These examples are here to help those new to Clojure in establishing analogies with other languages (or Lisp dialects). Please keep in mind the travesties committed in the majority of object-oriented software over the decades since the 80s: data and behaviour should not be conflated.

To put a finer point on this, if you are looking for proper design patterns for working with state in Clojure applications, be sure to purchase any number of the Clojure books dedicated to real-world applications. Please do not treat this project as an application reference.

One note on real-world applications: I highly recommend Stuart Sierra's component library for separating your apps into components and sharing only that state which each needs between components.

This is an old repo, but since it comes up in search results, I try to keep it updated.

Learning how to work with state in such a way as fits the language of one's choice is critical for building production-ready applications.

Learning how to play with state in different ways is actually a fun topic of exploration. Different languages often have widely diverging features that allow one to maintain state in all sorts of unique ways.

The examples in this repo explore some of this, from the perspective of Clojure. They include:

• Using closures
• Using a data structure
• Using Clojure protocols
• Using core.async channels

Enjoy!

To play with the examples in this repo, you'll need to clone it to the machine that you're working on:

$ git clone https://github.com/oubiwann/maintaining-state-in-clojure.git
$ cd maintaining-state-in-clojure

If you don't have lein installed, you'll need to download it. When lein is on your system, make sure you're in the cloned directory for this repository and start up the REPL:

$ cd maintaining-state-in-clojure
$ lein repl

state-examples.dev=>

At this point, you will have access to the following, which referencce the namespaces of the different examples in this repository:

• channels
• closures
• data
• protocols

We will use each of these below.

The examples below are adapted from an example given by Peter Norvig in Chapter 13 of his famous Lisp/AI book, PAIP. The Chapter 13 PAIP source code is available online at the Peter Norvig site.

Once upon a time (before CLOS), if you wanted to maintain state in Lisp, you used closures. As a nod to this savory history, we start with a closure example.

This example uses nested closures to:

1. dispatch based upon a passed keyword, and

2. return a dispatched function that has access to the top-level function's variables as well as variables that are passed in to the nested functions.

This sort of construction provides some of the basic functionality of an object system (mostly just state data).

Here is a link to the state-via-closures example code. Take a look, then let's see how this works in action:

state-examples.dev=> (def acc (closures/new-account "savings" 1000 0.05))
#'state-examples.dev/acc
state-examples.dev=> (closures/get-name acc)
"savings"
state-examples.dev=> (closures/get-balance acc)
1000

If we call any functions that make any changes to state data, a new account object gets returned. As such, in those cases we'll need to reasign the new object to our account variable:

state-examples.dev=> (def acc (closures/deposit acc 150.50))
#'state-examples.dev/acc
state-examples.dev=> (closures/get-balance acc)
1150.5
state-examples.dev=> (def acc (closures/apply-interest acc))
#'state-examples.dev/acc
state-examples.dev=> (closures/get-balance acc)
1208.025
state-examples.dev=> (def acc (closures/withdraw acc 25.25))
#'state-examples.dev/acc
state-examples.dev=> (closures/get-balance acc)
1182.775
state-examples.dev=> (closures/withdraw acc 2000)

Exception : Insufficient funds.  state-examples.closures/new-account/fn--28/fn--38 (closures.clj:28)

Most of these examples are using fairly elaborate means of doing something quite simple: tracking data. What simpler way to do that than a data structure? None, that's what way.

This example provides a convenience function which creates a simple map. This allows us to use it just like we did the previous example. The functions, instead of extracting info from nested closures, simply operate on the provided data structure.

Note that this approach is not thread-safe.

Here is a link to the state-via-data-structures example code.

For this example, we've used an identical set of functions as the closures example, with no fancy-pants. Just data. We'll start it off like we did before:

state-examples.dev=> (def acc (data/new-account "savings" 1000 0.05))
#'state-examples.dev/acc
state-examples.dev=> (data/get-name acc)
"savings"
state-examples.dev=> (data/get-balance acc)
1000

Let's walk through the same steps:

state-examples.dev=> (def acc (data/deposit acc 150.50))
#'state-examples.dev/acc
state-examples.dev=> (data/get-balance acc)
1150.5
state-examples.dev=> (def acc (data/apply-interest acc))
#'state-examples.dev/acc
state-examples.dev=> (data/get-balance acc)
1208.025
state-examples.dev=> (def acc (data/withdraw acc 25.25))
#'state-examples.dev/acc
state-examples.dev=> (data/get-balance acc)
1182.775
state-examples.dev=> (data/withdraw acc 2000)

Exception : Insufficient funds.  state-examples.data/withdraw (data.clj:27)

We now take a look at Clojure's wrapping around Java interfaces and classes as a means of maintaining state.

Again, we've set things up so that the usage is almost identical to the previous examples.

Here is a link to the state-via-protocols example code.

state-examples.dev=> (def acc (protocols/new-account "savings" 1000 0.05))
#'state-examples.dev/acc
state-examples.dev=> (protocols/get-name acc)
"savings"
state-examples.dev=> (protocols/get-balance acc)
1000

And now for some operations on our data:

state-examples.dev=> (def acc (protocols/deposit acc 150.50))
#'state-examples.dev/acc
state-examples.dev=> (protocols/get-balance acc)
1150.5
state-examples.dev=> (def acc (protocols/apply-interest acc))
#'state-examples.dev/acc
state-examples.dev=> (protocols/get-balance acc)
1208.025
state-examples.dev=> (def acc (protocols/withdraw acc 25.25))
#'state-examples.dev/acc
state-examples.dev=> (protocols/get-balance acc)
1182.775
state-examples.dev=> (protocols/withdraw acc 2000)

Exception : Insufficient funds.  state-examples.protocols.Account (protocols.clj:22)

This example is a completely different animal ... on the surface. Generalizing to core concepts, this is very simiilar to using closures.

Here is a link to the state-via-channels example code.

state-examples.dev=> (def acc (channels/new-account "savings" 1000 0.05))
#'state-examples.dev/acc
state-examples.dev=> (channels/get-name acc)
"savings"
state-examples.dev=> (channels/get-balance acc)
1000

Let's walk through the same steps as the other examples:

state-examples.dev=> (channels/deposit acc 150.50)
:ok
state-examples.dev=> (channels/get-balance acc)
1150.5
state-examples.dev=> (channels/apply-interest acc)
:ok
state-examples.dev=> (channels/get-balance acc)
1208.025
state-examples.dev=> (channels/withdraw acc 25.25)
:ok
state-examples.dev=> (channels/get-balance acc)
1182.775
state-examples.dev=> (channels/withdraw acc 2000)
:insufficient-funds