LOVE is accpeted by ACL22 main conference as a long paper (oral). This is a Pytorch implementation of our paper.

LOVE, Learning Out-of-Vocabulary Embeddings, is the name of our beautiful model given by Fabian Suchanek.

LOVE can produce word embeddings for arbitrary words, including out-of-vocabulary words like misspelled words, rare words, domain-specific words.....

Specifically, LOVE follows the principle of mimick-like models [2] to generate vectors for unseen words, by learning the behavior of pre-trained embeddings using only the surface form of words, as shown in the below figure.

To our best knowledge, LOVE is the first one to use contrastive learning for word-level representations. The framework is shown in the below figure, and it uses various data augmentations to generate positive samples. Another distinction is that LOVE adopts a novel fully attention-based encoder named PAM to mimic the vectors from pre-trained embeddings. You can find all details in our paper.

As we know, pre-trained embeddings like FastText use a fixed-size vocabulary, which means the performance decreases a lot when dealing with OOV words.

LOVE can mimic the behavior of pre-trained language models (including BERT) and impute vectors for any words.

For example, mispleling is a typo word, and LOVE can impute a reasonable vector for it:

from produce_emb import produce

oov_word = 'mispleling'
emb = produce(oov_word)
print(emb[oov_word][:10])

## output [-0.0582502  -0.11268596 -0.12599416  0.09926333  0.02513208  0.01140639
 -0.02326127 -0.007608    0.01973115  0.12448607]

LOVE can be used in a plug-and-play fashion with FastText and BERT, where it significantly improves their robustness. For example, LOVE with 6.5M can work with FastText (900+M) together and improve its robustness, as shown in the figure:

Clone the repository and set up the environment via "requirements.txt". Here we use python3.6.

pip install -r requirements.txt

In our experiments, we use the FastText as target vectors [1]. Downlaod. After downloading, put the embedding file in the path data/

First you can use -help to show the arguments

python train.py -help

Once completing the data preparation and environment setup, we can train the model via train.py. We have also provided sample datasets, you can just run the mode without downloading.

python train.py -dataset data/wiki_100.vec

To show the intrinsic results of our model, you can use the following command and we have provided the trained model we used in our paper.

python evaluate.py

## expected output
model parameters：~6.5M
[RareWord]: [plugin], 42.6476207426462 
[MEN  ]: [plugin], 68.47815031602434 
[SimLex]: [plugin], 35.02258000865248 
[rel353]: [plugin], 55.8950046345804 
[simverb]: [plugin], 28.7233237185531 
[muturk]: [plugin], 63.77020916555088 

[1] Bojanowski, Piotr, et al. "Enriching word vectors with subword information." Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics 5 (2017): 135-146.

[2] Pinter, Yuval, Robert Guthrie, and Jacob Eisenstein. "Mimicking Word Embeddings using Subword RNNs." Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing. 2017.