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$ cat /etc/lsb-release 
DISTRIB_ID=Ubuntu
DISTRIB_RELEASE=20.04
DISTRIB_CODENAME=focal
DISTRIB_DESCRIPTION="Ubuntu 20.04.5 LTS"

$ docker --version 
Docker version 20.10.18, build b40c2f6

// コンテナが存在しないことを確認
$ docker container ls -a
CONTAINER ID   IMAGE     COMMAND   CREATED   STATUS    PORTS     NAMES

$ docker container run \
    --name ubuntu1     \
    --rm               \
    --interactive      \
    --tty              \
    ubuntu:20.04

root@fe5fd49c4bcf:/# echo 'hello world' > ~/hello.txt
root@fe5fd49c4bcf:/# 

// コンテナの状況を確認 `CONTAINER ID`, `NAME` 共にOK
$ docker container ls -a
CONTAINER ID   IMAGE          COMMAND   CREATED          STATUS          PORTS     NAMES
fe5fd49c4bcf   ubuntu:20.04   "bash"    27 seconds ago   Up 26 seconds             ubuntu1

// NAMESに合わせて...
$ docker container exec \
>     ubuntu1             \
>     cat ~/hello.txt
cat: /home/loginname/hello.txt: No such file or directory

$ docker container exec fe5fd49c4bcf cat ~/hello.txt
cat: /home/loginname/hello.txt: No such file or directory

root@fe5fd49c4bcf:/# cat ~/hello.txt 
hello world