An array is a data structure. A variable that has an array as its value can store a collection that is accessible in various ways. All object-oriented programming languages are capable of using arrays to store data, but Javascript is a dynamically typed language which uses less syntax when accessing, inserting into, and modifying an array. In this blog post, I will be demonstrating the use of arrays in Javascript and exploring all the ways of working with them in a project.

I have used the Google Chrome developer console to write my code but you are free to use whichever code editor you like, I recommend VS Code. The source code I've used can be found on my GitHub repository here. To understand arrays, you will need to understand Javascript basics like variable declaration, data types, and console output. The syntax for an array looks like this:

var africanCountries = ['Zimbabwe', 'Nigeria', 'South Africa', 'Egypt', 'DRC', 'Kenya'];

The array I have declared is called africanCountries and it holds six values. The trick with arrays is that the values are indexed and can be referenced by stating the numeric position subtracted by 1. The first value in any array is always located at index 0, so in our example variable we can access the first item in the array by writing:

console.log(africanCountries[0]);

This will output Zimbabwe to the console:

If you open Google Chrome, you can right-click any web page and select inspect. This opens a section on the page that gives you access to developer tools as well as other tools that allow you to monitor HTML elements, source files, network performance etc. If you don't have a code editor, you can use Google Chrome's text editor under the console tab. This allows you to write Javascript syntax.

Accessing the developer tools:

The console tab under developer tools:

You can insert items into an array by using the push() method. This adds a value to the array which assigns it an index that is greater than the current last index by one. So, for example the code below adds Botswana to our previously declared array.

africanCountries.push('Botswana');

console.log(africanCountries); // Prints the new array to the console

Example output of our code:

The africanCountries array now stores 7 items. If you wanted to access Botswana, you would access it's index which is the number '6'. In order to remove an item from the array, you would use the pop() method by doing this:

africanCountries.pop();

The array now has 6 items and you will notice that Botswana is no longer part of the array. I will now insert something that will not be stored at the last index. I would like to add Ghana to the collection:

africanCountries[3] = 'Ghana';

console.log(africanCountries); // Ghana has been inserted and has an index of 3

The new array including Ghana

Notice that Egypt which was at the 3rd index has been replaced by Ghana. One thing to note is that an array can have an endless amount of values, I've just used a few for demonstration purposes but apparently it can store 2^31 - 1 values which is equal to 2, 147, 483, 647 items. One advantage of arrays is the ability to store multiple values as opposed to having individual variables to store each item. In addition, arrays can store all Javascript data types including objects. Declaring a variable for each country in our array would be tedious.

We can traverse an array using a for loop which will access each item in an array. With our previously declared africanCountries array, I will go over every item in the array and display it to output.

for(var x = 0; x < africanCountries.length; x++){   
    console.log(africanCountries[x]);
}

Example output of our code:

The loop accesses each item in the array and returns it before proceeding to the next. We use the variable x to work as the index as we go over our array, making sure to increase it by 1. The loop terminates when variable x reaches the value of 5. I have used the length() method which is a feature available for arrays in order to get the size of the array. The africanCountries array has a size of 6, and generally the size of an array is always one more than the last index. The last index of our array is 5 and it holds the value Kenya. A good way to remember the last index in any array is using the length method on the array and displaying it with console.log() on the array, that way we can automatically find the last index of our array which is the returned value minus 1.

africanCountries.length; // This will return 6

console.log("There are " + africanCountries.length + " items in the array"); 

Another way to manipulate arrays is by using the spread operator. This method creates a copy of an array which can be used inside another array. It is similar to string interpolation. Let's imagine that there was a multinational meeting of countries from all continents of the world and we wanted to invite a representative from every country. We can do this by creating an array and accessing items from another array. I will declare 3 more arrays for this example. The syntax of the spread is ... and should be used inside square brackets as demonstrated below:

// Declare an empty array:
var internationalUnion = [];

//Declare 3 arrays for the other continents:
var asianCountries = ['Japan', 'China', 'Thailand'];
var northAmerica = ['USA', 'Canada'];
var europeNations = ['France', 'UK', 'Spain'];

// Re-assign the array using the spread operator:

internationalUnion = [...asianCountries, ...northAmerica, ...europeNations, ...africanCountries];

console.log(internationalUnion); // Returns the array with all the countries

Example output of our code:

Notice how despite using the spread operator, we still have to include the commas in the square brackets of our array to ensure that the compiler knows where to separate the array items. By using the spread operator, we have saved lots of time from inserting a large amount of data into our collection. Even with our new array, we can still use the push() method on our array and add more values:

internationalUnion.push('Australia');

console.log(internationalUnion); // The list now includes Australia

Example output of our code:

Now that you know a little bit more about arrays, go ahead and make something using them.