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OS tutorial from Nanobyte YouTube channel.

License: The Unlicense

Makefile 0.25% Assembly 14.71% Shell 3.41% C 64.96% Python 9.84% C++ 6.83%

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nanobyte_os's Issues

ISO Boot

What file would I use to make the OS boot?

mcopy: Permission denied when creating the Makefile

mkdir -p build
nasm src/bootloader/boot.asm -f bin -o build/bootloader.bin
nasm src/kernel/main.asm -f bin -o build/kernel.bin
src/kernel/main.asm:57: warning: label alone on a line without a colon might be in error [-w+label-orphan]
dd if=/dev/zero of=build/main_floppy.img bs=512 count=2880
2880+0 records in
2880+0 records out
1474560 bytes (1.5 MB, 1.4 MiB) copied, 0.344191 s, 4.3 MB/s
mkfs.fat -F 12 -n "NBOS" build/main_floppy.img
mkfs.fat 4.2 (2021-01-31)
dd if=build/bootloader.bin of=build/main_floppy.img conv=notrunc
1+0 records in
1+0 records out
512 bytes copied, 0.0012618 s, 406 kB/s
mcopy -i build/main_floppy.img build/kernel.bin "::kernel.bin"
/bin/sh: 1: mcopy: Permission denied
make: *** [Makefile:17: build/main_floppy.img] Error 127

thanks. took some hacking but. built under wsl2 on windows

Not an issue I guess. but eh. took ages to hack together.

in the end I just installed some stuff
https://catalog.s.download.windowsupdate.com/c/msdownload/update/software/updt/2022/11/windows10.0-kb5020030-x64_ec78cc08e60e0b81f0bb520bd328720979d75065.msu (wsl2 support since I lacked it)
sudo dpkg -i linux-modules-5.15.0-79-generic_5.15.0-79.86_amd64.deb and vmlinuz-5.15.0-79-generic
and did some dos2unix fixes. think that was about it. If that helps anyone else insane enough to try that

NASM on Windows

No matter what I try, I get the same error when trying to compile on Windows

WSL(Ubuntu) with NASM:

nasm os.asm -f bin -o os.bin
os.asm:1: error: parser: instruction expected

org 0x7C00
bits 16

main:
    hlt
    
.halt:
    jmp .halt
    
times 510-($-$$) db 0
dw 0AA55h

None should be -1 in utility.py FindIndex

I kept getting

shadowblitz16@Node202-Debian:~/Documents/source/OS/Nano$ scons toolchain
scons: Reading SConscript files ...
TypeError: 'NoneType' object cannot be interpreted as an integer:
  File "/home/shadowblitz16/Documents/source/OS/Nano/SConstruct", line 139:
    SConscript('src/bootloader/stage2/SConscript', variant_dir=variantDir + '/stage2', duplicate=0)
  File "/home/shadowblitz16/.local/lib/python3.9/site-packages/SCons/Script/SConscript.py", line 660:
    return method(*args, **kw)
  File "/home/shadowblitz16/.local/lib/python3.9/site-packages/SCons/Script/SConscript.py", line 597:
    return _SConscript(self.fs, *files, **subst_kw)
  File "/home/shadowblitz16/.local/lib/python3.9/site-packages/SCons/Script/SConscript.py", line 285:
    exec(compile(scriptdata, scriptname, 'exec'), call_stack[-1].globals)
  File "/home/shadowblitz16/Documents/source/OS/Nano/src/bootloader/stage2/SConscript", line 26:
    obj_crti = objects.pop(FindIndex(objects, lambda item: IsFileName(item, 'crti.o')))
  File "/usr/lib/python3.9/collections/__init__.py", line 1229:
    return self.data.pop(i)

everywhere because

def FindIndex(the_list, predicate):
    for i in range(len(the_list)):
        if predicate(the_list[i]):
            return i
    return None

should be...

def FindIndex(the_list, predicate):
    for i in range(len(the_list)):
        if predicate(the_list[i]):
            return i
    return -1

in build_scripts/utility.py

Multiple ways to build the same target

When i follow the steps in the description, i try to run "scons toolchain", but i get this instead..

scons: Reading SConscript files ...

scons: *** Multiple ways to build the same target were specified for: arch/i686/gdt.o (from ['/mnt/c/Users/[...]/Documents/OS/src/kernel/arch/i686/gdt.c'] and from ['/mnt/c/Users/[...]/Documents/OS/src/kernel/arch/i686/gdt.asm'])
File "/mnt/c/Users/[...]/Documents/OS/src/kernel/SConscript", line 25, in

mkfs.fat: unrecognized option

when running scons I get

scons: Reading SConscript files ...
scons: done reading SConscript files.
scons: Building targets ...
scons: `build/i686_debug/kernel/kernel-stripped.elf' is up to date.
Assembling [src/bootloader/stage2/x86.asm]
Assembling [src/bootloader/stage2/crtn.asm]
Linking    [build/i686_debug/stage2/stage2.bin]
Creating disk image...
> creating partition table...
Kernel not configured for semaphores (System V IPC). Not using udev synchronisation code.
> formatting file using fat32...
scons: *** [build/i686_debug/image.img] ErrorReturnCode_1 : 

  RAN: /usr/sbin/mkfs.fat build/i686_debug/image.img -F 32 -n NBOS -R 2 --offset=2048

  STDOUT:
mkfs.fat 4.1 (2017-01-24)
Unknown option: ?


  STDERR:
/usr/sbin/mkfs.fat: unrecognized option '--offset=2048'
Usage: mkfs.fat [-a][-A][-c][-C][-v][-I][-l bad-block-file][-b backup-boot-sector]
       [-m boot-msg-file][-n volume-name][-i volume-id]
       [-s sectors-per-cluster][-S logical-sector-size][-f number-of-FATs]
       [-h hidden-sectors][-F fat-size][-r root-dir-entries][-R reserved-sectors]
       [-M FAT-media-byte][-D drive_number]
       [--invariant]
       [--help]
       /dev/name [blocks]

Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/usr/lib/scons/SCons/Action.py", line 1209, in execute
    result = self.execfunction(target=target, source=rsources, env=env)
  File "/mnt/c/Users/Ben/Downloads/nanobyte_os-master/nanobyte_os-master/image/SConscript", line 235, in build_image
    build_disk(image, stage1, stage2, kernel, files, env)
  File "/mnt/c/Users/Ben/Downloads/nanobyte_os-master/nanobyte_os-master/image/SConscript", line 176, in build_disk
    create_filesystem(image, file_system, offset=partition_offset)
  File "/mnt/c/Users/Ben/Downloads/nanobyte_os-master/nanobyte_os-master/image/SConscript", line 39, in create_filesystem
    mkfs_fat(target,
  File "/home/badgeminer2/.local/lib/python3.8/site-packages/sh.py", line 1524, in __call__
    return RunningCommand(cmd, call_args, stdin, stdout, stderr)
  File "/home/badgeminer2/.local/lib/python3.8/site-packages/sh.py", line 788, in __init__
    self.wait()
  File "/home/badgeminer2/.local/lib/python3.8/site-packages/sh.py", line 845, in wait
    self.handle_command_exit_code(exit_code)
  File "/home/badgeminer2/.local/lib/python3.8/site-packages/sh.py", line 869, in handle_command_exit_code     
    raise exc
sh.ErrorReturnCode_1:

  RAN: /usr/sbin/mkfs.fat build/i686_debug/image.img -F 32 -n NBOS -R 2 --offset=2048

  STDOUT:
mkfs.fat 4.1 (2017-01-24)
Unknown option: ?


  STDERR:
/usr/sbin/mkfs.fat: unrecognized option '--offset=2048'
Usage: mkfs.fat [-a][-A][-c][-C][-v][-I][-l bad-block-file][-b backup-boot-sector]
       [-m boot-msg-file][-n volume-name][-i volume-id]
       [-s sectors-per-cluster][-S logical-sector-size][-f number-of-FATs]
       [-h hidden-sectors][-F fat-size][-r root-dir-entries][-R reserved-sectors]
       [-M FAT-media-byte][-D drive_number]
       [--invariant]
       [--help]
       /dev/name [blocks]

scons: building terminated because of errors.

[ERROR] qemu not booting up for me

Hi! First, you are the best OS making tutor! But QEMU is not booting up for me.

Command: qemu-system-i386 -fda orangeos-img.img

Output:
Unable to init server: Could not connect: Connection refused
WARNING: Image format was not specified for 'orangeos-img.img' and probing guessed raw.
Automatically detecting the format is dangerous for raw images, write operations on block 0 will be restricted.
Specify the 'raw' format explicitly to remove the restrictions.
gtk initialization failed

File Structure:
OrangeOs
|
--->/src
|
---> boot.asm
--->/dist
|
---> orangeos-img.img
---> boot.bin
--->Makefile

Is it related to me not having a Linux server?

/usr/bin/ld: i386 architecture of input file `build/i686_debug/stage1_fat32/boot.o' is incompatible with i386:x86-64 output

scons: Reading SConscript files ... scons: done reading SConscript files. scons: Building targets ... Linking [build/i686_debug/stage1_fat32/stage1.bin] /usr/bin/ld: i386 architecture of input file build/i686_debug/stage1_fat32/boot.o' is incompatible with i386:x86-64 output
collect2: error: ld returned 1 exit status
scons: *** [build/i686_debug/stage1_fat32/stage1.bin] Error 1
scons: building terminated because of errors.

Scons run problem

When I run scons run it gives me an error from libguestfs.
Ubuntu LTS 22

How can i boot the OS from a flash drive?

failed implementing mouse&math

afif@DESKTOP-TTPU2G3:/mnt/c/Users/User/Desktop/orzen-dos/buildenv/somelogs$ make
make[1]: Entering directory '/mnt/c/Users/User/Desktop/orzen-dos/buildenv/somelogs/src/bootloader/stage1'
make[1]: Nothing to be done for 'all'.
make[1]: Leaving directory '/mnt/c/Users/User/Desktop/orzen-dos/buildenv/somelogs/src/bootloader/stage1'
make[1]: Entering directory '/mnt/c/Users/User/Desktop/orzen-dos/buildenv/somelogs/src/bootloader/stage2'
make[1]: Nothing to be done for 'all'.
make[1]: Leaving directory '/mnt/c/Users/User/Desktop/orzen-dos/buildenv/somelogs/src/bootloader/stage2'
make[1]: Entering directory '/mnt/c/Users/User/Desktop/orzen-dos/buildenv/somelogs/src/kernel'
/usr/local/i386elfgcc/lib/gcc/i686-elf/12.2.0/../../../../i686-elf/bin/ld: /mnt/c/Users/User/Desktop/orzen-dos/buildenv/somelogs/build/kernel/c/mouse.obj: in function `inportb':
/mnt/c/Users/User/Desktop/orzen-dos/buildenv/somelogs/src/kernel/arch/i686/sys.h:9: multiple definition of `inportb'; /mnt/c/Users/User/Desktop/orzen-dos/buildenv/somelogs/build/kernel/c/main.obj:/mnt/c/Users/User/Desktop/orzen-dos/buildenv/somelogs/src/kernel/arch/i686/sys.h:9: first defined here
/usr/local/i386elfgcc/lib/gcc/i686-elf/12.2.0/../../../../i686-elf/bin/ld: /mnt/c/Users/User/Desktop/orzen-dos/buildenv/somelogs/build/kernel/c/mouse.obj: in function `outportb':    
/mnt/c/Users/User/Desktop/orzen-dos/buildenv/somelogs/src/kernel/arch/i686/sys.h:15: multiple definition of `outportb'; /mnt/c/Users/User/Desktop/orzen-dos/buildenv/somelogs/build/kernel/c/main.obj:/mnt/c/Users/User/Desktop/orzen-dos/buildenv/somelogs/src/kernel/arch/i686/sys.h:15: first defined here
/usr/local/i386elfgcc/lib/gcc/i686-elf/12.2.0/../../../../i686-elf/bin/ld: /mnt/c/Users/User/Desktop/orzen-dos/buildenv/somelogs/build/kernel/c/mouse.obj: in function `IRQ_set_mask':
/mnt/c/Users/User/Desktop/orzen-dos/buildenv/somelogs/src/kernel/arch/i686/pic.h:27: multiple definition of `IRQ_set_mask'; /mnt/c/Users/User/Desktop/orzen-dos/buildenv/somelogs/build/kernel/c/main.obj:/mnt/c/Users/User/Desktop/orzen-dos/buildenv/somelogs/src/kernel/arch/i686/pic.h:27: first defined here
/usr/local/i386elfgcc/lib/gcc/i686-elf/12.2.0/../../../../i686-elf/bin/ld: /mnt/c/Users/User/Desktop/orzen-dos/buildenv/somelogs/build/kernel/c/mouse.obj: in function `IRQ_clear_mask':
/mnt/c/Users/User/Desktop/orzen-dos/buildenv/somelogs/src/kernel/arch/i686/pic.h:42: multiple definition of `IRQ_clear_mask'; /mnt/c/Users/User/Desktop/orzen-dos/buildenv/somelogs/build/kernel/c/main.obj:/mnt/c/Users/User/Desktop/orzen-dos/buildenv/somelogs/src/kernel/arch/i686/pic.h:42: first defined here
/usr/local/i386elfgcc/lib/gcc/i686-elf/12.2.0/../../../../i686-elf/bin/ld: /mnt/c/Users/User/Desktop/orzen-dos/buildenv/somelogs/build/kernel/c/mouse.obj:/mnt/c/Users/User/Desktop/orzen-dos/buildenv/somelogs/src/kernel/arch/i686/isr.h:46: multiple definition of `interrupt_handlers'; /mnt/c/Users/User/Desktop/orzen-dos/buildenv/somelogs/build/kernel/c/main.obj:/mnt/c/Users/User/Desktop/orzen-dos/buildenv/somelogs/src/kernel/./arch/i686/isr.h:46: first defined here
/usr/local/i386elfgcc/lib/gcc/i686-elf/12.2.0/../../../../i686-elf/bin/ld: /mnt/c/Users/User/Desktop/orzen-dos/buildenv/somelogs/build/kernel/c/mouse.obj:/mnt/c/Users/User/Desktop/orzen-dos/buildenv/somelogs/src/kernel/mouse.h:9: multiple definition of `mouse_cycle'; /mnt/c/Users/User/Desktop/orzen-dos/buildenv/somelogs/build/kernel/c/main.obj:/mnt/c/Users/User/Desktop/orzen-dos/buildenv/somelogs/src/kernel/mouse.h:9: first defined here
/usr/local/i386elfgcc/lib/gcc/i686-elf/12.2.0/../../../../i686-elf/bin/ld: /mnt/c/Users/User/Desktop/orzen-dos/buildenv/somelogs/build/kernel/c/mouse.obj:/mnt/c/Users/User/Desktop/orzen-dos/buildenv/somelogs/src/kernel/mouse.h:10: multiple definition of `mouse_byte'; /mnt/c/Users/User/Desktop/orzen-dos/buildenv/somelogs/build/kernel/c/main.obj:/mnt/c/Users/User/Desktop/orzen-dos/buildenv/somelogs/src/kernel/mouse.h:10: first defined here
/usr/local/i386elfgcc/lib/gcc/i686-elf/12.2.0/../../../../i686-elf/bin/ld: /mnt/c/Users/User/Desktop/orzen-dos/buildenv/somelogs/build/kernel/c/mouse.obj:/mnt/c/Users/User/Desktop/orzen-dos/buildenv/somelogs/src/kernel/mouse.h:12: multiple definition of `mouse_x'; /mnt/c/Users/User/Desktop/orzen-dos/buildenv/somelogs/build/kernel/c/main.obj:/mnt/c/Users/User/Desktop/orzen-dos/buildenv/somelogs/src/kernel/mouse.h:12: first defined here
/usr/local/i386elfgcc/lib/gcc/i686-elf/12.2.0/../../../../i686-elf/bin/ld: /mnt/c/Users/User/Desktop/orzen-dos/buildenv/somelogs/build/kernel/c/mouse.obj:/mnt/c/Users/User/Desktop/orzen-dos/buildenv/somelogs/src/kernel/mouse.h:13: multiple definition of `mouse_y'; /mnt/c/Users/User/Desktop/orzen-dos/buildenv/somelogs/build/kernel/c/main.obj:/mnt/c/Users/User/Desktop/orzen-dos/buildenv/somelogs/src/kernel/mouse.h:13: first defined here
/usr/local/i386elfgcc/lib/gcc/i686-elf/12.2.0/../../../../i686-elf/bin/ld: /mnt/c/Users/User/Desktop/orzen-dos/buildenv/somelogs/build/kernel/c/sys.obj: in function `inportb':
/mnt/c/Users/User/Desktop/orzen-dos/buildenv/somelogs/src/kernel/sys.c:7: multiple definition of `inportb'; /mnt/c/Users/User/Desktop/orzen-dos/buildenv/somelogs/build/kernel/c/main.obj:/mnt/c/Users/User/Desktop/orzen-dos/buildenv/somelogs/src/kernel/arch/i686/sys.h:9: first defined here
/usr/local/i386elfgcc/lib/gcc/i686-elf/12.2.0/../../../../i686-elf/bin/ld: /mnt/c/Users/User/Desktop/orzen-dos/buildenv/somelogs/build/kernel/c/sys.obj: in function `outportb':      
/mnt/c/Users/User/Desktop/orzen-dos/buildenv/somelogs/src/kernel/sys.c:14: multiple definition of `outportb'; /mnt/c/Users/User/Desktop/orzen-dos/buildenv/somelogs/build/kernel/c/main.obj:/mnt/c/Users/User/Desktop/orzen-dos/buildenv/somelogs/src/kernel/arch/i686/sys.h:15: first defined here
/usr/local/i386elfgcc/lib/gcc/i686-elf/12.2.0/../../../../i686-elf/bin/ld: /mnt/c/Users/User/Desktop/orzen-dos/buildenv/somelogs/build/kernel/c/hal/hal.obj:/mnt/c/Users/User/Desktop/orzen-dos/buildenv/somelogs/src/kernel/./arch/i686/isr.h:46: multiple definition of `interrupt_handlers'; /mnt/c/Users/User/Desktop/orzen-dos/buildenv/somelogs/build/kernel/c/main.obj:/mnt/c/Users/User/Desktop/orzen-dos/buildenv/somelogs/src/kernel/./arch/i686/isr.h:46: first defined here
/usr/local/i386elfgcc/lib/gcc/i686-elf/12.2.0/../../../../i686-elf/bin/ld: /mnt/c/Users/User/Desktop/orzen-dos/buildenv/somelogs/build/kernel/c/arch/i686/i8259.obj: in function `inportb':
/mnt/c/Users/User/Desktop/orzen-dos/buildenv/somelogs/src/kernel/arch/i686/sys.h:9: multiple definition of `inportb'; /mnt/c/Users/User/Desktop/orzen-dos/buildenv/somelogs/build/kernel/c/main.obj:/mnt/c/Users/User/Desktop/orzen-dos/buildenv/somelogs/src/kernel/arch/i686/sys.h:9: first defined here
/usr/local/i386elfgcc/lib/gcc/i686-elf/12.2.0/../../../../i686-elf/bin/ld: /mnt/c/Users/User/Desktop/orzen-dos/buildenv/somelogs/build/kernel/c/arch/i686/i8259.obj: in function `outportb':
/mnt/c/Users/User/Desktop/orzen-dos/buildenv/somelogs/src/kernel/arch/i686/sys.h:15: multiple definition of `outportb'; /mnt/c/Users/User/Desktop/orzen-dos/buildenv/somelogs/build/kernel/c/main.obj:/mnt/c/Users/User/Desktop/orzen-dos/buildenv/somelogs/src/kernel/arch/i686/sys.h:15: first defined here
/usr/local/i386elfgcc/lib/gcc/i686-elf/12.2.0/../../../../i686-elf/bin/ld: /mnt/c/Users/User/Desktop/orzen-dos/buildenv/somelogs/build/kernel/c/arch/i686/i8259.obj: in function `IRQ_set_mask':
/mnt/c/Users/User/Desktop/orzen-dos/buildenv/somelogs/src/kernel/arch/i686/pic.h:27: multiple definition of `IRQ_set_mask'; /mnt/c/Users/User/Desktop/orzen-dos/buildenv/somelogs/build/kernel/c/main.obj:/mnt/c/Users/User/Desktop/orzen-dos/buildenv/somelogs/src/kernel/arch/i686/pic.h:27: first defined here
/usr/local/i386elfgcc/lib/gcc/i686-elf/12.2.0/../../../../i686-elf/bin/ld: /mnt/c/Users/User/Desktop/orzen-dos/buildenv/somelogs/build/kernel/c/arch/i686/i8259.obj: in function `IRQ_clear_mask':
/mnt/c/Users/User/Desktop/orzen-dos/buildenv/somelogs/src/kernel/arch/i686/pic.h:42: multiple definition of `IRQ_clear_mask'; /mnt/c/Users/User/Desktop/orzen-dos/buildenv/somelogs/build/kernel/c/main.obj:/mnt/c/Users/User/Desktop/orzen-dos/buildenv/somelogs/src/kernel/arch/i686/pic.h:42: first defined here
/usr/local/i386elfgcc/lib/gcc/i686-elf/12.2.0/../../../../i686-elf/bin/ld: /mnt/c/Users/User/Desktop/orzen-dos/buildenv/somelogs/build/kernel/c/arch/i686/irq.obj:/mnt/c/Users/User/Desktop/orzen-dos/buildenv/somelogs/src/kernel/arch/i686/isr.h:46: multiple definition of `interrupt_handlers'; /mnt/c/Users/User/Desktop/orzen-dos/buildenv/somelogs/build/kernel/c/main.obj:/mnt/c/Users/User/Desktop/orzen-dos/buildenv/somelogs/src/kernel/./arch/i686/isr.h:46: first defined here
/usr/local/i386elfgcc/lib/gcc/i686-elf/12.2.0/../../../../i686-elf/bin/ld: /mnt/c/Users/User/Desktop/orzen-dos/buildenv/somelogs/build/kernel/c/arch/i686/irq.obj: in function `inportb':
/mnt/c/Users/User/Desktop/orzen-dos/buildenv/somelogs/src/kernel/arch/i686/sys.h:9: multiple definition of `inportb'; /mnt/c/Users/User/Desktop/orzen-dos/buildenv/somelogs/build/kernel/c/main.obj:/mnt/c/Users/User/Desktop/orzen-dos/buildenv/somelogs/src/kernel/arch/i686/sys.h:9: first defined here
/usr/local/i386elfgcc/lib/gcc/i686-elf/12.2.0/../../../../i686-elf/bin/ld: /mnt/c/Users/User/Desktop/orzen-dos/buildenv/somelogs/build/kernel/c/arch/i686/irq.obj: in function `outportb':
/mnt/c/Users/User/Desktop/orzen-dos/buildenv/somelogs/src/kernel/arch/i686/sys.h:15: multiple definition of `outportb'; /mnt/c/Users/User/Desktop/orzen-dos/buildenv/somelogs/build/kernel/c/main.obj:/mnt/c/Users/User/Desktop/orzen-dos/buildenv/somelogs/src/kernel/arch/i686/sys.h:15: first defined here
/usr/local/i386elfgcc/lib/gcc/i686-elf/12.2.0/../../../../i686-elf/bin/ld: /mnt/c/Users/User/Desktop/orzen-dos/buildenv/somelogs/build/kernel/c/arch/i686/irq.obj: in function `IRQ_set_mask':
/mnt/c/Users/User/Desktop/orzen-dos/buildenv/somelogs/src/kernel/arch/i686/pic.h:27: multiple definition of `IRQ_set_mask'; /mnt/c/Users/User/Desktop/orzen-dos/buildenv/somelogs/build/kernel/c/main.obj:/mnt/c/Users/User/Desktop/orzen-dos/buildenv/somelogs/src/kernel/arch/i686/pic.h:27: first defined here
/usr/local/i386elfgcc/lib/gcc/i686-elf/12.2.0/../../../../i686-elf/bin/ld: /mnt/c/Users/User/Desktop/orzen-dos/buildenv/somelogs/build/kernel/c/arch/i686/irq.obj: in function `IRQ_clear_mask':
/mnt/c/Users/User/Desktop/orzen-dos/buildenv/somelogs/src/kernel/arch/i686/pic.h:42: multiple definition of `IRQ_clear_mask'; /mnt/c/Users/User/Desktop/orzen-dos/buildenv/somelogs/build/kernel/c/main.obj:/mnt/c/Users/User/Desktop/orzen-dos/buildenv/somelogs/src/kernel/arch/i686/pic.h:42: first defined here
/usr/local/i386elfgcc/lib/gcc/i686-elf/12.2.0/../../../../i686-elf/bin/ld: /mnt/c/Users/User/Desktop/orzen-dos/buildenv/somelogs/build/kernel/c/arch/i686/isr.obj:/mnt/c/Users/User/Desktop/orzen-dos/buildenv/somelogs/src/kernel/arch/i686/isr.h:46: multiple definition of `interrupt_handlers'; /mnt/c/Users/User/Desktop/orzen-dos/buildenv/somelogs/build/kernel/c/main.obj:/mnt/c/Users/User/Desktop/orzen-dos/buildenv/somelogs/src/kernel/./arch/i686/isr.h:46: first defined here
collect2: error: ld returned 1 exit status
make[1]: *** [Makefile:40: /mnt/c/Users/User/Desktop/orzen-dos/buildenv/somelogs/build/kernel.bin] Error 1
make[1]: Leaving directory '/mnt/c/Users/User/Desktop/orzen-dos/buildenv/somelogs/src/kernel'
make: *** [Makefile:46: /mnt/c/Users/User/Desktop/orzen-dos/buildenv/somelogs/build/kernel.bin] Error 2
afif@DESKTOP-TTPU2G3:/mnt/c/Users/User/Desktop/orzen-dos/buildenv/somelogs$

Part 1 main.asm forgot colon on line 57

nanobyte_os/src/main.asm

Line 57 in ba9def4

.halt

Change to .halt:

Makefile:7: *** missing separator. Stop.

Hi im near 8:50 in your first video in the tutorial series and i am getting this error when i try running make:
Makefile:7: *** missing separator. Stop.

Here is my Makefile:

ASM=nasm

SRC_DIR=src
BUILD_DIR=build

$(BUILD_DIR)/main_floppy.img: $(BUILD_DIR)/main.bin
    cp $(BUILD_DIR)/main.bin $(BUILD_DIR)/main_floppy.img
    truncate -s 1440k $(BUILD_DIR)/main_floppy.img

$(BUILD_DIR)/main.bin: $(SRC_DIR)/main.asm
    $(ASM) $(SRC_DIR)/main.asm -f bin -o $(BUILD_DIR)/main.bin

Here is the output of the nice command tree:
. |-- Makefile |-- build-- src
-- main.asm

my os is Arch linux.
heres a neofetch of the system:

`
mg433@Birk

OS: Arch Linux x86_64
Kernel: 5.18.16-arch1-1
Uptime: 33 mins
Packages: 1218 (pacman)
Shell: zsh 5.9
Resolution: 2560x1440
WM: herbstluftwm
Theme: Adwaita [GTK2], Dracula-alt-style [GTK3]
Icons: Adwaita [GTK2], dracula-icons-main [GTK3]
CPU: Intel i5-9400F (6) @ 4.100GHz
GPU: NVIDIA GeForce GTX 1660 Ti
Memory: 1879MiB / 15915MiB
`

the version of make is 4.3

i get that somthing is negative.

I am on part 3 of your tutorial.
32:48 in the video you compile but my thing does not compile.

i get this error:

src/bootloader/boot.asm:363: error: TIMES value -13 is negative
make: *** [Makefile:30: build/bootloader.bin] Error 1

here is my boot.asm file:

org 0x7C00
bits 16


%define ENDL 0x0D, 0x0A


;;
;; FAT12 header
;;
jmp short start
nop

bdb_oem:                    db 'MSWIN4.1'           ; 8 bytes
bdb_bytes_per_sector:       dw 512
bdb_sectors_per_cluster:    db 1
bdb_reserved_sectors:       dw 1
bdb_fat_count:              db 2
bdb_dir_entries_count:      dw 0E0h
bdb_total_sectors:          dw 2880                 ; 2880 * 512 = 1.44MB
bdb_media_descriptor_type:  db 0F0h                 ; F0 = 3.5" floppy disk
bdb_sectors_per_fat:        dw 9                    ; 9 sectors/fat
bdb_sectors_per_track:      dw 18
bdb_heads:                  dw 2
bdb_hidden_sectors:         dd 0
bdb_large_sector_count:     dd 0

; extended boot record
ebr_drive_number:           db 0                    ; 0x00 floppy, 0x80 hdd, useless
                            db 0                    ; reserved
ebr_signature:              db 29h
ebr_volume_id:              db 12h, 34h, 56h, 78h   ; serial number, value doesn't matter
ebr_volume_label:           db 'NANOBYTE OS'        ; 11 bytes, padded with spaces
ebr_system_id:              db 'FAT12   '           ; 8 bytes   

;;
;; Code goes here
;;

start:
    ; setup data segments
    mov ax, 0                           ; can't write to ds/es directly
    mov ds, ax
    mov es, ax

    ; setup stack
    mov ss, ax
    mov sp, 0x7C00                      ; stack grows downwards from where we are loaded in memory

    ; some BIOSes might start us at 07C0:0000 instead of 0000:7C00, make sure we are in the
    ; expected location
    push es
    push word .after
    retf
    
.after:
    
    ; read something from floppy disk
    ; BIOS should set dl to drive number
    mov [ebr_drive_number], dl


    ; show loading message
    mov si, msg_loading
    call puts

    ; read drive parameter (sectors per track and head count),
    ; insted of relying on data on formatted disk
    push es
    mov ah, 08h
    int 13h
    jc floppy_error
    pop es

    and cl, 0x3F                        ; remove top 2 bits
    xor ch, ch
    mov [bdb_sectors_per_track], cx     ; sector count

    inc dh
    mov [bdb_heads], dh                 ; head count
    
    ; compute LBA of root firectory = reserved + fats * sectors_per_fat
    mov ax, [bdb_sectors_per_fat]       ; LBA of root = reserved + fats * fat_size
    mov bl, [bdb_fat_count]
    xor bh, bh
    mul bx                              ; ax = (fats * sectors_per_fat)
    add ax, [bdb_reserved_sectors]      ; ax = LBA of root directory
    push ax

    ; compute size of root directory = (32 * number_of_entries) / bytes_per_sector
    mov ax, [bdb_sectors_per_fat]
    shl ax, 5                           ; ax *= 32
    xor dx, dx                          ; dx = 0
    div word [bdb_bytes_per_sector]     ; number of sectors we need to read
    
    test dx, dx			        ; if dx != 0, add 1
    jz .root_dir_after
    inc ax			        ; division remainder != 0, add 1
                                        ; this means we have a sector only partially filled with entries 
    
.root_dir_after:
    ; read root directory
    mov cl, al			        ; number of sectors to read = size of root directory
    pop ax				; ax = LBA of root firectory
    mov dl, [ebr_drive_number]		; dl = drive number (we saved it previously)
    mov bx, buffer			; es:bx = buffer
    call disk_read

    ; search for kernel.bin
    xor bx, bx
    mov di, buffer

.search_kernel:
    mov si, file_kernel_bin
    mov cx, 11			        ; compare up to 11 characters
    push di
    repe cmpsb
    pop di
    je .found_kernel

    add di, 32
    inc bx
    cmp bx, [bdb_dir_entries_count]
    jl .search_kernel

    ; kernel not found
    jmp kernel_not_found_error

.found_kernel:

    ; di should have the address to the entry
    mov ax, [di + 26]		        ; first logical cluster field (offset 26)
    mov [kernel_cluster], ax

    ; load FAT
    mov ax, [bdb_reserved_sectors]
    mov bx, buffer
    mov cl, [bdb_sectors_per_fat]
    mov dl, [ebr_drive_number]
    call disk_read

    ; read kernel and proccess FAT chain
    mov bx, KERNEL_LOAD_SEGMENT
    mov es, bx
    mov bx, KERNEL_LOAD_OFFSET
    
.load_kernel_loop:
    ; Read next cluster
    mov ax, [kernel_cluster]
    
    ; not nice :( hardcoded value
    add ax, 31               	       ; first cluster = (kernel_cluster - 2) * sectors_per_cluster + start_sector
                                       ; start sector = reserved + fats + root directory size = 1 +18 + 134 = 33
    mov cl, 1
    mov dl, [ebr_drive_number]
    call disk_read

    add bx, [bdb_bytes_per_sector]

    ; compute location of next cluster
    mov ax, [kernel_cluster]
    mov cx, 3
    mul cx
    mov cx, 2
    div cx			       ; ax = index of entry in FAT, dx = cluster mod 2
    
    mov si, buffer
    add si, ax
    mov ax, [ds:si]		       ; read entry from FAT table at index ax

    or dx, dx
    jz .even

.odd:
    shr ax, 4
    jmp .next_cluster_after

.even:
    and ax, 0x0FFF

.next_cluster_after:
    cmp ax, 0x0FF8         	       ; end of chain
    jae .read_finish

    mov [kernel_cluster], ax
    jmp .load_kernel_loop

.read_finish:
    ; jump to our kernel
    mov dl, [ebr_drive_number]	       ; boot device in dl
    mov ax, KERNEL_LOAD_SEGMENT        ; set segment registers
    mov ds, ax
    mov es, ax

    JMP KERNEL_LOAD_SEGMENT:KERNEL_LOAD_OFFSET
    jmp wait_key_and_reboot 	       ; should never happen
    
    cli
    hlt

;;
;; Error handlers
;;

floppy_error:
    mov si, msg_read_failed
    call puts
    jmp wait_key_and_reboot

kernel_not_found_error:
    mov si, msg_kernel_not_found
    call puts
    jmp wait_key_and_reboot

wait_key_and_reboot:
    mov ah, 0
    int 16h                             ; wait for keypress
    jmp 0FFFFh:0                        ; jump to beginning of BIOS, should reboot 

.halt:
    cli                                 ; disable interrupts, this way CPU can't get out od "halt" state
    hlt

;;    
;; Prints a string to the screen.
;; Params:
;;     - ds:si points to string
;;

puts:
    ; save registers we will modify
    push si
    push ax
    push bx
    
.loop:
    lodsb                               ; loads nextcharacter in al
    or al, al                           ; verify if next character is null?
    jz .done

    mov ah, 0x0E
    mov bh, 0
    int 0x10
    jmp .loop
    
.done:
    pop ax
    pop si
    ret

;;
;; Disk routines
;;

;;
;; Converts an LBA address to a CHS address
;; Parameters:
;;   - ax: LBA address
;; Returns:
;;   - cx (bits 0-5): sector number
;;   - cx (bits 6-15): cylinder
;;   - dh: head
;;

lba_to_chs:

    push ax
    push dx
    
    xor dx, dx                          ; dx = 0
    div word [bdb_sectors_per_track]    ; ax = LBA / SectorsPerTrack
                                        ; dx = LBA % SectorsPerTrack

    inc dx                              ; dx = (LBA % SectorsPerTrack + 1) = sector
    mov cx, dx                          ; cx = sector
    
    xor dx, dx                          ; dx = 0
    div word [bdb_heads]                ; ax = (LBA / SectorsPerTrack) / Heads = cylinder
                                        ; dx = (LBA / SectorsPerTrack) % Heads = head
    mov dh, dl                          ; dh =head
    mov ch, al                          ; ch = cylinde (lower 8 bits)
    shl ah, 6
    or cl, ah                           ; put upper 2 bits of cylinder in cl

    pop ax
    mov dl, al                          ; restore DL
    pop ax
    ret

;;
;; Reads sectors from a disk
;; Parameters:
;;  - ax: LBA address
;;  - cl: number of sectors to read (up to 128)
;;  - dl: drive number
;;  - es:bx: memory address where to store read data
;;
disk_read:

    push ax                             ; save registers we will modify
    push bx
    push cx
    push dx
    push di
    
    push cx                             ; temporarily save CL (number of sectors to read)
    call lba_to_chs                     ; compute CHS
    pop ax                              ; AL = number of sectors to read

    mov ah, 02h
    mov di, 3                           ; retry count

.retry:
    pusha                               ; save all registers, we don't, know what bios modifies
    stc                                 ; set carry flag, some BIOS'es don't set it
    int 13h                             ;carry flag cleared = success
    jnc .done

    ; failed
    popa
    call disk_reset

    dec di
    test di, di
    jnz .retry
.fail:
    ; all attempts are exhausted
    jmp floppy_error

.done:
    popa
    
    pop ax                             ; restore registers modified
    pop bx
    pop cx
    pop dx
    pop di
    ret

    ;;
    ;; Resets disk controller
    ;; Parameters:
    ;;  dl: drive number
disk_reset:
    pusha
    mov ah, 0
    stc
    int 13h
    jc floppy_error
    popa
    ret

file_kernel_bin:        db 'KERNEL  BIN'
msg_loading:            db 'Loading...',ENDL, 0
msg_kernel_not_found:   db 'Kernel could not be found...', ENDL, 0
msg_read_failed:        db 'The read of disk did not succeed...', ENDL, 0
kernel_cluster:         dw 0

KERNEL_LOAD_SEGMENT     equ 0x2000
KERNEL_LOAD_OFFSET      equ 0


times 510-($-$$) db 0
dw 0AA55h

buffer:

here is the line it complains about:

times 510-($-$$) db 0

Error when booting OS from tag Part10

First of all, I'm using Part10 instead of Part11 because I'm not that fond of using SCons as a build system and I want to stick with Make.

I've double-checked all of my code, and it's the same as the source code on the repo.
But whenever I boot with QEMU, It prints out this:

Hello World From Kernel!
Unhandled Exception: Segment Not Present
  EAX=0  EBX=2500  ECX=0  EDX=100b2d  ESI=7e19  EDI=245c
  ESP=10005e  EBP=ffa4  EIP=1000ba  EFLAGS=202  CS=8  DS=10  SS=100000
  Interrupt=b  Error=402
KERNEL PANIC!

Please let me know if I'm doing anything wrong or if I should provide something.

kernel.bin not found

this is so confusing.
It works fine on a VM, but when i try to flash the image to a usb stick with dd and boot on physical hardware i get

Loading...
KERNEL.BIN file not found!

and when i mount the usb stick i find both test.txt and kernel.bin on there so i dont understand why it dont find the file.

Bad target ::kernel.bin

happens with make

i am on part 3

Makefile:

ASM=nasm
CC=gcc

SRC_DIR=src
TOOLS_DIR=tools
BUILD_DIR=build

.PHONY: all floppy_image kernel bootloader clean always tools_fat

all: floppy_image tools_fat

#
# Floppy image
#
floppy_image: $(BUILD_DIR)/main_floppy.img

$(BUILD_DIR)/main_floppy.img: bootloader kernel
	dd if=/dev/zero of=$(BUILD_DIR)/main_floppy.img bs=512 count=2880
	mkfs.fat -F 12 -n "NBOS" $(BUILD_DIR)/main_floppy.img
	dd if=$(BUILD_DIR)/bootloader.bin of=$(BUILD_DIR)/main_floppy.img conv=notrunc
	mcopy -i $(BUILD_DIR)/main_floppy.img $(BUILD_DIR)/kernel.bin "::kernel.bin"
	mcopy -i $(BUILD_DIR)/main_floppy.img test.txt "::test.txt"

#
# Bootloader
#
bootloader: $(BUILD_DIR)/bootloader.bin

$(BUILD_DIR)/bootloader.bin: always
	$(ASM) $(SRC_DIR)/bootloader/boot.asm -f bin -o $(BUILD_DIR)/bootloader.bin

#
# Kernel
#
kernel: $(BUILD_DIR)/kernel.bin

$(BUILD_DIR)/kernel.bin: always
	$(ASM) $(SRC_DIR)/kernel/main.asm -f bin -o $(BUILD_DIR)/kernel.bin

#
# Tools
#
tools_fat: $(BUILD_DIR)/tools/fat
$(BUILD_DIR)/tools/fat: always $(TOOLS_DIR)/fat/fat.c
	mkdir -p $(BUILD_DIR)/tools
	$(CC) -g -o $(BUILD_DIR)/tools/fat $(TOOLS_DIR)/fat/fat.c

#
# Always
#
always:
	mkdir -p $(BUILD_DIR)

#
# Clean
#
clean:
	rm -rf $(BUILD_DIR)/*

Dir contents:

Request for graphics tutorial of making os

Request for adding graphics , mouse, keyboard support

Problem with generate_isrs.sh call in Makefile in videos/part9

File src/kernel/Makefile.

The script directory name is incorrect: it has to be build_scripts instead of build_tools.
The $@ doesn't pass target file names, so the script only tells about incorrect input arguments.

How can be fixed:

TARGET_ASMFLAGS += -f elf
TARGET_CFLAGS += -ffreestanding -nostdlib -I.
TARGET_LIBS += -lgcc
TARGET_LINKFLAGS += -T linker.ld -nostdlib

HEADERS_C = $(wildcard *.h) \
			$(wildcard */*.h) \
			$(wildcard */*/*.h) \
			$(wildcard */*/*/*.h)
			
SOURCES_C = $(wildcard *.c) \
			$(wildcard */*.c) \
			$(wildcard */*/*.c) \
			$(wildcard */*/*/*.c) \

OBJECTS_C = $(patsubst %.c, $(BUILD_DIR)/kernel/c/%.obj, $(SOURCES_C))

HEADERS_ASM = $(wildcard *.inc) \
			  $(wildcard */*.inc) \
			  $(wildcard */*/*.inc) \
			  $(wildcard */*/*/*.inc) \

SOURCES_ASM = $(wildcard *.asm) \
			  $(wildcard */*.asm) \
			  $(wildcard */*/*.asm) \
			  $(wildcard */*/*/*.asm)


OBJECTS_ASM = $(patsubst %.asm, $(BUILD_DIR)/kernel/asm/%.obj, $(SOURCES_ASM))

GENERATED_FILES = arch/i686/isrs_gen.c arch/i686/isrs_gen.inc

.PHONY: all kernel clean always

all: kernel

kernel: generate $(BUILD_DIR)/kernel.bin

$(BUILD_DIR)/kernel.bin: $(OBJECTS_ASM) $(OBJECTS_C)
	@$(TARGET_LD) $(TARGET_LINKFLAGS) -Wl,-Map=$(BUILD_DIR)/kernel.map -o $@ $^ $(TARGET_LIBS)
	@echo "--> Created: kernel.bin"

$(BUILD_DIR)/kernel/c/%.obj: %.c $(HEADERS_C)
	@mkdir -p $(@D)
	@$(TARGET_CC) $(TARGET_CFLAGS) -c -o $@ $<
	@echo "--> Compiled: " $<

$(BUILD_DIR)/kernel/asm/%.obj: %.asm $(HEADERS_ASM)
	@mkdir -p $(@D)
	@$(TARGET_ASM) $(TARGET_ASMFLAGS) -o $@ $<
	@echo "--> Compiled: " $<

generate:
	@$(SOURCE_DIR)/build_scripts/generate_isrs.sh $(GENERATED_FILES)

clean:
	rm -f $(BUILD_DIR)/kernel.bin

Need to run "bochsdbg" instead of "bochs" to enable gui debug on Windows

From part2/debug.sh
Simply running "bochs" on Windows, the "option=gui-debug" will be said to be not found

make: *** [Makefile:11: build/main.bin] Error 127

I wrote everything and created all files on arch linux.
I got an error when runing make:

dima@arch:~/os $ make
nasm src/main.asm -f bin -o build/main.bin
make: nasm: No such file or directory
make: *** [Makefile:11: build/main.bin] Error 127
dima@arch:~/os $ ls
Makefile  src
dima@arch:~/os $

I have all the files in the right directories, all the same.
Thank you for helping.

missing : in main.asm

in src/main.asm I think there is a : missing on line 57

binutils-build-2.37 no such file or directory

shadowblitz16@Node202-Debian:~/Downloads/nanobyte_os-b8688b1e70fd91dbb1c0162f42c3b672071b4e82$ scons toolchain
...
checking where to find the target windres... just compiled
checking where to find the target windmc... just compiled
checking whether to enable maintainer-specific portions of Makefiles... no
configure: creating ./config.status
config.status: creating Makefile
make: *** binutils-build-2.37: No such file or directory.  Stop.
scons: *** [toolchain] Error 2
scons: building terminated because of errors.

Build binutils fails with mkdir Permission denied

I can't copy all of it because the whole thing is bigger then the terminal buffer but basically I am getting these kind of errors...

/usr/bin/mkdir: cannot create directory ‘/share’: Permission denied
make[5]: *** [Makefile:1053: install-info-am] Error 1
  /bin/bash ./libtool   --mode=install /usr/bin/install -c gprof '/bin'
libtool: install: /usr/bin/install -c gprof /bin/gprof
/usr/bin/install: cannot remove '/bin/gprof': Permission denied
make[5]: *** [Makefile:541: install-binPROGRAMS] Error 1
make[5]: Leaving directory '/home/shadowblitz16/Documents/source/OS/Nano/build_deps/binutils-build-2.37/gprof'
make[4]: *** [Makefile:951: install-am] Error 2
make[4]: Leaving directory '/home/shadowblitz16/Documents/source/OS/Nano/build_deps/binutils-build-2.37/gprof'
make[3]: *** [Makefile:837: install-recursive] Error 1
make[3]: Leaving directory '/home/shadowblitz16/Documents/source/OS/Nano/build_deps/binutils-build-2.37/gprof'
make[2]: *** [Makefile:945: install] Error 2
make[2]: Leaving directory '/home/shadowblitz16/Documents/source/OS/Nano/build_deps/binutils-build-2.37/gprof'
make[1]: *** [Makefile:6304: install-gprof] Error 2
make[1]: Leaving directory '/home/shadowblitz16/Documents/source/OS/Nano/build_deps/binutils-build-2.37'
make: *** [Makefile:2339: install] Error 2
make: Leaving directory '/home/shadowblitz16/Documents/source/OS/Nano/build_deps/binutils-build-2.37'
scons: *** [toolchain] Error 2
scons: building terminated because of errors.

Scons error on WSL2/normal linux too.

I tried to run scons toolchain on a WSL2 Ubuntu environment. I have installed all the dependencies.
But I get this

scons: Reading SConscript files ...
scons: done reading SConscript files.
scons: Building targets ...
./scripts/setup_toolchain.sh ../.toolchains
sh: 1: ./scripts/setup_toolchain.sh: not found
scons: *** [toolchain] Error 127
scons: building terminated because of errors.

It's saying the setup_toolchain script does not exist. But it does.
Also, this is not a duplicate of #16.

MacOS Makefile?

Since nanobyte is using Linux, and I use MacOS, I can't get the Makefile to work. The most common error I am facing is related to command not found, like mkfs.fat isn't real in MacOS.

display library 'sdl2' not available

Hi again.

I'm getting a new error, but now its with bochs.
I have sdl on my system and i have tried with the official bochs package and the aur package bochs-sdl but it does not work.

I get this:

Bochs x86 Emulator 2.7
Built from SVN snapshot on August  1, 2021
Timestamp: Sun Aug  1 10:07:00 CEST 2021
00000000000i[      ] BXSHARE not set. using compile time default '/usr/share/bochs'
00000000000i[      ] reading configuration from bochs_config
00000000000p[      ] >>PANIC<< bochs_config:7: display library 'sdl2' not available
00000000000e[SIM   ] notify called, but no bxevent_callback function is registered
00000000000e[SIM   ] notify called, but no bxevent_callback function is registered
Bochs is exiting with the following message:
[      ] bochs_config:7: display library 'sdl2' not available
00000000000i[SIM   ] quit_sim called with exit code 1

and i have no clue of why it cant find sdl2.

i needed to take out all the = signs in the error message so the markdown doesn't f*ck up the message.

this is the config file:

megs: 128
romimage: file=/usr/share/bochs/BIOS-bochs-latest, address=0xfffe0000
vgaromimage: file=/usr/share/bochs/VGABIOS-lgpl-latest
floppya: 1_44=build/main_floppy.img, status=inserted
boot: floppy
mouse: enabled=0
display_library: sdl2, options="gui_debug"

[ERROR] invalid combination of opcode and operands

When trying to run make -s (I'm currently in WSL Ubuntu), it give me this error:
x86.asm:117: error: invalid combination of opcode and operands
x86.asm:126: error: invalid combination of opcode and operands
x86.asm:133: error: invalid combination of opcode and operands
x86.asm:140: error: invalid combination of opcode and operands
make[1]: *** [Makefile:28: /home/.../programming/os/build/stage2/asm/x86.obj] Error 1
make: *** [Makefile:38: /home/.../programming/os/build/stage2.bin] Error 2

request for adding input method

dear nanobyte,
You have to implement the keyboard, mouse , and scrolling support . You have to implement these on Ep10 files .

Broken Makefile part one

im running 32 bit linux. heres error
make: *** No rule to make target 'nasm', needed by 'ASM'. Stop.

heres code

Scons error toolchain

I tried to do scons toolchain but it's giving me this error:
./scripts/setup_toolchain.sh: line 34: pushd: ../.toolchains: No such file or directory
Help me!

"Interrupt=b Error=402

Linking issues on WSL Ubuntu.

Introduction

I'm running on the WSL version of Ubuntu with all the required dependencies and uses the toolchain from scons toolchain . When I do a scons run there are issues when linking.

The logs

$ scons run
scons: Reading SConscript files ...
scons: done reading SConscript files.
scons: Building targets ...
Assembling [src/bootloader/stage1/boot.asm]
Linking    [build/i686_debug/stage1_fat32/stage1.bin]
Assembling [src/bootloader/stage2/crti.asm]
Compiling  [src/bootloader/stage2/main.cpp]
Compiling  [src/bootloader/stage2/cpp/NewDelete.cpp]
Compiling  [src/bootloader/stage2/mem/Stage2Allocator.cpp]
Compiling  [src/bootloader/stage2/arch/i686/BIOSDisk.cpp]
Assembling [src/bootloader/stage2/entry.asm]
Assembling [src/bootloader/stage2/arch/i686/Disk.asm]
Compiling  [src/libs/core/Assert.cpp]
Compiling  [src/libs/core/Debug.cpp]
Compiling  [src/libs/core/Memory.cpp]
Compiling  [src/libs/core/String.cpp]
Compiling  [src/libs/core/cpp/CppSupport.cpp]
Compiling  [src/libs/core/dev/RangeBlockDevice.cpp]
Compiling  [src/libs/core/dev/TextDevice.cpp]
Compiling  [src/libs/core/fs/FATFileSystem.cpp]
Compiling  [src/libs/core/fs/FileSystem.cpp]
Compiling  [src/libs/core/arch/i686/E9Device.cpp]
Compiling  [src/libs/core/arch/i686/VGATextDevice.cpp]
Compiling  [src/libs/core/fs/fat/FATFile.cpp]
Compiling  [src/libs/core/fs/fat/FATFileEntry.cpp]
Assembling [src/libs/core/MemoryAsm.asm]
Assembling [src/libs/core/arch/i686/IO.asm]
Archiving  [build/i686_debug/libs/core/libcore.o]
Ranlib     [build/i686_debug/libs/core/libcore.o]
Assembling [src/bootloader/stage2/crtn.asm]
Linking    [build/i686_debug/stage2/stage2.elf]
build/i686_debug/stage2/main.o:(.rodata._ZTV15CharacterDevice[vtable for CharacterDevice]+0x10): undefined reference to `__cxa_pure_virtual'
build/i686_debug/stage2/main.o:(.rodata._ZTV15CharacterDevice[vtable for CharacterDevice]+0x14): undefined reference to `__cxa_pure_virtual'
build/i686_debug/stage2/mem/Stage2Allocator.o:(.rodata._ZTV9Allocator[vtable for Allocator]+0x8): undefined reference to `__cxa_pure_virtual'
build/i686_debug/stage2/mem/Stage2Allocator.o:(.rodata._ZTV9Allocator[vtable for Allocator]+0xc): undefined reference to `__cxa_pure_virtual'
build/i686_debug/stage2/arch/i686/BIOSDisk.o:(.rodata._ZTV11BlockDevice[vtable for BlockDevice]+0x10): undefined reference to `__cxa_pure_virtual'
build/i686_debug/stage2/arch/i686/BIOSDisk.o:(.rodata._ZTV11BlockDevice[vtable for BlockDevice]+0x14): more undefined references to `__cxa_pure_virtual' follow
collect2: error: ld returned 1 exit status
scons: *** [build/i686_debug/stage2/stage2.elf] Error 1
scons: building terminated because of errors.$ scons run
scons: Reading SConscript files ...
scons: done reading SConscript files.
scons: Building targets ...
Assembling [src/bootloader/stage1/boot.asm]
Linking    [build/i686_debug/stage1_fat32/stage1.bin]
Assembling [src/bootloader/stage2/crti.asm]
Compiling  [src/bootloader/stage2/main.cpp]
Compiling  [src/bootloader/stage2/cpp/NewDelete.cpp]
Compiling  [src/bootloader/stage2/mem/Stage2Allocator.cpp]
Compiling  [src/bootloader/stage2/arch/i686/BIOSDisk.cpp]
Assembling [src/bootloader/stage2/entry.asm]
Assembling [src/bootloader/stage2/arch/i686/Disk.asm]
Compiling  [src/libs/core/Assert.cpp]
Compiling  [src/libs/core/Debug.cpp]
Compiling  [src/libs/core/Memory.cpp]
Compiling  [src/libs/core/String.cpp]
Compiling  [src/libs/core/cpp/CppSupport.cpp]
Compiling  [src/libs/core/dev/RangeBlockDevice.cpp]
Compiling  [src/libs/core/dev/TextDevice.cpp]
Compiling  [src/libs/core/fs/FATFileSystem.cpp]
Compiling  [src/libs/core/fs/FileSystem.cpp]
Compiling  [src/libs/core/arch/i686/E9Device.cpp]
Compiling  [src/libs/core/arch/i686/VGATextDevice.cpp]
Compiling  [src/libs/core/fs/fat/FATFile.cpp]
Compiling  [src/libs/core/fs/fat/FATFileEntry.cpp]
Assembling [src/libs/core/MemoryAsm.asm]
Assembling [src/libs/core/arch/i686/IO.asm]
Archiving  [build/i686_debug/libs/core/libcore.o]
Ranlib     [build/i686_debug/libs/core/libcore.o]
Assembling [src/bootloader/stage2/crtn.asm]
Linking    [build/i686_debug/stage2/stage2.elf]
build/i686_debug/stage2/main.o:(.rodata._ZTV15CharacterDevice[vtable for CharacterDevice]+0x10): undefined reference to `__cxa_pure_virtual'
build/i686_debug/stage2/main.o:(.rodata._ZTV15CharacterDevice[vtable for CharacterDevice]+0x14): undefined reference to `__cxa_pure_virtual'
build/i686_debug/stage2/mem/Stage2Allocator.o:(.rodata._ZTV9Allocator[vtable for Allocator]+0x8): undefined reference to `__cxa_pure_virtual'
build/i686_debug/stage2/mem/Stage2Allocator.o:(.rodata._ZTV9Allocator[vtable for Allocator]+0xc): undefined reference to `__cxa_pure_virtual'
build/i686_debug/stage2/arch/i686/BIOSDisk.o:(.rodata._ZTV11BlockDevice[vtable for BlockDevice]+0x10): undefined reference to `__cxa_pure_virtual'
build/i686_debug/stage2/arch/i686/BIOSDisk.o:(.rodata._ZTV11BlockDevice[vtable for BlockDevice]+0x14): more undefined references to `__cxa_pure_virtual' follow
collect2: error: ld returned 1 exit status
scons: *** [build/i686_debug/stage2/stage2.elf] Error 1
scons: building terminated because of errors.
``

boot halts

I duplicated the boot.asm code and it halts in the middle of the puts routine.
Using the qemu command from the video in a terminal with the addition of the -nographic switch.
Added a couple of earlier puts calls to see if that works, see output, they do.
It's the call to puts msg_hello that grinds to a halt...

Any help please?

Below first a part of the code, that the output of my test.

===================== CODE

main:

    ; setup data segments
    mov  ax,0       ; can't write to ds/es directly
    mov  ds, ax
    mov  es, ax

    ; setup stack segment
    mov  ss, ax
    mov  sp, 0xC700 ; stack grows downwards from where we are loaded in memory


    ; print message
    mov  si, msg_read_starts
    call puts


    ; read something from floppy disk
    ; BIOS should set DL to drive number
    mov  [ebr_drive_number], dl

    mov  ax, 1      ; LBA = 1, second sector from disk
    mov  cl, 1      ; 1 sector to read
    mov  bx, 0x7E00 ; data should be after the bootloader
    call disk_read


    ; print message
    mov  si, msg_read_okay
    call puts


    ; print message
    mov  si, msg_hello
    call puts


    cli             ; disable interrupts, this way CPU can't get out of 'halt' state
    hlt

===================== TEST OUTPUT

SeaBIOS (version 1.16.2-debian-1.16.2-1)

iPXE (http://ipxe.org) 00:03.0 CA00 PCI2.10 PnP PMM+06FCF160+06F0F160 CA00

Booting from Hard Disk...
Boot failed: could not read the boot disk

Booting from Floppy...
Read from disk started
Read from disk finished okay
gawOS 0.1 startin

libguestfs error on wsl 2

Creating disk image...
> creating partition table...
> formatting file using fat32...
> installing stage1...
> installing stage2...
> mounting image to build/i686_debug/tmp_mount_1674479016...
> cleaning up...
scons: *** [build/i686_debug/image.img] ErrorReturnCode_1 :

  RAN: /usr/bin/guestmount build/i686_debug/tmp_mount_1674479016 --add=build/i686_debug/image.img --mount=/dev/sda1

  STDOUT:


  STDERR:
libguestfs: trace: set_verbose true
libguestfs: trace: set_verbose = 0
libguestfs: create: flags = 0, handle = 0x559d5aed8500, program = guestmount
libguestfs: trace: set_recovery_proc false
libguestfs: trace: set_recovery_proc = 0
libguestfs: trace: add_drive "build/i686_debug/image.img"
libguestfs: trace: add_drive = 0
libguestfs: trace: launch
libguestfs: trace: max_disks
libguestfs: trace: max_disks = 255
libguestfs: trace: get_tmpdir
libguestfs: trace: get_tmpdir = "/tmp"
libguestfs: trace: version
libguestfs: trace: version = <struct guestfs_version = major: 1, minor: 46, release: 2, extra: , >
libguestfs: trace: get_backend
libguestfs: trace: get_backend = "direct"
libguestfs: launch: program=guestmount
libguestfs: launch: version=1.... (3478 more, please see e.stderr)
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/SCons/Action.py", line 1280, in execute
    result = self.execfunction(target=target, source=rsources, env=env)
  File "/home/sytze/nanobyte_os/image/SConscript", line 235, in build_image
    build_disk(image, stage1, stage2, kernel, files, env)
  File "/home/sytze/nanobyte_os/image/SConscript", line 193, in build_disk
    mount_fs(image, tempdir)
  File "/home/sytze/nanobyte_os/image/SConscript", line 152, in mount_fs
    sh.guestmount(mount_dir, add=image, mount='/dev/sda1')
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.10/dist-packages/sh.py", line 1524, in __call__
    return RunningCommand(cmd, call_args, stdin, stdout, stderr)
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.10/dist-packages/sh.py", line 788, in __init__
    self.wait()
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.10/dist-packages/sh.py", line 845, in wait
    self.handle_command_exit_code(exit_code)
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.10/dist-packages/sh.py", line 869, in handle_command_exit_code
    raise exc
sh.ErrorReturnCode_1:

  RAN: /usr/bin/guestmount build/i686_debug/tmp_mount_1674479016 --add=build/i686_debug/image.img --mount=/dev/sda1

  STDOUT:


  STDERR:
libguestfs: trace: set_verbose true
libguestfs: trace: set_verbose = 0
libguestfs: create: flags = 0, handle = 0x559d5aed8500, program = guestmount
libguestfs: trace: set_recovery_proc false
libguestfs: trace: set_recovery_proc = 0
libguestfs: trace: add_drive "build/i686_debug/image.img"
libguestfs: trace: add_drive = 0
libguestfs: trace: launch
libguestfs: trace: max_disks
libguestfs: trace: max_disks = 255
libguestfs: trace: get_tmpdir
libguestfs: trace: get_tmpdir = "/tmp"
libguestfs: trace: version
libguestfs: trace: version = <struct guestfs_version = major: 1, minor: 46, release: 2, extra: , >
libguestfs: trace: get_backend
libguestfs: trace: get_backend = "direct"
libguestfs: launch: program=guestmount
libguestfs: launch: version=1.... (3478 more, please see e.stderr)
scons: building terminated because of errors.

windows cannot mount the image and wsl2 gives this error

multiple definition of `PIC_ICW1'

The latest version of this repository, when trying to compile, returns a "multiple definition" error because PIC_ICW1, PIC_ICW4 and PIC_CMD already exist in pic.c, the fix is to rename the one in i8256.c or pic.c.

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