Traditionally, android apps are built with ant, gradle or an IDE. There's a lot of overhead with these methods and some systems (e.g. my Raspberry Pi) don't have such tools easily available.
If you'd like to build android apps from the command line, this simple program will show you how to do it. As a bonus, you can have all the files to build an app in the same directory.
This method works on my Raspberry Pi.
This version uses kotlin instead of java. See my other repository for java: apkwithmake..
Look at the Makefile and review the variables at the top. You'll need to update some of these for your system and versions.
Try "make unsigned" to start. If that builds fine, then try "make debug" and "make release" to make a debug apk and a release apk, similar to "ant debug" and "ant release".
Kotlin code depends on having supporting libraries present. The compiler conveniently comes with kotlin-stdlib.jar which contains such libraries.
However, if I run my dx against kotlin-stdlib.jar, dx returns this error:
PARSE ERROR:
unsupported class file version 53.0
...while parsing META-INF/versions/9/module-info.class
1 error; aborting
As a workaround, this example will extract the class files from kotlin-stdlib.jar and remove the offending META-INF files.
If your version of dx works with your version of kotlin-stdlib.jar, you may be able to skip this workaround. See the comment in Makefile where dx is called.
guilty@ftl:~/src/android/skel-kotlin$ make
mkdir -p /tmp/androidbuild
cp AndroidManifest.xml /tmp/androidbuild/AndroidManifest.xml
mkdir -p /tmp/androidbuild/res/drawable
mkdir -p /tmp/androidbuild/res/layout
mkdir -p /tmp/androidbuild/res/values
mkdir -p /tmp/androidbuild/src/com/example/skeleton
mkdir -p /tmp/androidbuild/kotlin
cp icon.png /tmp/androidbuild/res/drawable/
cp main.xml /tmp/androidbuild/res/layout/
cp strings.xml /tmp/androidbuild/res/values/
cp *.kt /tmp/androidbuild/src/com/example/skeleton/
/usr/bin/aapt package -f -m -J /tmp/androidbuild/src -M /tmp/androidbuild/AndroidManifest.xml -S /tmp/androidbuild/res -I /usr/lib/android-sdk/platforms/android-19/android.jar
/usr/bin/javac -source 8 -target 8 -d /tmp/androidbuild/obj -classpath /tmp/androidbuild/src -bootclasspath /usr/lib/android-sdk/platforms/android-19/android.jar /tmp/androidbuild/src/com/example/skeleton/*.java
/opt/kotlin/kotlinc/bin/kotlinc -classpath /usr/lib/android-sdk/platforms/android-19/android.jar:/tmp/androidbuild/obj/com/example/skeleton -d /tmp/androidbuild/obj /tmp/androidbuild/src/com/example/skeleton/*.kt
WARNING: An illegal reflective access operation has occurred
WARNING: Illegal reflective access by com.intellij.util.ReflectionUtil to method java.util.ResourceBundle.setParent(java.util.ResourceBundle)
WARNING: Please consider reporting this to the maintainers of com.intellij.util.ReflectionUtil
WARNING: Use --illegal-access=warn to enable warnings of further illegal reflective access operations
WARNING: All illegal access operations will be denied in a future release
unzip -q /opt/kotlin/kotlinc/lib/kotlin-stdlib.jar -d /tmp/androidbuild/kotlin
rm -rf /tmp/androidbuild/kotlin/META-INF
/usr/lib/android-sdk/build-tools/27.0.1/dx --dex --output=/tmp/androidbuild/classes.dex /tmp/androidbuild/obj /tmp/androidbuild/kotlin
mkdir -p /tmp/androidbuild/bin
/usr/bin/aapt package -f -m -F /tmp/androidbuild/bin/skeleton.unaligned.apk -M /tmp/androidbuild/AndroidManifest.xml -S /tmp/androidbuild/res -I /usr/lib/android-sdk/platforms/android-19/android.jar
cd /tmp/androidbuild ; /usr/bin/aapt add /tmp/androidbuild/bin/skeleton.unaligned.apk classes.dex
'classes.dex'...
/usr/bin/zipalign -f 4 /tmp/androidbuild/bin/skeleton.unaligned.apk /tmp/androidbuild/bin/skeleton.unsigned.apk
ls -l /tmp/androidbuild/bin/skeleton.unsigned.apk
-rw-r--r-- 1 guilty guilty 618099 Feb 17 16:37 /tmp/androidbuild/bin/skeleton.unsigned.apk
guilty@ftl:~/src/android/skel-kotlin$ make debug
cp /tmp/androidbuild/bin/skeleton.unsigned.apk /tmp/androidbuild/bin/skeleton.tosign.apk
/usr/bin/apksigner sign --ks ~/.android/debug.keystore -ks-pass pass:android /tmp/androidbuild/bin/skeleton.tosign.apk
mv /tmp/androidbuild/bin/skeleton.tosign.apk /tmp/androidbuild/bin/skeleton.debug.apk
ls -l /tmp/androidbuild/bin/skeleton.debug.apk
-rw-r--r-- 1 guilty guilty 620688 Feb 17 16:37 /tmp/androidbuild/bin/skeleton.debug.apk
guilty@ftl:~/src/android/skel-kotlin$
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