"Knowledge is powerful, be careful how you use it!"
A collection of inspiring lists, manuals, cheatsheets, blogs, hacks, one-liners, cli/web tools, and more.
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📔 What is it?
This repository is a collection of various materials and tools that I use every day in my work. It contains a lot of useful information gathered in one piece. It is an invaluable source of knowledge for me that I often look back on.
🚻 For whom?
For everyone, really. Here everyone can find their favourite tastes. But to be perfectly honest, it is aimed towards System and Network administrators, DevOps, Pentesters, and Security Researchers.
ℹ️ Contributing
If you find something which doesn't make sense, or something doesn't seem right, please make a pull request and please add valid and well-reasoned explanations about your changes or comments.
A few simple rules for this project:
- inviting and clear
- not tiring
- useful
These below rules may be better:
- easy to contribute to (Markdown + HTML ...)
- easy to find (simple TOC, maybe it's worth extending them?)
Url marked * is temporary unavailable. Please don't delete it without confirming that it has permanently expired.
Before adding a pull request, please see the contributing guidelines. You should also remember about this:
+ This repository is not meant to contain everything but only good quality stuff.
All suggestions/PR are welcome!
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📰 RSS Feed & Updates
GitHub exposes an RSS/Atom feed of the commits, which may also be useful if you want to be kept informed about all changes.
☑️ ToDo
- Add new stuff...
- Add useful shell functions
- Add one-liners for collection tools (eg. CLI Tools)
- Sort order in lists
New items are also added on a regular basis.
💢 Table of Contents
Only main chapters:
- CLI Tools
- GUI Tools
- Web Tools
- Systems/Services
- Networks
- Containers/Orchestration
- Manuals/Howtos/Tutorials
- Inspiring Lists
- Blogs/Podcasts/Videos
- Hacking/Penetration Testing
- Your daily knowledge and news
- Other Cheat Sheets
- One-liners
- Shell functions
🔱 The Book of Secret Knowledge (Chapters)
[TOC]
CLI Tools▪️ Shells
🔸 bash-it - is a framework for using, developing and maintaining shell scripts and custom commands.
🔸 Starship - the cross-shell prompt written in Rust.
▪️ Managers
▪️ Text editors
🔸 emacs - is an extensible, customizable, free/libre text editor - and more.
▪️ Files and directories
▪️ Network
🔸 pbscan - is a faster and more efficient stateless SYN scanner and banner grabber.
🔸 mtr - is a tool that combines the functionality of the 'traceroute' and 'ping' programs in a single network diagnostic tool.
🔸 ngrep - is like GNU grep applied to the network layer.
🔸 bmon - is a monitoring and debugging tool to capture networking related statistics and prepare them visually.
🔸 Nemesis - packet manipulation CLI tool; craft and inject packets of several protocols.
🔸 packetfu - a mid-level packet manipulation library for Ruby.
🔸 aria2 - is a lightweight multi-protocol & multi-source command-line download utility.
▪️ Network (DNS)
🔸 subfinder - is a subdomain discovery tool that discovers valid subdomains for websites.
🔸 amass - is tool that obtains subdomain names by scraping data sources, crawling web archives and more.
🔸 massdns - is a high-performance DNS stub resolver for bulk lookups and reconnaissance.
▪️ Network (HTTP)
🔸 kurly - is an alternative to the widely popular curl program, written in Golang.
🔸 HeadlessBrowsers - a list of (almost) all headless web browsers in existence.
🔸 ab - is a single-threaded command line tool for measuring the performance of HTTP web servers.
🔸 wrk2 - is a constant throughput, correct latency recording variant of wrk.
🔸 gobench - http/https load testing and benchmarking tool.
▪️ SSL
🔸 openssl - is a robust, commercial-grade, and full-featured toolkit for the TLS and SSL protocols.
🔸 gnutls-cli - client program to set up a TLS connection to some other computer.
🔸 cipherscan - a very simple way to find out which SSL ciphersuites are supported by a target.
🔸 mkcert - simple zero-config tool to make locally trusted development certificates with any names you'd like.
🔸 certstrap - tools to bootstrap CAs, certificate requests, and signed certificates.
▪️ Security
🔸 DevSec Hardening Framework - Security + DevOps: Automatic Server Hardening.
▪️ Auditing Tools
🔸 Tiger - is a security tool that can be use both as a security audit and intrusion detection system.
🔸 Rkhunter - scanner tool for Linux systems that scans backdoors, rootkits and local exploits on your systems.
▪️ System Diagnostics/Debuggers
🔸 ltrace - is a library call tracer, used to trace calls made by programs to library functions.
🔸 bpftrace - high-level tracing language for Linux eBPF.
🔸 Valgrind - is an instrumentation framework for building dynamic analysis tools.
🔸 htop - interactive text-mode process viewer for Unix systems. It aims to be a better 'top'.
🔸 lsof - displays in its output information about files that are opened by processes.
🔸 lsofgraph - small utility to convert Unix lsof output to a graph showing FIFO and UNIX interprocess communication.
🔸 Performance Co-Pilot - a system performance analysis toolkit.
▪️ Log Analyzers
🔸 angle-grinder - slice and dice log files on the command line.
🔸 lnav - log file navigator with search and automatic refresh.
▪️ Databases
▪️ TOR
▪️ Messengers/IRC Clients
▪️ Other
🔸 sysadmin-util - tools for Linux/Unix sysadmins.
🔸 commander.js - minimal CLI creator in JavaScript.
🔸 gron - make JSON greppable!
[TOC]
GUI Tools▪️ Terminal emulators
▪️ Network
🔸 Ettercap - is a comprehensive network monitor tool.
🔸 EtherApe - is a graphical network monitoring solution.
▪️ Browsers
🔸 TOR Browser - protect your privacy and defend yourself against network surveillance and traffic analysis.
▪️ Password Managers
▪️ Messengers/IRC Clients
▪️ Messengers (end-to-end encryption)
▪️ Text editors
🔸 Atom - a hackable text editor for the 21st Century.
[TOC]
Web Tools▪️ Browsers
🔸 Can I use - provides up-to-date browser support tables for support of front-end web technologies.
▪️ SSL/Security
🔸 SSLLabs Server Test - free online service performs a deep analysis of the configuration of any SSL web server.
🔸 SSLLabs Server Test (DEV) - free online service performs a deep analysis of the configuration of any SSL web server.
🔸 ImmuniWeb® SSLScan - test SSL/TLS (PCI DSS, HIPAA and NIST).
🔸 urlscan.io - service to scan and analyse websites.
🔸 cipherli.st - strong ciphers for Apache, Nginx, Lighttpd and more.
🔸 dhtool - public Diffie-Hellman parameter service/tool.
🔸 badssl.com - memorable site for testing clients against bad SSL configs.
🔸 crt.sh - discovers certificates by continually monitoring all of the publicly known CT.
🔸 ssl-config-generator - help you follow the Mozilla Server Side TLS configuration guidelines.
▪️ HTTP Headers & Web Linters
▪️ DNS
🔸 dnssec-debugger - DS or DNSKEY records validator.
▪️ Mail
🔸 smtp-tls-checker - check an email domain for SMTP TLS support.
▪️ Encoders/Decoders and Regex testing
🔸 URL Encode/Decode - tool from above to either encode or decode a string of text.
🔸 Uncoder - the online translator for search queries on log data.
🔸 RegExr - online tool to learn, build, & test Regular Expressions (RegEx / RegExp).
🔸 RegEx Testing - online regex testing tool.
🔸 The Cyber Swiss Army Knife - a web app for encryption, encoding, compression and data analysis.
▪️ Net-tools
🔸 RIPE NCC Atlas - a global, open, distributed Internet measurement platform.
🔸 Ping.eu - online Ping, Traceroute, DNS lookup, WHOIS and others.
🔸 Network-Tools - network tools for webmasters, IT technicians & geeks.
▪️ Privacy
▪️ Code parsers/playgrounds
🔸 ShellCheck - finds bugs in your shell scripts.
🔸 PHP Sandbox - test your PHP code with this code tester.
▪️ Performance
🔸 PageSpeed Insights - analyze your site’s speed and make it faster.
▪️ Mass scanners (search engines)
🔸 Censys - platform that helps information security practitioners discover, monitor, and analyze devices.
🔸 Shodan - the world's first search engine for Internet-connected devices.
🔸 netograph - tools to monitor and understand deep structure of the web.
🔸 PublicWWW - find any alphanumeric snippet, signature or keyword in the web pages HTML, JS and CSS code.
🔸 GhostProject? - search by full email address or username.
🔸 scylla - db dumps and more.
🔸 Mamont's open FTP Index - if a target has an open FTP site with accessible content it will be listed here.
🔸 OSINT Framework - focused on gathering information from free tools or resources.
🔸 Cybercrime Tracker - monitors and tracks various malware families that are used to perpetrate cyber crimes.
🔸 searchcode - helping you find real world examples of functions, API's and libraries.
▪️ Generators
🔸 thispersondoesnotexist - generate fake faces in one click - endless possibilities.
▪️ Passwords
🔸 dehashed - is a hacked database search engine.
▪️ CVE/Exploits databases
🔸 Exploit DB - CVE compliant archive of public exploits and corresponding vulnerable software.
🔸 sploitus - the exploit and tools database.
🔸 cveapi - free API for CVE data.
▪️ Mobile apps scanners
▪️ Private Search Engines
🔸 darksearch - the 1st real Dark Web search engine.
▪️ Secure Webmail Providers
▪️ Crypto
▪️ PGP Keyservers
🔸 SKS OpenPGP Key server - services for the SKS keyservers used by OpenPGP.
[TOC]
Systems/Services▪️ Operating Systems
🔸 Slackware - the most "Unix-like" Linux distribution.
🔸 OpenBSD - multi-platform 4.4BSD-based UNIX-like operating system.
🔸 Pentoo - is a security-focused livecd based on Gentoo.
▪️ HTTP(s) Services
🔸 Nginx - open source web and reverse proxy server that is similar to Apache, but very light weight.
🔸 Tengine - a distribution of Nginx with some advanced features.
▪️ DNS Services
▪️ Other Services
▪️ Security/hardening
🔸 security_monkey - monitors AWS, GCP, OpenStack, and GitHub orgs for assets and their changes over time.
🔸 streisand - sets up a new server running your choice of WireGuard, OpenSSH, OpenVPN, Shadowsocks, and more.
[TOC]
Networks▪️ Tools
🔸 netbox - IP address management (IPAM) and data center infrastructure management (DCIM) tool.
▪️ Labs
🔸 NRE Labs - learn automation by doing it. Right now, right here, in your browser.
▪️ Other
[TOC]
Containers/Orchestration▪️ CLI Tools
▪️ Web Tools
🔸 Moby - a collaborative project for the container ecosystem to assemble container-based system.
🔸 kong - The Cloud-Native API Gateway.
🔸 rancher - complete container management platform.
🔸 portainer - making Docker management easy.
🔸 nginx-proxy - automated nginx proxy for Docker containers using docker-gen.
▪️ Manuals/Tutorials/Best Practices
🔸 docker_practice - learn and understand Docker technologies, with real DevOps practice!
🔸 dockerfiles - various Dockerfiles I use on the desktop and on servers.
🔸 cheatsheet-kubernetes-A4 - Kubernetes CheatSheets in A4.
🔸 kubernetes-production-best-practices - checklists with best-practices for production-ready Kubernetes.
[TOC]
Manuals/Howtos/Tutorials▪️ Shell/Command line
🔸 bash-handbook - for those who wanna learn Bash.
▪️ Text Editors
▪️ Python
▪️ Sed & Awk & Other
▪️ *nix & Network
🔸 strace-little-book - a little book which introduces strace.
🔸 http3-explained - a document describing the HTTP/3 and QUIC protocols.
🔸 HTTP/2 in Action - an excellent introduction to the new HTTP/2 standard.
▪️ Microsoft
▪️ Large-scale systems
🔸 Awesome Scalability - best practices in building High Scalability, High Availability, High Stability and more.
▪️ System hardening
🔸 CIS Benchmarks - are secure configuration settings for over 100 technologies, available as a free PDF download.
🔸 awesome-security-hardening - is a collection of security hardening guides, tools and other resources.
🔸 The Practical Linux Hardening Guide - provides a high-level overview of hardening GNU/Linux systems.
▪️ Security & Privacy
▪️ Web Apps
🔸 OWASP ASVS 4.0 - is a list of application security requirements or tests.
🔸 API-Security-Checklist - security countermeasures when designing, testing, and releasing your API.
🔸 Weird Proxies - reverse proxy related attacks; it is a result of analysis of various reverse proxies, cache proxies, etc.
🔸 Explosive blog - great blog about cybersec and pentests.
▪️ All-in-one
▪️ Other
🔸 50M_CTF_Writeup - $50 million CTF from Hackerone - writeup.
🔸 How to start RE/malware analysis? - collection of some hints and useful links for the beginners.
🔸 The C10K problem - it's time for web servers to handle ten thousand clients simultaneously, don't you think?
🔸 BGP Meets Cat - after 3072 hours of manipulating BGP, Job Snijders has succeeded in drawing a Nyancat.
🔸 bgp-battleships - playing battleships over BGP.
🔸 how-web-works - based on the 'What happens when...' repository.
🔸 TOP500 Supercomputers - shows the 500 most powerful commercially available computer systems known to us.
🔸 howhttps.works - how HTTPS works ...in a comic!
🔸 howdns.works - a fun and colorful explanation of how DNS works.
[TOC]
Inspiring Lists▪️ SysOps/DevOps
🔸 Awesome Pcaptools - collection of tools developed by other researchers to process network traces.
🔸 Awesome Postgres - list of awesome PostgreSQL software, libraries, tools and resources.
🔸 DevOps-Guide - DevOps Guide from basic to advanced with Interview Questions and Notes.
▪️ Developers
🔸 Web Developer Roadmap - roadmaps, articles and resources to help you choose your path, learn and improve.
🔸 Front-End-Performance-Checklist - the only Front-End Performance Checklist that runs faster than the others.
▪️ Security/Pentesting
🔸 awesome-devsecops - an authoritative list of awesome devsecops tools.
🔸 awesome-osint - is a curated list of amazingly awesome OSINT.
🔸 Free Security eBooks - list of a Free Security and Hacking eBooks.
🔸 reverseengineering-reading-list - a list of Reverse Engineering articles, books, and papers.
🔸 RobotsDisallowed - a curated list of the most common and most interesting robots.txt disallowed directories.
🔸 HackingNeuralNetworks - is a small course on exploiting and defending neural networks.
🔸 wildcard-certificates - why you probably shouldn't use a wildcard certificate.
🔸 Don't use VPN services - which is what every third-party "VPN provider" does.
▪️ Other
🔸 post-mortems - is a collection of postmortems (config errors, hardware failures, and more).
🔸 build-your-own-x - build your own (insert technology here).
🔸 The-Documentation-Compendium - various README templates & tips on writing high-quality documentation.
[TOC]
Blogs/Podcasts/Videos▪️ SysOps/DevOps
▪️ Developers
▪️ Geeky Persons
🔸 Brendan Gregg's Blog - is an industry expert in computing performance and cloud computing.
🔸 Gynvael "GynDream" Coldwind - is a IT security engineer at Google.
🔸 Mattias Geniar - developer, sysadmin, blogger, podcaster and public speaker.
▪️ Geeky Blogs
🔸 Linux Audit - the Linux security blog about auditing, hardening and compliance by Michael Boelen.
🔸
Linux Security Expert - trainings, howtos, checklists, security tools and more.
🔸 Decipher - security news that informs and inspires.
▪️ Geeky Vendor Blogs
🔸 Thycotic - where CISOs and IT Admins come to learn about industry trends, IT security, data breaches, and more.
▪️ Geeky Cybersecurity Podcasts
🔸 Tenable Podcast - conversations and interviews related to Cyber Exposure, and more.
▪️ Geeky Cybersecurity Video Blogs
▪️ Best Personal Twitter Accounts
🔸 @esrtweet - often referred to as ESR, is an American software developer, and open-source software advocate.
🔸 @x0rz - Security Researcher & Cyber Observer.
🔸 @TinkerSec - tinkerer, cypherpunk, hacker.
🔸 @matthew_d_green - a cryptographer and professor at Johns Hopkins University.
▪️ Best Commercial Twitter Accounts
🔸 @haveibeenpwned - check if you have an account that has been compromised in a data breach.
🔸 @attcyber - AT&T Cybersecurity’s Edge-to-Edge technologies provide threat intelligence, and more.
🔸 @TheManyHatsClub - an information security focused podcast and group of individuals from all walks of life.
🔸 @NCSC - the National Cyber Security Centre. Helping to make the UK the safest place to live and work online.
▪️ A piece of history
▪️ Other
[TOC]
Hacking/Penetration Testing▪️ Pentesters arsenal tools
🔸 Metasploit - tool and framework for pentesting system, web and many more, contains a lot a ready to use exploit.
🔸 Nikto2 - web server scanner which performs comprehensive tests against web servers for multiple items.
🔸 Photon - incredibly fast crawler designed for OSINT.
🔸 Sn1per - automated pentest framework for offensive security experts.
🔸 vuls - is an agent-less vulnerability scanner for Linux, FreeBSD, and other.
🔸 Corsy - CORS misconfiguration scanner.
🔸 Raccoon - is a high performance offensive security tool for reconnaissance and vulnerability scanning.
🔸 hashcat - world's fastest and most advanced password recovery utility.
🔸 p0f - is a tool to identify the players behind any incidental TCP/IP communications.
🔸 ssh_scan - a prototype SSH configuration and policy scanner.
🔸 exploitdb - searchable archive from The Exploit Database.
🔸 getsploit - is a command line utility for searching and downloading exploits.
🔸 security-tools - collection of small security tools created mostly in Python. CTFs, pentests and so on.
🔸 pentestpackage - is a package of Pentest scripts.
🔸 fuzzdb - dictionary of attack patterns and primitives for black-box application fault injection and resource discovery.
🔸 IDA - multi-processor disassembler and debugger useful for reverse engineering malware.
🔸 archerysec - vulnerability assessment and management helps to perform scans and manage vulnerabilities.
🔸 Osmedeus - fully automated offensive security tool for reconnaissance and vulnerability scanning.
🔸 beef - the browser exploitation framework project.
▪️ Pentests bookmarks collection
🔸 Pentests MindMap - amazing mind map with vulnerable apps and systems.
🔸 WebApps Security Tests MindMap - incredible mind map for WebApps security tests.
🔸 Awesome-Hacking-Tools - is a curated list of awesome Hacking Tools.
🔸 Hacking Cheat Sheet - author hacking and pentesting notes.
🔸 payloads - git all the Payloads! A collection of web attack payloads.
🔸 AwesomeXSS - is a collection of Awesome XSS resources.
🔸 DEF CON Media Server - great stuff from DEFCON.
🔸 SQL Injection Cheat Sheet - detailed technical information about the many different variants of the SQL Injection.
🔸 shell-storm repo CTF - great archive of CTFs.
🔸 hackso.me - a great journey into security.
▪️ Backdoors/exploits
▪️ Wordlists and Weak passwords
🔸 skullsecurity passwords - password dictionaries and leaked passwords repository.
▪️ Bounty platforms
🔸 YesWeHack - bug bounty platform with infosec jobs.
🔸 Openbugbounty - allows any security researcher reporting a vulnerability on any website.
🔸 Crowdshield - crowdsourced security & bug bounty management.
🔸 Synack - crowdsourced security & bug bounty programs, crowd security intelligence platform and more.
▪️ Web Training Apps (local installation)
🔸 metasploitable2 - vulnerable web application amongst security researchers.
🔸 juicy-ctf - run Capture the Flags and Security Trainings with OWASP Juice Shop.
🔸 SecurityShepherd - web and mobile application security training platform.
🔸 dvna - damn vulnerable NodeJS application.
▪️ Labs (ethical hacking platforms/trainings/CTFs)
🔸 Silesia Security Lab - high quality security testing services.
🔸 Practical Pentest Labs - pentest lab, take your Hacking skills to the next level.
🔸 Hack Yourself First - it's full of nasty app sec holes.
🔸 RingZer0 - tons of challenges designed to test and improve your hacking skills.
🔸 Ubeeri - preconfigured lab environments.
🔸 Pentestit - emulate IT infrastructures of real companies for legal pen testing and improving penetration testing skills.
🔸 DomGoat - DOM XSS security learning and practicing platform.
🔸 Stereotyped Challenges - upgrade your web hacking techniques today!
🔸 OverTheWire - can help you to learn and practice security concepts in the form of fun-filled games.
🔸 Vulnhub - allows anyone to gain practical 'hands-on' experience in digital security.
🔸 HackThis! - discover how hacks, dumps and defacements are performed and secure your website against hackers.
🔸 0x00sec - the home of the Hacker - Malware, Reverse Engineering, and Computer Science.
▪️ CTF platforms
🔸 fbctf - platform to host Capture the Flag competitions.
▪️ Other resources
🔸 OSCPRepo - a list of resources and scripts that I have been gathering in preparation for the OSCP.
[TOC]
Your daily knowledge and news▪️ RSS Readers
▪️ IRC Channels
▪️ Security
🔸 Google Online Security Blog - the latest news and insights from Google on security and safety on the Internet.
🔸 Qualys Blog - expert network security guidance and news.
▪️ Other/All-in-one
[TOC]
Other Cheat SheetsBuild your own DNS Servers
🔸 DNS-over-TLS - following to your DoH server, setup your DNS-over-TLS (DoT) server.
🔸 DNS Servers - how (and why) i run my own DNS Servers.
Build your own Certificate Authority
Build your own System/Virtual Machine
DNS Servers list (privacy)
IP | URL |
---|---|
84.200.69.80 |
dns.watch |
94.247.43.254 |
opennic.org |
64.6.64.6 |
verisign.com |
89.233.43.71 |
censurfridns.dk |
1.1.1.1 |
cloudflare.com |
94.130.110.185 |
dnsprivacy.at |
TOP Browser extensions
Extension name | Description |
---|---|
IPvFoo |
Display the server IP address and HTTPS information across all page elements. |
FoxyProxy |
Simplifies configuring browsers to access proxy-servers. |
HTTPS Everywhere |
Automatically use HTTPS security on many sites. |
uMatrix |
Point & click to forbid/allow any class of requests made by your browser. |
uBlock Origin |
An efficient blocker: easy on memory and CPU footprint. |
Session Buddy |
Manage browser tabs and bookmarks with ease. |
SuperSorter |
Sort bookmarks recursively, delete duplicates, merge folders and more. |
Clear Cache |
Clear your cache and browsing data. |
d3coder |
Encoding/Decoding plugin for various types of encoding. |
Web Developer |
Adds a toolbar button with various web developer tools. |
ThreatPinch Lookup |
Add threat intelligence hover tool tips. |
TOP Burp extensions
Extension name | Description |
---|---|
Autorize |
Automatically detects authorization enforcement. |
Reflection |
An efficient blocker: easy on memory and CPU footprint. |
Logger++ |
Logs requests and responses for all Burp tools in a sortable table. |
Bypass WAF |
Adds headers useful for bypassing some WAF devices. |
JSON Beautifier |
Beautifies JSON content in the HTTP message viewer. |
JSON Web Tokens |
Enables Burp to decode and manipulate JSON web tokens. |
CSP Auditor |
Displays CSP headers for responses, and passively reports CSP weaknesses. |
CSP-Bypass |
Passively scans for CSP headers that contain known bypasses. |
Hackvertor |
Converts data using a tag-based configuration to apply various encoding. |
Active Scan++ |
Extends Burp's active and passive scanning capabilities. |
HTML5 Auditor |
Scans for usage of risky HTML5 features. |
Software Vulnerability Scanner |
Software vulnerability scanner based on Vulners.com audit API. |
Hack Mozilla Firefox addressbar
In Firefox's addressbar, you can limit results by typing special characters before or after your term:
^
- for matches in your browsing history*
- for matches in your bookmarks.%
- for matches in your currently open tabs.#
- for matches in page titles.@
- for matches in web addresses.
0xInfection)
Bypass WAFs by Shortening IP Address (byIP addresses can be shortened by dropping the zeroes:
http://1.0.0.1 → http://1.1
http://127.0.0.1 → http://127.1
http://192.168.0.1 → http://192.168.1
http://0xC0A80001 or http://3232235521 → 192.168.0.1
http://192.168.257 → 192.168.1.1
http://192.168.516 → 192.168.2.4
This bypasses WAF filters for SSRF, open-redirect, etc where any IP as input gets blacklisted.
For more information please see How to Obscure Any URL and Magic IP Address Shortcuts.
[TOC]
One-linersTable of Contents
- terminal
- mount
- fuser
- lsof
- ps
- top
- vmstat
- iostat
- strace
- kill
- find
- diff
- vimdiff
- tail
- cpulimit
- pwdx
- tr
- chmod
- who
- last
- screen
- script
- du
- inotifywait
- openssl
- secure-delete
- dd
- gpg
- system-other
- curl
- httpie
- ssh
- linux-dev
- tcpdump
- tcpick
- ngrep
- hping3
- nmap
- netcat
- socat
- p0f
- gnutls-cli
- netstat
- rsync
- host
- dig
- certbot
- network-other
- git
- awk
- sed
- grep
- perl
terminal
Tool:Reload shell without exit
exec $SHELL -l
Close shell keeping all subprocess running
disown -a && exit
Exit without saving shell history
kill -9 $$
unset HISTFILE && exit
Perform a branching conditional
true && echo success
false || echo failed
Pipe stdout and stderr to separate commands
some_command > >(/bin/cmd_for_stdout) 2> >(/bin/cmd_for_stderr)
Redirect stdout and stderr each to separate files and print both to the screen
(some_command 2>&1 1>&3 | tee errorlog ) 3>&1 1>&2 | tee stdoutlog
List of commands you use most often
history | \
awk '{CMD[$2]++;count++;}END { for (a in CMD)print CMD[a] " " CMD[a]/count*100 "% " a;}' | \
grep -v "./" | \
column -c3 -s " " -t | \
sort -nr | nl | head -n 20
Sterilize bash history
function sterile() {
history | awk '$2 != "history" { $1=""; print $0 }' | egrep -vi "\
curl\b+.*(-E|--cert)\b+.*\b*|\
curl\b+.*--pass\b+.*\b*|\
curl\b+.*(-U|--proxy-user).*:.*\b*|\
curl\b+.*(-u|--user).*:.*\b*
.*(-H|--header).*(token|auth.*)\b+.*|\
wget\b+.*--.*password\b+.*\b*|\
http.?://.+:.+@.*\
" > $HOME/histbuff; history -r $HOME/histbuff;
}
export PROMPT_COMMAND="sterile"
Look also: A naive utility to censor credentials in command history.
Quickly backup a file
cp filename{,.orig}
Empty a file (truncate to 0 size)
>filename
Delete all files in a folder that don't match a certain file extension
rm !(*.foo|*.bar|*.baz)
Pass multi-line string to a file
# cat >filename ... - overwrite the file
# cat >>filename ... - append to a file
cat > filename << __EOF__
data data data
__EOF__
Edit a file on a remote host using vim
vim scp://user@host//etc/fstab
Create a directory and change into it at the same time
mkd() { mkdir -p "$@" && cd "$@"; }
Convert uppercase files to lowercase files
rename 'y/A-Z/a-z/' *
Print a row of characters across the terminal
printf "%`tput cols`s" | tr ' ' '#'
Show shell history without line numbers
history | cut -c 8-
fc -l -n 1 | sed 's/^\s*//'
Run command(s) after exit session
cat > /etc/profile << __EOF__
_after_logout() {
username=$(whoami)
for _pid in $(ps afx | grep sshd | grep "$username" | awk '{print $1}') ; do
kill -9 $_pid
done
}
trap _after_logout EXIT
__EOF__
Generate a sequence of numbers
for ((i=1; i<=10; i+=2)) ; do echo $i ; done
# alternative: seq 1 2 10
for ((i=5; i<=10; ++i)) ; do printf '%02d\n' $i ; done
# alternative: seq -w 5 10
for i in {1..10} ; do echo $i ; done
Simple Bash filewatching
unset MAIL; export MAILCHECK=1; export MAILPATH='$FILE_TO_WATCH?$MESSAGE'
mount
Tool:Mount a temporary ram partition
mount -t tmpfs tmpfs /mnt -o size=64M
-t
- filesystem type-o
- mount options
Remount a filesystem as read/write
mount -o remount,rw /
fuser
Tool:Show which processes use the files/directories
fuser /var/log/daemon.log
fuser -v /home/supervisor
Kills a process that is locking a file
fuser -ki filename
-i
- interactive option
Kills a process that is locking a file with specific signal
fuser -k -HUP filename
--list-signals
- list available signal names
Show what PID is listening on specific port
fuser -v 53/udp
Show all processes using the named filesystems or block device
fuser -mv /var/www
lsof
Tool:Show process that use internet connection at the moment
lsof -P -i -n
Show process that use specific port number
lsof -i tcp:443
Lists all listening ports together with the PID of the associated process
lsof -Pan -i tcp -i udp
List all open ports and their owning executables
lsof -i -P | grep -i "listen"
Show all open ports
lsof -Pnl -i
Show open ports (LISTEN)
lsof -Pni4 | grep LISTEN | column -t
List all files opened by a particular command
lsof -c "process"
View user activity per directory
lsof -u username -a +D /etc
Show 10 largest open files
lsof / | \
awk '{ if($7 > 1048576) print $7/1048576 "MB" " " $9 " " $1 }' | \
sort -n -u | tail | column -t
Show current working directory of a process
lsof -p <PID> | grep cwd
ps
Tool:Show a 4-way scrollable process tree with full details
ps awwfux | less -S
Processes per user counter
ps hax -o user | sort | uniq -c | sort -r
Show all processes by name with main header
ps -lfC nginx
find
Tool:Find files that have been modified on your system in the past 60 minutes
find / -mmin 60 -type f
Find all files larger than 20M
find / -type f -size +20M
Find duplicate files (based on MD5 hash)
find -type f -exec md5sum '{}' ';' | sort | uniq --all-repeated=separate -w 33
Change permission only for files
cd /var/www/site && find . -type f -exec chmod 766 {} \;
cd /var/www/site && find . -type f -exec chmod 664 {} +
Change permission only for directories
cd /var/www/site && find . -type d -exec chmod g+x {} \;
cd /var/www/site && find . -type d -exec chmod g+rwx {} +
Find files and directories for specific user
find . -user <username> -print
Find files and directories for all without specific user
find . \!-user <username> -print
Delete older files than 60 days
find . -type f -mtime +60 -delete
Recursively remove all empty sub-directories from a directory
find . -depth -type d -empty -exec rmdir {} \;
How to find all hard links to a file
find </path/to/dir> -xdev -samefile filename
Recursively find the latest modified files
find . -type f -exec stat --format '%Y :%y %n' "{}" \; | sort -nr | cut -d: -f2- | head
Recursively find/replace of a string with sed
find . -not -path '*/\.git*' -type f -print0 | xargs -0 sed -i 's/foo/bar/g'
Recursively find/replace of a string in directories and file names
find . -depth -name '*test*' -execdir bash -c 'mv -v "$1" "${1//foo/bar}"' _ {} \;
Recursively find suid executables
find / \( -perm -4000 -o -perm -2000 \) -type f -exec ls -la {} \;
top
Tool:Use top to monitor only all processes with the specific string
top -p $(pgrep -d , <str>)
<str>
- process containing string (eg. nginx, worker)
vmstat
Tool:Show current system utilization (fields in kilobytes)
vmstat 2 20 -t -w
2
- number of times with a defined time interval (delay)20
- each execution of the command (count)-t
- show timestamp-w
- wide output-S M
- output of the fields in megabytes instead of kilobytes
Show current system utilization will get refreshed every 5 seconds
vmstat 5 -w
Display report a summary of disk operations
vmstat -D
Display report of event counters and memory stats
vmstat -s
Display report about kernel objects stored in slab layer cache
vmstat -m
iostat
Tool:Show information about the CPU usage, and I/O statistics about all the partitions
iostat 2 10 -t -m
2
- number of times with a defined time interval (delay)10
- each execution of the command (count)-t
- show timestamp-m
- fields in megabytes (-k
- in kilobytes, default)
Show information only about the CPU utilization
iostat 2 10 -t -m -c
Show information only about the disk utilization
iostat 2 10 -t -m -d
Show information only about the LVM utilization
iostat -N
strace
Tool:Track with child processes
# 1)
strace -f -p $(pidof glusterfsd)
# 2)
strace -f $(pidof php-fpm | sed 's/\([0-9]*\)/\-p \1/g')
Track process with 30 seconds limit
timeout 30 strace $(< /var/run/zabbix/zabbix_agentd.pid)
Track processes and redirect output to a file
ps auxw | grep '[a]pache' | awk '{print " -p " $2}' | \
xargs strace -o /tmp/strace-apache-proc.out
Track with print time spent in each syscall and limit length of print strings
ps auxw | grep '[i]init_policy' | awk '{print " -p " $2}' | \
xargs strace -f -e trace=network -T -s 10000
Track the open request of a network port
strace -f -e trace=bind nc -l 80
Track the open request of a network port (show TCP/UDP)
strace -f -e trace=network nc -lu 80
kill
Tool:Kill a process running on port
kill -9 $(lsof -i :<port> | awk '{l=$2} END {print l}')
diff
Tool:Compare two directory trees
diff <(cd directory1 && find | sort) <(cd directory2 && find | sort)
Compare output of two commands
diff <(cat /etc/passwd) <(cut -f2 /etc/passwd)
vimdiff
Tool:Highlight the exact differences, based on characters and words
vimdiff file1 file2
Compare two JSON files
vimdiff <(jq -S . A.json) <(jq -S . B.json)
Compare Hex dump
d(){ vimdiff <(f $1) <(f $2);};f(){ hexdump -C $1|cut -d' ' -f3-|tr -s ' ';}; d ~/bin1 ~/bin2
diffchar
Save diffchar @ ~/.vim/plugins
Click F7
to switch between diff modes
Usefull vimdiff
commands:
qa
to exit all windows:vertical resize 70
to resize window- set window width
Ctrl+W [N columns]+(Shift+)<\>
tail
Tool:Annotate tail -f with timestamps
tail -f file | while read ; do echo "$(date +%T.%N) $REPLY" ; done
Analyse an Apache access log for the most common IP addresses
tail -10000 access_log | awk '{print $1}' | sort | uniq -c | sort -n | tail
Analyse web server log and show only 5xx http codes
tail -n 100 -f /path/to/logfile | grep "HTTP/[1-2].[0-1]\" [5]"
tar
Tool:System backup with exclude specific directories
cd /
tar -czvpf /mnt/system$(date +%d%m%Y%s).tgz --directory=/ \
--exclude=proc/* --exclude=sys/* --exclude=dev/* --exclude=mnt/* .
System backup with exclude specific directories (pigz)
cd /
tar cvpf /backup/snapshot-$(date +%d%m%Y%s).tgz --directory=/ \
--exclude=proc/* --exclude=sys/* --exclude=dev/* \
--exclude=mnt/* --exclude=tmp/* --use-compress-program=pigz .
dump
Tool:System backup to file
dump -y -u -f /backup/system$(date +%d%m%Y%s).lzo /
Restore system from lzo file
cd /
restore -rf /backup/system$(date +%d%m%Y%s).lzo
cpulimit
Tool:Limit the cpu usage of a process
cpulimit -p pid -l 50
pwdx
Tool:Show current working directory of a process
pwdx <pid>
taskset
Tool:Start a command on only one CPU core
taskset -c 0 <command>
tr
Tool:Show directories in the PATH, one per line
tr : '\n' <<<$PATH
chmod
Tool:Remove executable bit from all files in the current directory
chmod -R -x+X *
Restore permission for /bin/chmod
# 1:
cp /bin/ls chmod.01
cp /bin/chmod chmod.01
./chmod.01 700 file
# 2:
/bin/busybox chmod 0700 /bin/chmod
# 3:
setfacl --set u::rwx,g::---,o::--- /bin/chmod
who
Tool:Find last reboot time
who -b
Detect a user sudo-su'd into the current shell
[[ $(who -m | awk '{ print $1 }') == $(whoami) ]] || echo "You are su-ed to $(whoami)"
last
Tool:Was the last reboot a panic?
(last -x -f $(ls -1t /var/log/wtmp* | head -2 | tail -1); last -x -f /var/log/wtmp) | \
grep -A1 reboot | head -2 | grep -q shutdown && echo "Expected reboot" || echo "Panic reboot"
screen
Tool:Start screen in detached mode
screen -d -m <command>
Attach to an existing screen session
screen -r -d <pid>
script
Tool:Record and replay terminal session
### Record session
# 1)
script -t 2>~/session.time -a ~/session.log
# 2)
script --timing=session.time session.log
### Replay session
scriptreplay --timing=session.time session.log
du
Tool:Show 20 biggest directories with 'K M G'
du | \
sort -r -n | \
awk '{split("K M G",v); s=1; while($1>1024){$1/=1024; s++} print int($1)" "v[s]"\t"$2}' | \
head -n 20
inotifywait
Tool:Init tool everytime a file in a directory is modified
while true ; do inotifywait -r -e MODIFY dir/ && ls dir/ ; done;
openssl
Tool:Testing connection to the remote host
echo | openssl s_client -connect google.com:443 -showcerts
Testing connection to the remote host (with SNI support)
echo | openssl s_client -showcerts -servername google.com -connect google.com:443
Testing connection to the remote host with specific ssl version
openssl s_client -tls1_2 -connect google.com:443
Testing connection to the remote host with specific ssl cipher
openssl s_client -cipher 'AES128-SHA' -connect google.com:443
Verify 0-RTT
_host="example.com"
cat > req.in << __EOF__
HEAD / HTTP/1.1
Host: $_host
Connection: close
__EOF__
openssl s_client -connect ${_host}:443 -tls1_3 -sess_out session.pem -ign_eof < req.in
openssl s_client -connect ${_host}:443 -tls1_3 -sess_in session.pem -early_data req.in
Generate private key without passphrase
# _len: 2048, 4096
( _fd="private.key" ; _len="4096" ; \
openssl genrsa -out ${_fd} ${_len} )
Generate private key with passphrase
# _ciph: des3, aes128, aes256
# _len: 2048, 4096
( _ciph="aes128" ; _fd="private.key" ; _len="4096" ; \
openssl genrsa -${_ciph} -out ${_fd} ${_len} )
Remove passphrase from private key
( _fd="private.key" ; _fd_unp="private_unp.key" ; \
openssl rsa -in ${_fd} -out ${_fd_unp} )
Encrypt existing private key with a passphrase
# _ciph: des3, aes128, aes256
( _ciph="aes128" ; _fd="private.key" ; _fd_pass="private_pass.key" ; \
openssl rsa -${_ciph} -in ${_fd} -out ${_fd_pass}
Check private key
( _fd="private.key" ; \
openssl rsa -check -in ${_fd} )
Get public key from private key
( _fd="private.key" ; _fd_pub="public.key" ; \
openssl rsa -pubout -in ${_fd} -out ${_fd_pub} )
Generate private key and CSR
( _fd="private.key" ; _fd_csr="request.csr" ; _len="4096" ; \
openssl req -out ${_fd_csr} -new -newkey rsa:${_len} -nodes -keyout ${_fd} )
Generate CSR
( _fd="private.key" ; _fd_csr="request.csr" ; \
openssl req -out ${_fd_csr} -new -key ${_fd} )
Generate CSR (metadata from existing certificate)
( _fd="private.key" ; _fd_csr="request.csr" ; _fd_crt="cert.crt" ; \
openssl x509 -x509toreq -in ${_fd_crt} -out ${_fd_csr} -signkey ${_fd} )
Generate CSR with -config param
( _fd="private.key" ; _fd_csr="request.csr" ; \
openssl req -new -sha256 -key ${_fd} -out ${_fd_csr} \
-config <(
cat <<-EOF
[req]
default_bits = 2048
default_md = sha256
prompt = no
distinguished_name = dn
req_extensions = req_ext
[ dn ]
C = "<two-letter ISO abbreviation for your country>"
ST = "<state or province where your organisation is legally located>"
L = "<city where your organisation is legally located>"
O = "<legal name of your organisation>"
OU = "<section of the organisation>"
CN = "<fully qualified domain name>"
[ req_ext ]
subjectAltName = @alt_names
[ alt_names ]
DNS.1 = <fully qualified domain name>
DNS.2 = <next domain>
DNS.3 = <next domain>
EOF
))
Other values in [ dn ]
:
Look at this great explanation: How to create multidomain certificates using config files
countryName = "DE" # C=
stateOrProvinceName = "Hessen" # ST=
localityName = "Keller" # L=
postalCode = "424242" # L/postalcode=
streetAddress = "Crater 1621" # L/street=
organizationName = "apfelboymschule" # O=
organizationalUnitName = "IT Department" # OU=
commonName = "example.com" # CN=
emailAddress = "[email protected]" # CN/emailAddress=
List available EC curves
openssl ecparam -list_curves
Generate ECDSA private key
# _curve: prime256v1, secp521r1, secp384r1
( _fd="private.key" ; _curve="prime256v1" ; \
openssl ecparam -out ${_fd} -name ${_curve} -genkey )
# _curve: X25519
( _fd="private.key" ; _curve="x25519" ; \
openssl genpkey -algorithm ${_curve} -out ${_fd} )
Print ECDSA private and public keys
( _fd="private.key" ; \
openssl ec -in ${_fd} -noout -text )
# For x25519 only extracting public key
( _fd="private.key" ; _fd_pub="public.key" ; \
openssl pkey -in ${_fd} -pubout -out ${_fd_pub} )
Generate private key with CSR (ECC)
# _curve: prime256v1, secp521r1, secp384r1
( _fd="domain.com.key" ; _fd_csr="domain.com.csr" ; _curve="prime256v1" ; \
openssl ecparam -out ${_fd} -name ${_curve} -genkey ; \
openssl req -new -key ${_fd} -out ${_fd_csr} -sha256 )
Generate self-signed certificate
# _len: 2048, 4096
( _fd="domain.key" ; _fd_out="domain.crt" ; _len="4096" ; _days="365" ; \
openssl req -newkey rsa:${_len} -nodes \
-keyout ${_fd} -x509 -days ${_days} -out ${_fd_out} )
Generate self-signed certificate from existing private key
# _len: 2048, 4096
( _fd="domain.key" ; _fd_out="domain.crt" ; _days="365" ; \
openssl req -key ${_fd} -nodes \
-x509 -days ${_days} -out ${_fd_out} )
Generate self-signed certificate from existing private key and csr
# _len: 2048, 4096
( _fd="domain.key" ; _fd_csr="domain.csr" ; _fd_out="domain.crt" ; _days="365" ; \
openssl x509 -signkey ${_fd} -nodes \
-in ${_fd_csr} -req -days ${_days} -out ${_fd_out} )
Generate DH public parameters
( _dh_size="2048" ; \
openssl dhparam -out /etc/nginx/ssl/dhparam_${_dh_size}.pem "$_dh_size" )
Display DH public parameters
openssl pkeyparam -in dhparam.pem -text
Extract private key from pfx
( _fd_pfx="cert.pfx" ; _fd_key="key.pem" ; \
openssl pkcs12 -in ${_fd_pfx} -nocerts -nodes -out ${_fd_key} )
Extract private key and certs from pfx
( _fd_pfx="cert.pfx" ; _fd_pem="key_certs.pem" ; \
openssl pkcs12 -in ${_fd_pfx} -nodes -out ${_fd_pem} )
Convert DER to PEM
( _fd_der="cert.crt" ; _fd_pem="cert.pem" ; \
openssl x509 -in ${_fd_der} -inform der -outform pem -out ${_fd_pem} )
Convert PEM to DER
( _fd_der="cert.crt" ; _fd_pem="cert.pem" ; \
openssl x509 -in ${_fd_pem} -outform der -out ${_fd_der} )
Verification of the private key
( _fd="private.key" ; \
openssl rsa -noout -text -in ${_fd} )
Verification of the public key
# 1)
( _fd="public.key" ; \
openssl pkey -noout -text -pubin -in ${_fd} )
# 2)
( _fd="private.key" ; \
openssl rsa -inform PEM -noout -in ${_fd} &> /dev/null ; \
if [ $? = 0 ] ; then echo -en "OK\n" ; fi )
Verification of the certificate
( _fd="certificate.crt" ; # format: pem, cer, crt \
openssl x509 -noout -text -in ${_fd} )
Verification of the CSR
( _fd_csr="request.csr" ; \
openssl req -text -noout -in ${_fd_csr} )
Check whether the private key and the certificate match
(openssl rsa -noout -modulus -in private.key | openssl md5 ; \
openssl x509 -noout -modulus -in certificate.crt | openssl md5) | uniq
secure-delete
Tool:Secure delete with shred
shred -vfuz -n 10 file
shred --verbose --random-source=/dev/urandom -n 1 /dev/sda
Secure delete with scrub
scrub -p dod /dev/sda
scrub -p dod -r file
Secure delete with badblocks
badblocks -s -w -t random -v /dev/sda
badblocks -c 10240 -s -w -t random -v /dev/sda
Secure delete with secure-delete
srm -vz /tmp/file
sfill -vz /local
sdmem -v
swapoff /dev/sda5 && sswap -vz /dev/sda5
dd
Tool:Show dd status every so often
dd <dd_params> status=progress
watch --interval 5 killall -USR1 dd
Redirect output to a file with dd
echo "string" | dd of=filename
gpg
Tool:Export public key
gpg --export --armor "<username>" > username.pkey
--export
- export all keys from all keyrings or specific key-a|--armor
- create ASCII armored output
Encrypt file
gpg -e -r "<username>" dump.sql
-e|--encrypt
- encrypt data-r|--recipient
- encrypt for specific
Decrypt file
gpg -o dump.sql -d dump.sql.gpg
-o|--output
- use as output file-d|--decrypt
- decrypt data (default)
Search recipient
gpg --keyserver hkp://keyserver.ubuntu.com --search-keys "<username>"
--keyserver
- set specific key server--search-keys
- search for keys on a key server
List all of the packets in an encrypted file
gpg --batch --list-packets archive.gpg
gpg2 --batch --list-packets archive.gpg
system-other
Tool:Reboot system from init
exec /sbin/init 6
Init system from single user mode
exec /sbin/init
Show current working directory of a process
readlink -f /proc/<PID>/cwd
Show actual pathname of the executed command
readlink -f /proc/<PID>/exe
curl
Tool:curl -Iks https://www.google.com
-I
- show response headers only-k
- insecure connection when using ssl-s
- silent mode (not display body)
curl -Iks --location -X GET -A "x-agent" https://www.google.com
--location
- follow redirects-X
- set method-A
- set user-agent
curl -Iks --location -X GET -A "x-agent" --proxy http://127.0.0.1:16379 https://www.google.com
--proxy [socks5://|http://]
- set proxy server
curl -o file.pdf -C - https://example.com/Aiju2goo0Ja2.pdf
-o
- write output to file-C
- resume the transfer
Find your external IP address (external services)
curl ipinfo.io
curl ipinfo.io/ip
curl icanhazip.com
curl ifconfig.me/ip ; echo
Repeat URL request
# URL sequence substitution with a dummy query string:
curl -ks https://example.com/?[1-20]
# With shell 'for' loop:
for i in {1..20} ; do curl -ks https://example.com/ ; done
Check DNS and HTTP trace with headers for specific domains
### Set domains and external dns servers.
_domain_list=(google.com) ; _dns_list=("8.8.8.8" "1.1.1.1")
for _domain in "${_domain_list[@]}" ; do
printf '=%.0s' {1..48}
echo
printf "[\\e[1;32m+\\e[m] resolve: %s\\n" "$_domain"
for _dns in "${_dns_list[@]}" ; do
# Resolve domain.
host "${_domain}" "${_dns}"
echo
done
for _proto in http https ; do
printf "[\\e[1;32m+\\e[m] trace + headers: %s://%s\\n" "$_proto" "$_domain"
# Get trace and http headers.
curl -Iks -A "x-agent" --location "${_proto}://${_domain}"
echo
done
done
unset _domain_list _dns_list
httpie
Tool:http -p Hh https://www.google.com
-p
- print request and response headersH
- request headersB
- request bodyh
- response headersb
- response body
http -p Hh https://www.google.com --follow --verify no
-F, --follow
- follow redirects--verify no
- skip SSL verification
http -p Hh https://www.google.com --follow --verify no \
--proxy http:http://127.0.0.1:16379
--proxy [http:]
- set proxy server
ssh
Tool:Escape Sequence
# Supported escape sequences:
~. - terminate connection (and any multiplexed sessions)
~B - send a BREAK to the remote system
~C - open a command line
~R - Request rekey (SSH protocol 2 only)
~^Z - suspend ssh
~# - list forwarded connections
~& - background ssh (when waiting for connections to terminate)
~? - this message
~~ - send the escape character by typing it twice
Compare a remote file with a local file
ssh user@host cat /path/to/remotefile | diff /path/to/localfile -
SSH connection through host in the middle
ssh -t reachable_host ssh unreachable_host
Run command over SSH on remote host
cat > cmd.txt << __EOF__
cat /etc/hosts
__EOF__
ssh host -l user $(<cmd.txt)
Get public key from private key
ssh-keygen -y -f ~/.ssh/id_rsa
Get all fingerprints
ssh-keygen -l -f .ssh/known_hosts
SSH authentication with user password
ssh -o PreferredAuthentications=password -o PubkeyAuthentication=no user@remote_host
SSH authentication with publickey
ssh -o PreferredAuthentications=publickey -o PubkeyAuthentication=yes -i id_rsa user@remote_host
Simple recording SSH session
function _ssh_sesslog() {
_sesdir="<path/to/session/logs>"
mkdir -p "${_sesdir}" && \
ssh $@ 2>&1 | tee -a "${_sesdir}/$(date +%Y%m%d).log"
}
# Alias:
alias ssh='_ssh_sesslog'
Using Keychain for SSH logins
### Delete all of ssh-agent's keys.
function _scl() {
/usr/bin/keychain --clear
}
### Add key to keychain.
function _scg() {
/usr/bin/keychain /path/to/private-key
source "$HOME/.keychain/$HOSTNAME-sh"
}
SSH login without processing any login scripts
ssh -tt user@host bash
SSH local port forwarding
Example 1:
# Forwarding our local 2250 port to nmap.org:443 from localhost through localhost
host1> ssh -L 2250:nmap.org:443 localhost
# Connect to the service:
host1> curl -Iks --location -X GET https://localhost:2250
Example 2:
# Forwarding our local 9051 port to db.d.x:5432 from localhost through node.d.y
host1> ssh -nNT -L 9051:db.d.x:5432 node.d.y
# Connect to the service:
host1> psql -U db_user -d db_dev -p 9051 -h localhost
-n
- redirects stdin from/dev/null
-N
- do not execute a remote command-T
- disable pseudo-terminal allocation
SSH remote port forwarding
# Forwarding our local 9051 port to db.d.x:5432 from host2 through node.d.y
host1> ssh -nNT -R 9051:db.d.x:5432 node.d.y
# Connect to the service:
host2> psql -U postgres -d postgres -p 8000 -h localhost
linux-dev
Tool:Testing remote connection to port
timeout 1 bash -c "</dev/<proto>/<host>/<port>" >/dev/null 2>&1 ; echo $?
<proto
- set protocol (tcp/udp)<host>
- set remote host<port>
- set destination port
Read and write to TCP or UDP sockets with common bash tools
exec 5<>/dev/tcp/<host>/<port>; cat <&5 & cat >&5; exec 5>&-
tcpdump
Tool:Filter incoming (on interface) traffic (specific ip:port)
tcpdump -ne -i eth0 -Q in host 192.168.252.1 and port 443
-n
- don't convert addresses (-nn
will not resolve hostnames or ports)-e
- print the link-level headers-i [iface|any]
- set interface-Q|-D [in|out|inout]
- choose send/receive direction (-D
- for old tcpdump versions)host [ip|hostname]
- set host, also[host not]
[and|or]
- set logicport [1-65535]
- set port number, also[port not]
Filter incoming (on interface) traffic (specific ip:port) and write to a file
tcpdump -ne -i eth0 -Q in host 192.168.252.1 and port 443 -c 5 -w tcpdump.pcap
-c [num]
- capture only num number of packets-w [filename]
- write packets to file,-r [filename]
- reading from file
Capture all ICMP packets
tcpdump -nei eth0 icmp
Check protocol used (TCP or UDP) for service
tcpdump -nei eth0 tcp port 22 -vv -X | egrep "TCP|UDP"
Display ASCII text (to parse the output using grep or other)
tcpdump -i eth0 -A -s0 port 443
Grab everything between two keywords
tcpdump -i eth0 port 80 -X | sed -n -e '/username/,/=ldap/ p'
Grab user and pass ever plain http
tcpdump -i eth0 port http -l -A | egrep -i \
'pass=|pwd=|log=|login=|user=|username=|pw=|passw=|passwd=|password=|pass:|user:|username:|password:|login:|pass |user ' \
--color=auto --line-buffered -B20
Extract HTTP User Agent from HTTP request header
tcpdump -ei eth0 -nn -A -s1500 -l | grep "User-Agent:"
Capture only HTTP GET and POST packets
tcpdump -ei eth0 -s 0 -A -vv \
'tcp[((tcp[12:1] & 0xf0) >> 2):4] = 0x47455420' or 'tcp[((tcp[12:1] & 0xf0) >> 2):4] = 0x504f5354'
or simply:
tcpdump -ei eth0 -s 0 -v -n -l | egrep -i "POST /|GET /|Host:"
Rotate capture files
tcpdump -ei eth0 -w /tmp/capture-%H.pcap -G 3600 -C 200
-G <num>
- pcap will be created every<num>
seconds-C <size>
- close the current pcap and open a new one if is larger than<size>
Top hosts by packets
tcpdump -ei enp0s25 -nnn -t -c 200 | cut -f 1,2,3,4 -d '.' | sort | uniq -c | sort -nr | head -n 20
Excludes any RFC 1918 private address
tcpdump -nei eth0 'not (src net (10 or 172.16/12 or 192.168/16) and dst net (10 or 172.16/12 or 192.168/16))'
tcpick
Tool:Analyse packets in real-time
while true ; do tcpick -a -C -r dump.pcap ; sleep 2 ; clear ; done
ngrep
Tool:ngrep -d eth0 "www.domain.com" port 443
-d [iface|any]
- set interface[domain]
- set hostnameport [1-65535]
- set port number
ngrep -d eth0 "www.domain.com" src host 10.240.20.2 and port 443
(host [ip|hostname])
- filter by ip or hostname(port [1-65535])
- filter by port number
ngrep -d eth0 -qt -O ngrep.pcap "www.domain.com" port 443
-q
- quiet mode (only payloads)-t
- added timestamps-O [filename]
- save output to file,-I [filename]
- reading from file
ngrep -d eth0 -qt 'HTTP' 'tcp'
HTTP
- show http headerstcp|udp
- set protocol[src|dst] host [ip|hostname]
- set direction for specific node
ngrep -l -q -d eth0 -i "User-Agent: curl*"
-l
- stdout line buffered-i
- case-insensitive search
hping3
Tool:hping3 -V -p 80 -s 5050 <scan_type> www.google.com
-V|--verbose
- verbose mode-p|--destport
- set destination port-s|--baseport
- set source port<scan_type>
- set scan type-F|--fin
- set FIN flag, port open if no reply-S|--syn
- set SYN flag-P|--push
- set PUSH flag-A|--ack
- set ACK flag (use when ping is blocked, RST response back if the port is open)-U|--urg
- set URG flag-Y|--ymas
- set Y unused flag (0x80 - nullscan), port open if no reply-M 0 -UPF
- set TCP sequence number and scan type (URG+PUSH+FIN), port open if no reply
hping3 -V -c 1 -1 -C 8 www.google.com
-c [num]
- packet count-1
- set ICMP mode-C|--icmptype [icmp-num]
- set icmp type (default icmp-echo = 8)
hping3 -V -c 1000000 -d 120 -S -w 64 -p 80 --flood --rand-source <remote_host>
--flood
- sent packets as fast as possible (don't show replies)--rand-source
- random source address mode-d --data
- data size-w|--win
- winsize (default 64)
nmap
Tool:Ping scans the network
nmap -sP 192.168.0.0/24
Show only open ports
nmap -F --open 192.168.0.0/24
Full TCP port scan using with service version detection
nmap -p 1-65535 -sV -sS -T4 192.168.0.0/24
Nmap scan and pass output to Nikto
nmap -p80,443 192.168.0.0/24 -oG - | nikto.pl -h -
Recon specific ip:service with Nmap NSE scripts stack
# Set variables:
_hosts="192.168.250.10"
_ports="80,443"
# Set Nmap NSE scripts stack:
_nmap_nse_scripts="+dns-brute,\
+http-auth-finder,\
+http-chrono,\
+http-cookie-flags,\
+http-cors,\
+http-cross-domain-policy,\
+http-csrf,\
+http-dombased-xss,\
+http-enum,\
+http-errors,\
+http-git,\
+http-grep,\
+http-internal-ip-disclosure,\
+http-jsonp-detection,\
+http-malware-host,\
+http-methods,\
+http-passwd,\
+http-phpself-xss,\
+http-php-version,\
+http-robots.txt,\
+http-sitemap-generator,\
+http-shellshock,\
+http-stored-xss,\
+http-title,\
+http-unsafe-output-escaping,\
+http-useragent-tester,\
+http-vhosts,\
+http-waf-detect,\
+http-waf-fingerprint,\
+http-xssed,\
+traceroute-geolocation.nse,\
+ssl-enum-ciphers,\
+whois-domain,\
+whois-ip"
# Set Nmap NSE script params:
_nmap_nse_scripts_args="dns-brute.domain=${_hosts},http-cross-domain-policy.domain-lookup=true,"
_nmap_nse_scripts_args+="http-waf-detect.aggro,http-waf-detect.detectBodyChanges,"
_nmap_nse_scripts_args+="http-waf-fingerprint.intensive=1"
# Perform scan:
nmap --script="$_nmap_nse_scripts" --script-args="$_nmap_nse_scripts_args" -p "$_ports" "$_hosts"
netcat
Tool:nc -kl 5000
-l
- listen for an incoming connection-k
- listening after client has disconnected>filename.out
- save receive data to file (optional)
nc 192.168.0.1 5051 < filename.in
< filename.in
- send data to remote host
nc -vz 10.240.30.3 5000
-v
- verbose output-z
- scan for listening daemons
nc -vzu 10.240.30.3 1-65535
-u
- scan only udp ports
Transfer data file (archive)
server> nc -l 5000 | tar xzvfp -
client> tar czvfp - /path/to/dir | nc 10.240.30.3 5000
Launch remote shell
# 1)
server> nc -l 5000 -e /bin/bash
client> nc 10.240.30.3 5000
# 2)
server> rm -f /tmp/f; mkfifo /tmp/f
server> cat /tmp/f | /bin/bash -i 2>&1 | nc -l 127.0.0.1 5000 > /tmp/f
client> nc 10.240.30.3 5000
Simple file server
while true ; do nc -l 5000 | tar -xvf - ; done
Simple minimal HTTP Server
while true ; do nc -l -p 1500 -c 'echo -e "HTTP/1.1 200 OK\n\n $(date)"' ; done
Simple HTTP Server
Restarts web server after each request - remove
while
condition for only single connection.
cat > index.html << __EOF__
<!doctype html>
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8">
<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge,chrome=1">
<title></title>
<meta name="description" content="">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
</head>
<body>
<p>
Hello! It's a site.
</p>
</body>
</html>
__EOF__
server> while : ; do \
(echo -ne "HTTP/1.1 200 OK\r\nContent-Length: $(wc -c <index.html)\r\n\r\n" ; cat index.html;) | \
nc -l -p 5000 \
; done
-p
- port number
Simple HTTP Proxy (single connection)
#!/usr/bin/env bash
if [[ $# != 2 ]] ; then
printf "%s\\n" \
"usage: ./nc-proxy listen-port bk_host:bk_port"
fi
_listen_port="$1"
_bk_host=$(echo "$2" | cut -d ":" -f1)
_bk_port=$(echo "$2" | cut -d ":" -f2)
printf " lport: %s\\nbk_host: %s\\nbk_port: %s\\n\\n" \
"$_listen_port" "$_bk_host" "$_bk_port"
_tmp=$(mktemp -d)
_back="$_tmp/pipe.back"
_sent="$_tmp/pipe.sent"
_recv="$_tmp/pipe.recv"
trap 'rm -rf "$_tmp"' EXIT
mkfifo -m 0600 "$_back" "$_sent" "$_recv"
sed "s/^/=> /" <"$_sent" &
sed "s/^/<= /" <"$_recv" &
nc -l -p "$_listen_port" <"$_back" | \
tee "$_sent" | \
nc "$_bk_host" "$_bk_port" | \
tee "$_recv" >"$_back"
server> chmod +x nc-proxy && ./nc-proxy 8080 192.168.252.10:8000
lport: 8080
bk_host: 192.168.252.10
bk_port: 8000
client> http -p h 10.240.30.3:8080
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Accept-Ranges: bytes
Cache-Control: max-age=31536000
Content-Length: 2748
Content-Type: text/html; charset=utf-8
Date: Sun, 01 Jul 2018 20:12:08 GMT
Last-Modified: Sun, 01 Apr 2018 21:53:37 GMT
Create a single-use TCP or UDP proxy
### TCP -> TCP
nc -l -p 2000 -c "nc [ip|hostname] 3000"
### TCP -> UDP
nc -l -p 2000 -c "nc -u [ip|hostname] 3000"
### UDP -> UDP
nc -l -u -p 2000 -c "nc -u [ip|hostname] 3000"
### UDP -> TCP
nc -l -u -p 2000 -c "nc [ip|hostname] 3000"
gnutls-cli
Tool:Testing connection to remote host (with SNI support)
gnutls-cli -p 443 google.com
Testing connection to remote host (without SNI support)
gnutls-cli --disable-sni -p 443 google.com
socat
Tool:Testing remote connection to port
socat - TCP4:10.240.30.3:22
-
- standard input (STDIO)TCP4:<params>
- set tcp4 connection with specific params[hostname|ip]
- set hostname/ip[1-65535]
- set port number
Redirecting TCP-traffic to a UNIX domain socket under Linux
socat TCP-LISTEN:1234,bind=127.0.0.1,reuseaddr,fork,su=nobody,range=127.0.0.0/8 UNIX-CLIENT:/tmp/foo
TCP-LISTEN:<params>
- set tcp listen with specific params[1-65535]
- set port numberbind=[hostname|ip]
- set bind hostname/ipreuseaddr
- allows other sockets to bind to an addressfork
- keeps the parent process attempting to produce more connectionssu=nobody
- set userrange=[ip-range]
- ip range
UNIX-CLIENT:<params>
- communicates with the specified peer socketfilename
- define socket
p0f
Tool:Set iface in promiscuous mode and dump traffic to the log file
p0f -i enp0s25 -p -d -o /dump/enp0s25.log
-i
- listen on the specified interface-p
- set interface in promiscuous mode-d
- fork into background-o
- output file
netstat
Tool:Graph # of connections for each hosts
netstat -an | awk '/ESTABLISHED/ { split($5,ip,":"); if (ip[1] !~ /^$/) print ip[1] }' | \
sort | uniq -c | awk '{ printf("%s\t%s\t",$2,$1) ; for (i = 0; i < $1; i++) {printf("*")}; print "" }'
Monitor open connections for specific port including listen, count and sort it per IP
watch "netstat -plan | grep :443 | awk {'print \$5'} | cut -d: -f 1 | sort | uniq -c | sort -nk 1"
Grab banners from local IPv4 listening ports
netstat -nlt | grep 'tcp ' | grep -Eo "[1-9][0-9]*" | xargs -I {} sh -c "echo "" | nc -v -n -w1 127.0.0.1 {}"
rsync
Tool:Rsync remote data as root using sudo
rsync --rsync-path 'sudo rsync' username@hostname:/path/to/dir/ /local/
host
Tool:Resolves the domain name (using external dns server)
host google.com 9.9.9.9
Checks the domain administrator (SOA record)
host -t soa google.com 9.9.9.9
dig
Tool:Resolves the domain name (short output)
dig google.com +short
Lookup NS record for specific domain
dig @9.9.9.9 google.com NS
Query only answer section
dig google.com +nocomments +noquestion +noauthority +noadditional +nostats
Query ALL DNS Records
dig google.com ANY +noall +answer
DNS Reverse Look-up
dig -x 172.217.16.14 +short
certbot
Tool:Generate multidomain certificate
certbot certonly -d example.com -d www.example.com
Generate wildcard certificate
certbot certonly --manual --preferred-challenges=dns -d example.com -d *.example.com
Generate certificate with 4096 bit private key
certbot certonly -d example.com -d www.example.com --rsa-key-size 4096
network-other
Tool:Get all subnets for specific AS (Autonomous system)
AS="AS32934"
whois -h whois.radb.net -- "-i origin ${AS}" | \
grep "^route:" | \
cut -d ":" -f2 | \
sed -e 's/^[ \t]//' | \
sort -n -t . -k 1,1 -k 2,2 -k 3,3 -k 4,4 | \
cut -d ":" -f2 | \
sed -e 's/^[ \t]/allow /' | \
sed 's/$/;/' | \
sed 's/allow */subnet -> /g'
Resolves domain name from dns.google.com with curl and jq
_dname="google.com" ; curl -s "https://dns.google.com/resolve?name=${_dname}&type=A" | jq .
git
Tool:Log alias for a decent view of your repo
# 1)
git log --oneline --decorate --graph --all
# 2)
git log --graph \
--pretty=format:'%Cred%h%Creset -%C(yellow)%d%Creset %s %Cgreen(%cr) %C(bold blue)<%an>%Creset' \
--abbrev-commit
python
Tool:Static HTTP web server
# Python 3.x
python3 -m http.server 8000 --bind 127.0.0.1
# Python 2.x
python -m SimpleHTTPServer 8000
Static HTTP web server with SSL support
# Python 3.x
from http.server import HTTPServer, BaseHTTPRequestHandler
import ssl
httpd = HTTPServer(('localhost', 4443), BaseHTTPRequestHandler)
httpd.socket = ssl.wrap_socket (httpd.socket,
keyfile="path/to/key.pem",
certfile='path/to/cert.pem', server_side=True)
httpd.serve_forever()
# Python 2.x
import BaseHTTPServer, SimpleHTTPServer
import ssl
httpd = BaseHTTPServer.HTTPServer(('localhost', 4443),
SimpleHTTPServer.SimpleHTTPRequestHandler)
httpd.socket = ssl.wrap_socket (httpd.socket,
keyfile="path/tp/key.pem",
certfile='path/to/cert.pem', server_side=True)
httpd.serve_forever()
Encode base64
python -m base64 -e <<< "sample string"
Decode base64
python -m base64 -d <<< "dGhpcyBpcyBlbmNvZGVkCg=="
awk
Tool:Search for matching lines
# egrep foo
awk '/foo/' filename
Search non matching lines
# egrep -v foo
awk '!/foo/' filename
Print matching lines with numbers
# egrep -n foo
awk '/foo/{print FNR,$0}' filename
Print the last column
awk '{print $NF}' filename
Find all the lines longer than 80 characters
awk 'length($0)>80{print FNR,$0}' filename
Print only lines of less than 80 characters
awk 'length < 80 filename
Print double new lines a file
awk '1; { print "" }' filename
Print line numbers
awk '{ print FNR "\t" $0 }' filename
awk '{ printf("%5d : %s\n", NR, $0) }' filename # in a fancy manner
Print line numbers for only non-blank lines
awk 'NF { $0=++a " :" $0 }; { print }' filename
Print the line and the next two (i=5) lines after the line matching regexp
awk '/foo/{i=5+1;}{if(i){i--; print;}}' filename
Print the lines starting at the line matching 'server {' until the line matching '}'
awk '/server {/,/}/' filename
Print multiple columns with separators
awk -F' ' '{print "ip:\t" $2 "\n port:\t" $3' filename
Remove empty lines
awk 'NF > 0' filename
# alternative:
awk NF filename
Delete trailing white space (spaces, tabs)
awk '{sub(/[ \t]*$/, "");print}' filename
Delete leading white space
awk '{sub(/^[ \t]+/, ""); print}' filename
Remove duplicate consecutive lines
# uniq
awk 'a !~ $0{print}; {a=$0}' filename
Remove duplicate entries in a file without sorting
awk '!x[$0]++' filename
Exclude multiple columns
awk '{$1=$3=""}1' filename
Substitute foo for bar on lines matching regexp
awk '/regexp/{gsub(/foo/, "bar")};{print}' filename
Add some characters at the beginning of matching lines
awk '/regexp/{sub(/^/, "++++"); print;next;}{print}' filename
Get the last hour of Apache logs
awk '/'$(date -d "1 hours ago" "+%d\\/%b\\/%Y:%H:%M")'/,/'$(date "+%d\\/%b\\/%Y:%H:%M")'/ { print $0 }' \
/var/log/httpd/access_log
sed
Tool:Print a specific line from a file
sed -n 10p /path/to/file
Remove a specific line from a file
sed -i 10d /path/to/file
# alternative (BSD): sed -i'' 10d /path/to/file
Remove a range of lines from a file
sed -i <file> -re '<start>,<end>d'
Replace newline(s) with a space
sed ':a;N;$!ba;s/\n/ /g' /path/to/file
# cross-platform compatible syntax:
sed -e ':a' -e 'N' -e '$!ba' -e 's/\n/ /g' /path/to/file
:a
create a labela
N
append the next line to the pattern space$!
if not the last line, ba branch (go to) labela
s
substitute,/\n/
regex for new line,/ /
by a space,/g
global match (as many times as it can)
Alternatives:
# perl version (sed-like speed):
perl -p -e 's/\n/ /' /path/to/file
# bash version (slow):
while read line ; do printf "%s" "$line " ; done < file
Delete string +N next lines
sed '/start/,+4d' /path/to/file
grep
Tool:Search for a "pattern" inside all files in the current directory
grep -rn "pattern"
grep -RnisI "pattern" *
fgrep "pattern" * -R
Show only for multiple patterns
grep 'INFO*'\''WARN' filename
grep 'INFO\|WARN' filename
grep -e INFO -e WARN filename
grep -E '(INFO|WARN)' filename
egrep "INFO|WARN" filename
Except multiple patterns
grep -vE '(error|critical|warning)' filename
Show data from file without comments
grep -v ^[[:space:]]*# filename
Show data from file without comments and new lines
egrep -v '#|^$' filename
Show strings with a dash/hyphen
grep -e -- filename
grep -- -- filename
grep "\-\-" filename
Remove blank lines from a file and save output to new file
grep . filename > newfilename
perl
Tool:Search and replace (in place)
perl -i -pe's/SEARCH/REPLACE/' filename
*.conf
files changing all foo to bar (and backup original)
Edit of perl -p -i.orig -e 's/\bfoo\b/bar/g' *.conf
*.conf
files
Prints the first 20 lines from perl -pe 'exit if $. > 20' *.conf
Search lines 10 to 20
perl -ne 'print if 10 .. 20' filename
Delete first 10 lines (and backup original)
perl -i.orig -ne 'print unless 1 .. 10' filename
Delete all but lines between foo and bar (and backup original)
perl -i.orig -ne 'print unless /^foo$/ .. /^bar$/' filename
Reduce multiple blank lines to a single line
perl -p -i -00pe0 filename
Convert tabs to spaces (1t = 2sp)
perl -p -i -e 's/\t/ /g' filename
Read input from a file and report number of lines and characters
perl -lne '$i++; $in += length($_); END { print "$i lines, $in characters"; }' filename
[TOC]
Shell functionsTable of Contents
Domain resolve
# Dependencies:
# - curl
# - jq
function DomainResolve() {
local _host="$1"
local _curl_base="curl --request GET"
local _timeout="15"
_host_ip=$($_curl_base -ks -m "$_timeout" "https://dns.google.com/resolve?name=${_host}&type=A" | \
jq '.Answer[0].data' | tr -d "\"" 2>/dev/null)
if [[ -z "$_host_ip" ]] || [[ "$_host_ip" == "null" ]] ; then
echo -en "Unsuccessful domain name resolution.\\n"
else
echo -en "$_host > $_host_ip\\n"
fi
}
Example:
shell> DomainResolve nmap.org
nmap.org > 45.33.49.119
shell> DomainResolve nmap.org
Unsuccessful domain name resolution.
Get ASN
# Dependencies:
# - curl
# - python
function GetASN() {
local _ip="$1"
local _curl_base="curl --request GET"
local _timeout="15"
_asn=$($_curl_base -ks -m "$_timeout" "http://ip-api.com/json/${_ip}" | \
python -c 'import sys, json; print json.load(sys.stdin)["as"]' 2>/dev/null)
_state=$(echo $?)
if [[ -z "$_ip" ]] || [[ "$_ip" == "null" ]] || [[ "$_state" -ne 0 ]]; then
echo -en "Unsuccessful ASN gathering.\\n"
else
echo -en "$_ip > $_asn\\n"
fi
}
Example:
shell> GetASN 1.1.1.1
1.1.1.1 > AS13335 Cloudflare, Inc.
shell> GetASN 0.0.0.0
Unsuccessful ASN gathering.