WAL-G is an archival restoration tool for Postgres(beta for MySQL, MariaDB, and MongoDB)
WAL-G is the successor of WAL-E with a number of key differences. WAL-G uses LZ4, LZMA, or Brotli compression, multiple processors, and non-exclusive base backups for Postgres. More information on the design and implementation of WAL-G can be found on the Citus Data blog post "Introducing WAL-G by Citus: Faster Disaster Recovery for Postgres".
Table of Contents
A precompiled binary for Linux AMD 64 of the latest version of WAL-G can be obtained under the Releases tab.
To decompress the binary, use:
tar -zxvf wal-g.linux-amd64.tar.gz
mv wal-g /usr/local/bin/
For other incompatible systems, please consult the Development section for more information.
One of these variables is required
To connect to Amazon S3, WAL-G requires that this variable be set:
WALG_S3_PREFIX(e.g.s3://bucket/path/to/folder) (alternative formWALE_S3_PREFIX)
WAL-G determines AWS credentials like other AWS tools. You can set AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID and AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY (optionally with AWS_SESSION_TOKEN), or ~/.aws/credentials (optionally with AWS_PROFILE), or you can set nothing to fetch credentials from the EC2 metadata service automatically.
To store backups in Google Cloud Storage, WAL-G requires that this variable be set:
WALG_GS_PREFIXto specify where to store backups (e.g.gs://x4m-test-bucket/walg-folder)
WAL-G determines Google Cloud credentials using application-default credentials like other GCP tools. You can set GOOGLE_APPLICATION_CREDENTIALS to point to a service account json key from GCP. If you set nothing, WAL-G will attempt to fetch credentials from the GCE/GKE metadata service.
To store backups in Azure Storage, WAL-G requires that this variable be set:
WALG_AZ_PREFIXto specify where to store backups in Azure storage (e.g.azure://test-container/walg-folder)
WAL-G determines Azure Storage credentials using azure default credentials. You can set AZURE_STORAGE_ACCOUNT, AZURE_STORAGE_ACCESS_KEY to provide azure storage credentials.
You may set AZURE_STORAGE_SAS_TOKEN in lieu of AZURE_STORAGE_ACCESS_KEY to make use of SAS tokens.
For deployments where Azure Storage is not under AzurePuplicCloud environment, WAL-G need to use different Azure Storage endpoint. You can use optional setting AZURE_STORAGE_SAS_TOKEN to select the correct Azure Storage endpoint. Available setting values: "AzurePublicCloud", "AzureUSGovernmentCloud", "AzureChinaCloud", "AzureGermanCloud". If setting is omitted or has a value different to the ones defined here, WAL-G will default to the Azure Storage endpoint for AzurePublicCloud.
WAL-G sets default upload buffer size to 64 Megabytes and uses 3 buffers by default. However, users can choose to override these values by setting optional environment variables.
To store backups in Swift object storage, WAL-G requires that this variable be set:
WALG_SWIFT_PREFIXto specify where to store backups in Swift object storage (e.g.swift://test-container/walg-folder)
WAL-G determines Swift object storage credentials using openStack default credentials. You can use any of V1, V2, V3 of the SwiftStack Auth middleware to provide Swift object storage credentials.
To store backups on files system, WAL-G requires that these variables be set:
WALG_FILE_PREFIX(e.g./tmp/wal-g-test-data)
Please, keep in mind that by default storing backups on disk along with database is not safe. Do not use it as a disaster recovery plan.
To store backups via ssh, WAL-G requires that these variables be set:
WALG_SSH_PREFIX(e.g.ssh://localhost/walg-folder)SSH_PORTssh connection portSSH_USERNAMEconnect with usernameSSH_PASSWORDconnect with password
Optional variables
AWS_REGION(e.g.us-west-2)
WAL-G can automatically determine the S3 bucket's region using s3:GetBucketLocation, but if you wish to avoid this API call or forbid it from the applicable IAM policy, specify this variable.
AWS_ENDPOINT
Overrides the default hostname to connect to an S3-compatible service. i.e, http://s3-like-service:9000
AWS_S3_FORCE_PATH_STYLE
To enable path-style addressing (i.e., http://s3.amazonaws.com/BUCKET/KEY) when connecting to an S3-compatible service that lack of support for sub-domain style bucket URLs (i.e., http://BUCKET.s3.amazonaws.com/KEY). Defaults to false.
GCS_CONTEXT_TIMEOUT
Default: 1 hour.
GCS_NORMALIZE_PREFIX
Controls the trimming of extra slashes in paths. The default is true. To allow restoring from WAL-E archives on GCS, set it to false and keep double slashes in WALG_GS_PREFIX values.
GCS_ENCRYPTION_KEY
To configure GCS Customer Supplied Encryption Key (CSEK) for client-side encryption and decryption. By default, Google-managed keys are used. CSEK must be a 32-byte AES-256 key, encoded in standard Base64.
GCS_MAX_CHUNK_SIZE(e.g.16777216)
Overrides the default maximum chunk size of 52428800 bytes (50 MiB). The size of the chunk must be specified in bytes. This parameter could be useful for different types of uploading (e.g. 16777216 (16MiB) would be perfect for wal-push, 52428800 (50MiB) is suitable for backup-push).
GCS_MAX_RETRIES(e.g.1)
Overrides the default upload and download retry limit while interacting with GCS. Default: 16.
WALG_AZURE_BUFFER_SIZE(e.g.33554432)
Overrides the default upload buffer size of 67108864 bytes (64 MB). Note that the size of the buffer must be specified in bytes. Therefore, to use 32 MB sized buffers, this variable should be set to 33554432 bytes.
WALG_AZURE_MAX_BUFFERS(e.g.5)
Overrides the default maximum number of upload buffers. By default, at most 3 buffers are used concurrently.
TOTAL_BG_UPLOADED_LIMIT(e.g.1024) Overrides the defaultnumber of WAL files to upload during one scan. By default, at most 32 WAL files will be uploaded.
Example: Using Minio.io S3-compatible storage
AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID: "<minio-key>"
AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY: "<minio-secret>"
WALG_S3_PREFIX: "s3://my-minio-bucket/sub-dir"
AWS_ENDPOINT: "http://minio:9000"
AWS_S3_FORCE_PATH_STYLE: "true"
AWS_REGION: us-east-1
WALG_S3_CA_CERT_FILE: "/path/to/custom/ca/file"
WALG_S3_STORAGE_CLASS
To configure the S3 storage class used for backup files, use WALG_S3_STORAGE_CLASS. By default, WAL-G uses the "STANDARD" storage class. Other supported values include "STANDARD_IA" for Infrequent Access and "REDUCED_REDUNDANCY" for Reduced Redundancy.
WALG_S3_SSE
To enable S3 server-side encryption, set to the algorithm to use when storing the objects in S3 (i.e., AES256, aws:kms).
WALG_S3_SSE_KMS_ID
If using S3 server-side encryption with aws:kms, the KMS Key ID to use for object encryption.
WALG_CSE_KMS_ID
To configure AWS KMS key for client-side encryption and decryption. By default, no encryption is used. (AWS_REGION or WALG_CSE_KMS_REGION required to be set when using AWS KMS key client-side encryption)
WALG_CSE_KMS_REGION
To configure AWS KMS key region for client-side encryption and decryption (i.e., eu-west-1).
WALG_COMPRESSION_METHOD
To configure the compression method used for backups. Possible options are: lz4, 'lzma', 'brotli'. The default method is lz4. LZ4 is the fastest method, but the compression ratio is bad.
LZMA is way much slower. However, it compresses backups about 6 times better than LZ4. Brotli is a good trade-off between speed and compression ratio, which is about 3 times better than LZ4.
S3_USE_LIST_OBJECTS_V1
By default, WAL-G uses ListObjectsV2 to fetch S3 storage folder listings.
However, some S3-compatible storages may not support it.
Set this setting to true to use ListObjects instead.
YC_CSE_KMS_KEY_ID
To configure Yandex Cloud KMS key for client-side encryption and decryption. By default, no encryption is used.
YC_SERVICE_ACCOUNT_KEY_FILE
To configure the name of a file containing private key of Yandex Cloud Service Account. If not set a token from the metadata service (http://169.254.169.254) will be used to make API calls to Yandex Cloud KMS.
More options are available for the chosen database. See it in Databases
WAL-G currently supports these commands for all type of databases:
backup-list
Lists names and creation time of available backups.
--pretty flag prints list in a table
--json flag prints list in JSON format, pretty-printed if combined with --pretty
--detail flag prints extra backup details, pretty-printed if combined with --pretty , json-encoded if combined with --json
delete
Is used to delete backups and WALs before them. By default delete will perform a dry run. If you want to execute deletion, you have to add --confirm flag at the end of the command. Backups marked as permanent will not be deleted.
delete can operate in three modes: retain, before and everything.
retain [FULL|FIND_FULL] %number% [--after %name|time%]
if FULL is specified keep $number% full backups and everything in the middle. If with --after flag is used keep
before [FIND_FULL] %name%
If FIND_FULL is specified, WAL-G will calculate minimum backup needed to keep all deltas alive. If FIND_FULL is not specified and call can produce orphaned deltas - the call will fail with the list.
everything [FORCE]
Examples:
everything all backups will be deleted (if there are no permanent backups)
everything FORCE all backups, include permanent, will be deleted
retain 5 will fail if 5th is delta
retain FULL 5 will keep 5 full backups and all deltas of them
retain FIND_FULL 5 will find necessary full for 5th and keep everything after it
retain 5 --after 2019-12-12T12:12:12 keep 5 most recent backups and backups made after 2019-12-12 12:12:12
before base_000010000123123123 will fail if base_000010000123123123 is delta
before FIND_FULL base_000010000123123123 will keep everything after base of base_000010000123123123
More commands are available for the chosen database engine. See it in Databases
Information about installing, configuration and usage
Information about installing, configuration and usage
Information about installing, configuration and usage
It is specified for your type of database.
WAL-G relies heavily on unit tests. These tests do not require S3 configuration as the upload/download parts are tested using mocked objects. Unit tests can be run using
make unittest
For more information on testing, please consult test, testtools and unittest section in Makefile.
WAL-G will perform a round-trip compression/decompression test that generates a directory for data (e.g. data...), compressed files (e.g. compressed), and extracted files (e.g. extracted). These directories will only get cleaned up if the files in the original data directory match the files in the extracted one.
Test coverage can be obtained using:
make coverage
This command generates coverage.out file and opens HTML representation of the coverage.
Information about installing and usage
See also the list of contributors who participated in this project.
This project is licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0, but the lzo support is licensed under GPL 3.0+. Please refer to the LICENSE.md file for more details.
WAL-G would not have happened without the support of Citus Data
WAL-G came into existence as a result of the collaboration between a summer engineering intern at Citus, Katie Li, and Daniel Farina, the original author of WAL-E, who currently serves as a principal engineer on the Citus Cloud team. Citus Data also has an open source extension to Postgres that distributes database queries horizontally to deliver scale and performance.
WAL-G development is supported by Yandex Cloud
We have a Slack group and Telegram chat to discuss WAL-G usage and development. To join PostgreSQL slack use invite app.
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