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语法基础概念(10+9+8完美语法体系)

十种词性

  1. 介词
  2. 冠词
  3. 名词
  4. 代词
  5. 数词
  6. 副词
  7. 形容词
  8. 动词
  9. 连词
  10. 感叹词

句子的九种成分

  1. 主语
  2. 谓语
  3. 宾语
  4. 表语
  5. 双宾
  6. 同位语
  7. 宾补
  8. 定语
  9. 状语

八种句式

五种基础简单句

  1. 主 + 谓 + 宾
  2. 主 + 系 + 表
  3. 主 + 谓 + 双宾
  4. 主 + 谓 + 宾补
  5. 主 + 谓

三种高级复合句

  1. 名词性从句
  2. 定语从句
  3. 状语从句

王菲语法树

  1. 名词:单复数 所有格 主谓一致
  2. 代词:种类 功能
  3. 数词: 基数词 序数词
  4. 冠词:定冠词 不定冠词 零冠词
  5. 形容词和副词:三级 固定句型
  6. 介词:用法 分类 功能 固定搭配
  7. 动词:分类 时态 语态 非谓语动词 虚拟语气
  8. 连词:定语从句 状语从句 名词性从句
  9. 其它:强调 倒装 反义疑问句

冠词

  1. 定冠词
  2. 不定冠词
  3. 零冠词

(一)不定冠词 a / an 的用法

  1. 不定冠词 a / an 用在单数名词的前面
  2. a 用在辅音开头的词前面
  3. an 用在元音开头的词前面

具体用法:

  1. 泛指某一个人或物
  • There is a dog lying on the ground.

    • There is 符合主谓一致的就近原则

    • lying on the ground 非谓语动词作定语来修饰 dog

    • a 泛指一只狗

  1. 表示类人或物,区别于其它种类

    • An elephant is much stronger than a man.
      • 元音 e 前面用 an ,辅音 m 前用 a
      • An elephant, a man 表示类别
      • 比较结构 much stronger than
  2. 表示“一”这个数量

    • There is a table and four chairs in that dining-room.
      • a table 一张桌子
      • four chairs 四把椅子
      • there be 句型 就近原则:根据后面名词是复数则用 are 单数用 is
  3. 用不定冠词的习惯用语

    a bit (一点) a little (一点) a few (几个) a lot (许多)

    a kind of (一种) a pair of (一副、一双) a number of (大量的)

    a piece of (一片) half an hour (半小时) have a good time (玩的开心)

    have a cold (感冒) make a noise (发出噪音) have/take a rest (休息一下) 等

(二)定冠词 the 的用法

  1. 表特指的人或事物
    • The man with a flower in his hand is jack.
      • the man 特指这个男人
      • with a flower in his hand 介词短语充当定语,修饰名词
  2. 复述前面提到过的人或物
    • There is a man under the tree. The man is called Robert.
      • a man 泛指一个人
      • the man 特指前面提到过的人
  3. 表独一无二的事物
    • The earth turns around the sun.
      • the earth 独一无二的事物
      • turns 动词表现时态
  4. 用在表示方位的名词前面
    • There will be strong wind to the south of the Yangtze River.
      • the south 方位
      • 这里经常刮大风:there will be 改成 there is
  5. 在序数词和形容词最高级的前面
    • Who is the first one to go?
      • the first 序数词前
    • Of all the stars , the sun is the nearest to the earth.
      • the stars / the sun / the earth 独一无二的事物
      • the nearest 形容词最高级前
  6. 用在江河、海洋、山脉等名称的前面
    • I have never been to the Himalaya Mountains.
      • the Himalaya Mountains 山脉
      • have never been to 现在完成时
  7. 用在 含有普通名词的专有名词 的前面
    • He is from the United States of America.
      • the United States of America 专有名词
  8. 用在姓氏之前表示一家人
    • The Greens are going to Mount Emei next month.
      • the Greens 格林一家人
      • are going to 一般将来时
  9. 固定短语搭配
    • at the same time (与此同时) ;make the bed (铺床) ;
    • in the end (最后) ;all the time (一直);
    • by the way (顺便说一下) ;on the way (在路上) ;
  10. 乐器名称前
    • He began to play the violin at the age of 5.
      • the violin 乐器

(三)零冠词

  1. 专有名词 和 第一次使用一些不可数名词 时前面通常不用
    • China is a very large country.
      • China 专有名词
    • Man needs air and water.
      • air and water 第一次使用不可数名词
  2. 名词前已有指示、物主或不定代词 作定语修饰时不用
    • My pen is much more expensive than yours.
      • my pen 物主代词
      • much more expensive than 比较级
  3. 周名、月名、日期 或 季节名前不用
    • He was born on Monday , February 18 , 1995.
      • Monday , February 18 , 1995 周名/月名/日期
      • was born 一般过去时的被动语态
    • They usually plant trees in the hills in spring.
      • spring 季节; the spring 表特指不是零冠词
  4. 第一次使用 复数名词表示人或事物的 类别 时不用
    • Men are cleverer than monkeys.
      • 特指可以加 the
  5. 三餐、学科前不用
    • We have breakfast at home and lunch at school.
      • and lunch 省略了 we have
    • We all like English.
  6. 节假日前不用
    • On Children's Day the boys often get presents from their parents.
      • On Children's Day 介词短语作时间状语
      • often 一般现在时
  7. 球类前不用
    • The children play football on Saturday afternoons.
      • play football 球类不用
      • on Saturday 日期不用
  8. 一些习惯用语中不用(查询中文并背诵)
    1. at / to / from /out of / after / for school ;
    2. in / to / for / after class ;
    3. in / to / for /out of / into bed ;
    4. after / at / from /out of /to work ;
    5. at / to sea ;
    6. in / from / down / to town ;
    7. at / from home ;
    8. at / for / to breakfast / lunch / supper ;
    9. at night / noon / midnight ;
    10. on foot ;
    11. go to school / bed ;
    12. on top of ;
    13. in front of ;
    14. on show / display / duty / watch ;
    15. in / out of hospital ;
    16. at all ;
    17. on / in time ;
    18. at first / last / once ;
    19. in Chinese / English ;
    20. take care of ;
  9. 序数词作副词时前面不用
    • He came first in the race. Work must come first.
  10. 头衔、职位、称呼前一般不用
    • This is Doctor Li.
    • The guards took the American to General Lee.

名词

介词

代词

王菲语法树概述

数词

形容词

副词

时态

语态

非谓语动词

虚拟语气

状语从句

名词性从句

定语从句

强调句和倒装句

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