:
                if player.colliderect(p):
                    conflict = True

            if not conflict:
                t = Tower("tower_grass", player.x, player.y, 150)
                towers.append(t)
                cash -= 10


def update():
    global game_over
    if keyboard.UP:
        player.y -= 5
    if keyboard.DOWN:
        player.y += 5
    if keyboard.LEFT:
        player.x -= 5
    if keyboard.RIGHT:
        player.x += 5

    for e in enemies:
        if e.image != 'exploded':
            destination = None
            for (i, p) in enumerate(path):
                if e.colliderect(p) and i < len(path) - 1:
                    destination = path[i+1]
                    break

            if destination != None:
                center_x = destination.x + 25
                center_y = destination.y + 25
                if e.x < center_x:
                    e.x += random.randint(0, 2)
                if e.x > center_x:
                    e.x -= random.randint(0, 2)
                if e.y > center_y:
                    e.y -= random.randint(0, 2)
                if e.y < center_y:
                    e.y += random.randint(0, 2)

        for b in bullets:
            if b.colliderect(e):
                e.image = 'exploded'
                b.hit = True
                break
        if not background.colliderect(e):
            game_over = True
    pass


clock.schedule_interval(shoot, 1)
clock.schedule_interval(new_wave, 10)

new_wave()


def draw():
    screen.clear()
    if game_over:
        screen.fill('blue')
    else:
        background.draw()

        screen.draw.text("current_wave: " + str(current_wave) + ", cash: " +
                         str(cash) + ", lives: " + str(lives), (5, 0), fontname="437-win")

        for i in range(len(path)):
            p = path[i]
            screen.draw.filled_rect(p,(255,0,0))
            screen.draw.text(str(p.x), (p.x,p.y))
        for b in bullets:
            if not b.hit:
                b.draw()

        for e in enemies:
            e.draw()

        for t in towers:
            t.draw()

        player.draw()


pgzrun.go()

[...]

class Tower:
[...]
    def __init__(self, image, x, y, size):
        self.size = size
        self.x = x
        self.y = y
        self.actor = Actor(image, pos=(x, y))
        self.rect = Rect((x-size/2, y-size/2), (size, size))
        self.color = (random.randint(100, 250), random.randint(100, 250), random.randint(100, 250))

    def resize(self, bump):
        new_size = self.size + bump
        self.size = new_size
        self.rect = Rect((self.x-new_size/2, self.y-new_size/2), (new_size, new_size))
[...]

def on_key_down(key):
    global cash
    if key == keys.K_2:
        for t in towers:
            if t.colliderect(player):
                t.resize(5)
                cash -= 10
        
    if key == keys.D:
        for t in list(towers):
            if t.colliderect(player):
                cash += 15
                towers.remove(t)
[...]

import pgzrun

HEIGHT = 800
WIDTH = 800

elf = Actor('c1')
king = Actor('c2')

def update():
    if keyboard.W:
        elf.y -= 5
    if keyboard.S:
        elf.y += 5
    if keyboard.A:
        elf.x -= 5
    if keyboard.D:
        elf.x += 5
    if keyboard.UP:
        king.y -= 5
    if keyboard.DOWN:
        king.y += 5
    if keyboard.LEFT:
        king.x -= 5
    if keyboard.RIGHT:
        king.x += 5


def draw():
    elf.draw()
    king.draw()

pgzrun.go()

import pgzrun
import time

short = tone.create('A3', 0.3)
long = tone.create('D3', 0.7)

morse = {
    'a': [short, long],
    'b': [long, short, short, short],
    'c': [long, short, long, short],
    'd': [long, short, short],
    'e': [short],
    'f': [short, short, long, short],
    'g': [long, long, short],
    'h': [short, short, short, short],
    'i': [short, short],
    'j': [short, long, long, long],
    'k': [long, short, long],
    'l': [short, long, short, short],
    'm': [long, long],
    'n': [long, short],
    'o': [long, long, long],
    'p': [short, long, long, short],
    'q': [long, long, short, long],
    'r': [short, long, short],
    's': [short, short, short],
    't': [long],
    'u': [short, short, long],
    'v': [short, short, short, long],
    'w': [short, long, long],
    'x': [long, short, short, long],
    'y': [long, short, long, long],
    'z': [long, long, short, short]
}


def play(key):
    for t in morse[key]:
        t.play()
        time.sleep(1)
    time.sleep(1)


def on_key_down(key):
    if key == keys.A:
        play('a')
    if key == keys.B:
        play('b')
    if key == keys.C:
        play('c')
    if key == keys.D:
        play('d')
    if key == keys.E:
        play('e')
    if key == keys.F:
        play('f')
    if key == keys.G:
        play('g')
    if key == keys.H:
        play('h')
    if key == keys.I:
        play('i')
    if key == keys.J:
        play('j')
    if key == keys.K:
        play('k')
    if key == keys.L:
        play('l')
    if key == keys.M:
        play('m')
    if key == keys.N:
        play('n')
    if key == keys.O:
        play('o')
    if key == keys.P:
        play('p')
    if key == keys.Q:
        play('q')
    if key == keys.R:
        play('r')
    if key == keys.S:
        play('s')
    if key == keys.T:
        play('t')
    if key == keys.U:
        play('u')
    if key == keys.V:
        play('v')
    if key == keys.W:
        play('w')
    if key == keys.X:
        play('x')
    if key == keys.Y:
        play('y')
    if key == keys.Z:
        play('z')


def update():
    pass


def draw():
    pass


pgzrun.go()

#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
    int sum = 0;
    for (int i = 0; i < 100; i++) {
        sum += 10;
    }

    printf("%d\n", sum);
}

????X? H__PAGEZERO?__TEXT@@__text__TEXT0?X0??__stubs__TEXT????__stub_helper__TEXT?????__cstring__TEXT????__unwind_info__TEXT??H???__DATA_CONST@@@@__got__DATA_CONST@?__DATA?@?@__la_symbol_ptr__DATA?__data__DA?H__LINKEDIT?@?"?? ?0?0h???H
                               P?? 
                                   /usr/lib/dyld9??
                                                   f:^?[c?υ02 

                                                              ?*(?0?
                                                                    8d
                                                                      /usr/lib/libSystem.B.dylib&`)h?UH??H???E??E??E??}?d??E???
?E??E???E???????u?H?=2??	?E?H??]??%r@L?q@AS?%a?h?????%d
0?44??4
       ??#Q@dyld_stub_binderQr?s@_printf?__mh_execute_header!main%?~??0?$ __mh_execute_header_main_printfdyld_stub_binder__dyld_privat

00000000  cf fa ed fe 07 00 00 01  03 00 00 00 02 00 00 00  |................|
00000010  10 00 00 00 58 05 00 00  85 00 20 00 00 00 00 00  |....X..... .....|
00000020  19 00 00 00 48 00 00 00  5f 5f 50 41 47 45 5a 45  |....H...__PAGEZE|
00000030  52 4f 00 00 00 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |RO..............|
00000040  00 00 00 00 01 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |................|
00000050  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |................|
00000060  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  19 00 00 00 d8 01 00 00  |................|
00000070  5f 5f 54 45 58 54 00 00  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |__TEXT..........|
00000080  00 00 00 00 01 00 00 00  00 40 00 00 00 00 00 00  |.........@......|
00000090  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  00 40 00 00 00 00 00 00  |.........@......|
000000a0  05 00 00 00 05 00 00 00  05 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |................|
000000b0  5f 5f 74 65 78 74 00 00  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |__text..........|
000000c0  5f 5f 54 45 58 54 00 00  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |__TEXT..........|
000000d0  30 3f 00 00 01 00 00 00  58 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |0?......X.......|
000000e0  30 3f 00 00 04 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |0?..............|
000000f0  00 04 00 80 00 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |................|
00000100  5f 5f 73 74 75 62 73 00  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |__stubs.........|
00000110  5f 5f 54 45 58 54 00 00  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |__TEXT..........|
00000120  88 3f 00 00 01 00 00 00  06 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |.?..............|
00000130  88 3f 00 00 01 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |.?..............|
00000140  08 04 00 80 00 00 00 00  06 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |................|

[...]

[...]
100003f30: 55                           pushq   %rbp
100003f31: 48 89 e5                     movq    %rsp, %rbp
100003f34: 48 83 ec 10                  subq    $16, %rsp
100003f38: c7 45 fc 00 00 00 00         movl    $0, -4(%rbp)
100003f3f: c7 45 f8 00 00 00 00         movl    $0, -8(%rbp)
100003f46: c7 45 f4 00 00 00 00         movl    $0, -12(%rbp)
100003f4d: 83 7d f4 64                  cmpl    $100, -12(%rbp)
100003f51: 0f 8d 17 00 00 00            jge     0x100003f6e <_main+0x3e>
100003f57: 8b 45 f8                     movl    -8(%rbp), %eax
100003f5a: 83 c0 0a                     addl    $10, %eax
100003f5d: 89 45 f8                     movl    %eax, -8(%rbp)
100003f60: 8b 45 f4                     movl    -12(%rbp), %eax
100003f63: 83 c0 01                     addl    $1, %eax
100003f66: 89 45 f4                     movl    %eax, -12(%rbp)
100003f69: e9 df ff ff ff               jmp     0x100003f4d <_main+0x1d>
[...]

#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
    for (int i = 0; i < 100; i++) {
        if (i % 15 == 0) {
            printf("fizzbuzz\n");
        } else if (i % 5 == 0) {
            printf("buzz\n");
        } else if (i % 3 == 0) {
            printf("fizz\n");
        } else {
            printf("%d\n",i);
        }
    }
}

#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
    char input[20] = {0};
    while(1) {
        printf("What is your name: ");
        scanf("%s",input);
        printf("\nHello %s\n",input);
    }
}

#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
    char input[20] = {0};
    int b = 5;
    while(1) {
        printf("What is your name: ");
        scanf("%s",input);
        printf("\nHello %s\n",input);

        for (int i = 0; i < 40; i++) {
            printf("  %d -> %d -> %c\n", i, input[i],input[i]);
        }
    }
}

f = open("words.txt")
for line in f:
    print(line)

f = open("words.txt")
for line in f:
    word = line.strip()
    print(word)

f = open("words.txt")
for line in f:
    word = line.strip()
    if len(word) > 10:
        print(word)

f = open("words.txt")
for line in f:
    word = line.strip()
    if word[0] == 'a' and word[1] == 'b':
        print(word)

f = open("words.txt")
for line in f:
    word = line.strip()
    if 'e' not in word:
        print(word)

f = open("words.txt")
def avoid(word, characters):
    for c in characters:
        for w in word:
            if w == c:
                return False
    return True

for line in f:
    word = line.strip()
    if avoid(word, ['a','b','c']):
        print(word)

f = open("words.txt")

def avoid(word, characters):
    for c in characters:
        for c in word:
            return False
    return True

for line in f:
    word = line.strip()
    if avoid(word, ['a','b','c']):
        print(word)

import turtle as t
size = 10
t.speed(10000)
while True:
    t.right(150)
    t.forward(size)
    size += 1

import turtle as t
size = 10
t.speed(10000)
while True:
    t.right(150)
    t.forward(size)
    if size % 2 == 0:
        t.color('cyan')
    else:
        t.color('magenta')
    size += 1

import turtle as t
size = 1
t.speed(100000)
t.bgcolor('black')
t.hideturtle()
i = 0
while True:
    if i % 2 == 0:
        t.color('cyan')
    else:
        t.color('magenta')
    t.forward(i*3)
    t.left(91)
    i+=1

from turtle import *
begin_fill()
color('red')
pensize(3)
left(48)
forward(133)
circle(50,200)
right(140)
circle(50,200)
forward(133)
end_fill()
done()

from turtle import *
size = 1
speed(10000)
while True:
    if size % 2 == 0:
        color('blue')
    else:
        color('red')

    circle(size, size * 5)
    size += 1

fi = open('words.txt')
n = 0
for line in fi:
    w = line.strip()
    if len(w) == 5:
        n += 1
print(n)

fi = open('words.txt')
n = 0
x = 0
for line in fi:
    w = line.strip()
    if len(w) == 5:
        n += 1
    if len(w) == 7:
        x += 1 
print(n)
print(x)

from turtle import *

speed(100000)
pencolor('cyan')
size = 66
while True:
    forward(size)
    left(size)
    size += 1

from turtle import *

c = ['cyan','magenta']
dist = 20

hideturtle()
speed(11)

while True:
    color(c[dist%2])
    forward(dist)
    left(90)
    dist = dist-3

import turtle
import random
turtles = []
for i in range(5):
    a = turtle.Turtle()
    a.speed(10000)
    a.hideturtle()
    turtles.append(a)

while True:
    for x in turtles:
        size = random.randint(10,300)
        extent = random.randint(0, 360)
        x.circle(size, extent=extent)

import turtle
import random
turtles = []
for i in range(5):
    a = turtle.Turtle()
    a.speed(10000)
    a.hideturtle()
    turtles.append(a)



while True:
    for x in turtles:
        size = random.randint(10,300)
        for i in range(4):
            x.forward(size)
            x.right(90)

        x.circle(size)

import turtle
import random
turtles = []
for i in range(5):
    a = turtle.Turtle()
    a.speed(10000)
    a.hideturtle()
    turtles.append(a)



while True:
    for x in turtles:
        size = random.randint(10,300)
        for i in range(4):
            x.forward(size)
            x.right(90)

import turtle
import random
turtles = []
for i in range(5):
    a = turtle.Turtle()
    a.speed(10000)
    a.hideturtle()
    turtles.append(a)



while True:
    for x in turtles:
        size = random.randint(10,300)
        x.circle(size)

pip3 install wikipedia

import wikipedia as wiki

while True:
    what = input("search> ")
    summary = wiki.summary(what)
    print(summary)
    print('*' * 40)

search> leonadro da vinci
Leonardo da Vinci (15 April 1452 – 2 May 1519) was an Italian polymath of...
[...]
search>

import wikipedia as wiki
import pgzrun

HEIGHT = 800
WIDTH = 800
text = ''
info = ''
def on_key_down(key, mod, unicode):
    global text, info
    if key == keys.BACKSPACE:
        if len(text) > 0:
            text = text[:-1]
    elif key == keys.RETURN:
        info = wiki.summary(text)
        text = ''

    elif len(unicode) > 0 and ord(unicode) >= 32 and ord(unicode) <= 126:
        text += unicode


def draw():
    screen.clear()
    screen.draw.text(info, (10,10), fontsize=18,fontname="437-win", width=WIDTH-20)
    screen.draw.text(text, (WIDTH/2,HEIGHT - 40), color=(255,0,0), fontsize=30,fontname="437-win")

pgzrun.go()

{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"pages":{"4269567":{"pageid":4269567,"ns":0,"title":"Dog","extract":"The dog or domestic dog
[...]
an end to the dinosaurs and the appearance of the first carnivoran...
[...]
Their personality traits include hypersocial behavior, boldnes
[...]

>>> import json
>>> a = {"a":"b","c":3}
>>>
>>> print(json.dumps([1,2,a]))
[1, 2, {"a": "b", "c": 3}]
>>>
>>> d = json.loads('[1, 2, {"a": "b", "c": 3}]')
>>> d
[1, 2, {'a': 'b', 'c': 3}]

from turtle import *
speed(0)
size = 0
hideturtle()
while True:
    size += 1
    circle(size)

from turtle import *
speed(0)
size = 300
hideturtle()
while True:
    size -= 1
    circle(size)

from turtle import *
speed(0)
size = 300
hideturtle()
while True:
    size -= 1
    circle(size)
    if size < -300:
        break
done()

from turtle import *
import random
speed(0)
size = 300
hideturtle()
while True:
    #size -= 1
    circle(size, steps=random.randint(10,20))
    if size < -300:
        break
done()

a = 'hello'
for i in a:
    print(i)

a = 'hello'
for i in range(0,len(a)):
    print(i, a[i])

a = 'hey'
rev = ''
for i in range(0,len(a)):
    # i = 0
    # a[2 - 0] -> a[2] -> y
    # i = 1
    # a[2 - 1] -> a[1] -> e
    # i = 2
    # a[2 - 2] -> a[0] -> h
    print(i,a[len(a)-1-i])
    rev +=a[len(a)-1-i]
print(rev)

a = 'hello'
b = a[len(a)::-1]
print(b)

It's pretty simple really:

a[start:stop]  # items start through stop-1
a[start:]      # items start through the rest of the array
a[:stop]       # items from the beginning through stop-1
a[:]           # a copy of the whole array
There is also the step value, which can be used with any of the above:

a[start:stop:step] # start through not past stop, by step
The key point to remember is that the :stop value represents the first value that
 is not in the selected slice. So, the difference between stop and start is the 
 number of elements selected (if step is 1, the default).

The other feature is that start or stop may be a negative number, which means it 
counts from the end of the array instead of the beginning. So:

a[-1]    # last item in the array
a[-2:]   # last two items in the array
a[:-2]   # everything except the last two items
Similarly, step may be a negative number:

a[::-1]    # all items in the array, reversed
a[1::-1]   # the first two items, reversed
a[:-3:-1]  # the last two items, reversed
a[-3::-1]  # everything except the last two items, reversed

Python is kind to the programmer if there are fewer items than you ask for. For example, 
if you ask for a[:-2] and a only contains one element, you get an empty list instead of 
an error. Sometimes you would prefer the error, so you have to be aware that this may happen.

Relation to slice() object
The slicing operator [] is actually being used in the above code with a slice() object 
using the : notation (which is only valid within []), i.e.:

a[start:stop:step]
is equivalent to:

a[slice(start, stop, step)]

Slice objects also behave slightly differently depending on the number of arguments, 
similarly to range(), i.e. both slice(stop) and slice(start, stop[, step]) are 
supported. To skip specifying a given argument, one might use None, so that e.g. 
a[start:] is equivalent to a[slice(start, None)] or a[::-1] is equivalent to 
a[slice(None, None, -1)].

While the :-based notation is very helpful for simple slicing, the explicit use of 
slice() objects simplifies the programmatic generation of slicing.

a = ['h','e','l','l','o']
sum = 0
for i in a:
    sum += ord(a)

print(sum)

a = ['h','e','l','l','o']
sum = 0
for i in range(len(a)):
    m = ord(a[i])
    print('index: ', i, a[i], '=', m)
    sum += m

print(sum)

a = 'hello'
sum = 0
for i in range(len(a)):
    m = ord(a[i])
    print('index: ', i, a[i], '=', m)
    sum += m

print(sum)

a = ['h','e','l','o']
a[2] = 'b'
print(a)

a = 'hello'
a[2] = 'b'
print(a)

a = 'hello'

a = a[0:2] + 'b' + a[3:5]

import turtle as t
import random

t.bgcolor('black')
t.pensize(6)
t.speed(0)

size = 20
colors =['cyan','royalblue','lawngreen','red','purple','white','yellow']

while True:
    t.pencolor(random.choice(colors))
    t.circle(size)
    t.left(12)

    size += 1

from turtle import *

size = 20
speed(0)
hideturtle()

while True:
    size += 5

    circle(size)

import turtle as t 

size = 0
t.speed(0)

while True:
    t.forward(size)
    t.left(90)

    size += 1

a = 'hello'
print(len(a))
a += 'b'
print(len(a))
print(a[2])

[-------------------------------------------------------------------------]
 0                                                                       1024

[--------------5 104 101 108 108 111----------------------------------------------]
 0             ^                                                                 1024
               555

[--------------5 104 101 108 108 111------6 104 101 108 108 111 98----------------]
 0             ^                          ^                                      1024
             555                         763  

a = 'he'
b = 'lo'
c = 6
d = [a,b,c]
print(d[1])

[---3 555 763 847-----------2 104 101 ----------------2 108 111 ------6-----------]
 0  ^                       ^                         ^               ^          1024
    125                    555                       763             847 

[---3 2 555 763 847-------2 2 104 101 --------------2 2 108 111 -----1 6----------]
 0  ^                     ^                         ^                ^           1024
    125                  555                       763               847 

import turtle as t

a = t.Turtle()
a.speed(0)
a.pencolor('fuchsia')

b = t.Turtle()
b.speed(0)
b.pencolor('mediumspringgreen')


c = t.Turtle()
c.speed(0)
c.pencolor('deepskyblue')

size = 30

while True:
    a.forward(size*2)
    a.left(90)
    b.forward(size*3)
    b.right(90)
    c.forward(size*4)
    c.right(90)
    c.circle(size+1)

    size += 2

import turtle as t
import random

a = t.Turtle()
a.speed(0)

b = t.Turtle()
b.speed(0)

b.hideturtle()
a.hideturtle()

b.pensize(5)
a.pensize(4)

b.pencolor('chocolate')

b.right(90)
b.forward(300)

size = 0
for i in range(70):
    a.pencolor(random.choice(['red','orange','yellow','hotpink','magenta','deepskyblue','mediumspringgreen']))
    b.right(180)
    a.circle(size,extent=90)
    a.forward(10)
    a.right(5)
    size += 1
t.done()

import turtle as t

a = t.Turtle()
a.speed(0)
a.right(90)
a.forward(300)
a.hideturtle()

b = t.Turtle()
b.speed(0)
b.hideturtle()

def square(charlie, size):
    for i in range(4):
        charlie.forward(size)
        if i == 1:
            charlie.write(str(size))
        charlie.right(90)

size = 0
while True:
    square(b,size)
    b.right(9)
    size += 1
    if size > 125:
        break

t.done()