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Arm_MoveIt

Simulation operation of six-axis manipulator based on ROS (including point position control and trajectory control of the manipulator)

机械臂操作文档

姓名:杨帆 学号:1711503 专业:智能科学与技术

一.平台说明

操作系统:Ubuntu 16.04

仿真平台:ROS+RVIZ+MoveIt

机械臂:六轴两爪七自由度机械臂

二.操作说明

  • 确保已在Ubuntu16.04环境下安装ROS kinetic,并安装MoveIt.

  • Elk_Arm文件夹下的三个功能包elk_arm_description,elk_arm_planning,elk_moveit_config放到工作空间目录的src文件夹下.

  • 在工作空间目录下执行

    $ catkin_make
    

    进行功能包编译.

  • 功能实现

    新建终端,执行

    $ roslaunch elk_moveit_config demo.launch
    

    可看到如下RVIZ界面

    1

    1. 点位控制

      新建终端,执行

      $ rosrun elk_arm_planning six_point_control.py 
      

      可观察机械臂到达指定的六个点位并在终端中有显示.

    2. 椭圆轨迹运动

      新建终端,执行

      $ rosrun elk_arm_planning oval_trajectory_planning.py 
      

      可观察机械臂绘制出椭圆轨迹.如下

      2
    3. "8"字型轨迹运动

      新建终端,执行

      $ rosrun elk_arm_planning eight_trajectory_planning.py
      

      可观察机械臂绘制出"8"字型轨迹.如下

      3
    4. 避障轨迹规划

      新建终端,执行

      $ rosrun elk_arm_planning obstacles_planning.py
      

      可观察机器人完成避障轨迹规划.如下

      4
  • 注:在RVIZ中出现尾迹重叠看不清楚的情况,可将RVIZ左边栏中的displays-->robot_model--->links--->grasping_frame--->show trail取消勾选后再次勾选,重新执行操作命令即可.

三.机械臂说明

  • 机械臂结构

    elk_arm_description/urdf/elk_arm.xacro文件为机械臂的描述文件,其中定义了机械臂的外观,物理属性(碰撞属性等),关节最大旋转角度,关节最大旋转速度等,机械臂的DH参数表如下所示

    关节 连杆长度 连杆扭角 关节偏距 关节转角
    1 0 0 0 theta 1
    2 0 -90 0.1 theta 2
    3 0.14 0 0.14 theta 3
    4 0 -90 0.22 theta 4
    5 0 90 0.06 theta 5
    6 0 -90 0.06 theta 6
  • MoveIt机械臂控制平台

    • MoveIt系统架构

      MoveIt通过move_group节点进行机械臂的路径规划,具体结构如下

      5

    • MoveIt运动规划器的结构

      6

    • 程序中使用ik_track运动规划器,进行正逆运动学的求解,但由于此运动规划器得到的是数值解而非解析解,会导致频繁出现相同位置规划路径不同的问题.

四.代码实现说明

  • 点位控制(six_point_control.py)

    使用关节空间控制机械臂到达空间中的六个点位

    target_pose1.pose.position.x = -0.20954
    target_pose1.pose.position.y = 0.089024
    target_pose1.pose.position.z = 0.60222
    target_pose1.pose.orientation.x = 0.37667
    target_pose1.pose.orientation.y = 0.75248
    target_pose1.pose.orientation.z = 0.4445
    target_pose1.pose.orientation.w = -0.30711

    position为机械臂末端坐标,orientation为机械臂末端姿态的四元数表示.

  • 椭圆轨迹控制(oval_trajectory_planning.py)

    微元法将椭圆轨迹分成很多份的直线笛卡尔轨迹的规划

    centerA = target_pose.pose.position.y
    centerB = target_pose.pose.position.z
    long_axis = 0.03
    short_axis=0.06
    for th in numpy.arange(0, 6.28, 0.005):
        target_pose.pose.position.y = centerA + long_axis * math.cos(th)-0.03
        target_pose.pose.position.z = centerB + short_axis * math.sin(th)
        wpose = deepcopy(target_pose.pose)
        waypoints.append(deepcopy(wpose))

    将椭圆分出的点位加入列表中,遍历列表即可完成椭圆轨迹.

  • "8"字型轨迹控制

    同椭圆轨迹规划,使用微元法,将"8"字看做两个圆的拼接

    for th in numpy.arange(0, 6.284, 0.005):
        target_pose.pose.position.y = centerA + radius * math.cos(th-1.571)
        target_pose.pose.position.z = centerB + radius * math.sin(th-1.571)+0.04
        wpose = deepcopy(target_pose.pose)
        waypoints.append(deepcopy(wpose))
    for th in numpy.arange(0, 6.284, 0.005):
        target_pose.pose.position.y = centerA + radius * math.cos(-th+1.571)
        target_pose.pose.position.z = centerB + radius * math.sin(-th+1.571)-0.04
        wpose = deepcopy(target_pose.pose)
        waypoints.append(deepcopy(wpose)) 
  • 避障轨迹规划

    在环境中加入桌子及方块等障碍物,然后利用MoveIt进行运动规划,即可实现MoveIt控制机械臂自主避障的功能,自主避障为MoveIt中本身自带的功能,无需再进行操作.

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