This tutorial is an ultimate step by step walkthrough aimed to teach people who are new to Git and Github on how to contribute to Github Projects.

Here is the workflow and the general idea:

1. Navigate to the project that you want to contribute to, and Fork it. The main repository that you forked is called upstream. Your fork is called origin.

2. Clone the project that you just Forked to your local machine. The repository that is sitting on your local machine is called local.

3. Configure the commit settings on your local machine, including the upstream link.

4. Create a new branch on your local machine, and push this branch to your origin.

5. Add your code changes/contributions to this branch, and push commits to your origin as you normally would.

6. When you want to submit your changes, update your local repository first. This is done by pulling the changes from the upstream into your local.

7. Update your branch that you made some changes on from your updated local repository (called rebase), and push these updates, as well as your contributions to your origin.

8. Create a pull request from the branch containing your contributions in your origin to the dev (or main) branch of the upstream.

9. When your pull request is not yet merged, always update your pull request to avoid merging conflicts. This is done from step 6 until this step.

10. When creating another contribution, follow from step 4.

1. Basic knowledge on terminal (or command promt) commands.
2. Installed git on your local machine. To check if you have git installed, navigate to terminal and type

$ git --version  # should output your git version. for example
# git version 2.24.3 (Apple Git-128)

If you do not have git installed, check this documentation. If you do not know any basic terminal commands, I suggest you learn about basic commands (you can try this link for your reference).

1. Navigate to the github repository that you want to contribute to, and simply click Fork (Labelled 1 in the attached image). In this tutorial we are going to clone the basic-ecommerce repository.

2. You will know that you have successfully forked the repository when the repository owner has changed into your name (Labelled 2 in the previous image). Notice the fork icon beside your name.

3. The original repository (the one you forked) is called the upstream, while your forked repository (the one with your name on it) is called the origin.

1. Locate the "(download) Code" button (Labelled 1 in the image), click it and click the clickboard icon (Labelled 2 in the image) to copy the repository link.

2. In your terminal, cd into the folder where you want to store your repository and type git clone and paste the link that you copied. cd into your newly cloned repository, and type ls to verify that you have successfully cloned the origin.

$ git clone <your_repository link>
$ cd <your_repository_name>
$ ls

1. Configure your commit settings as follows:

# To configure your user name:
# git config user.name "your_name_here"
git config user.name "Coco"

# To configure your user email:
# git config user.email "your_email@here"
git config user.email "[email protected]"

# Type this to see if your changes has been reflected
git config --list

you can add the --global to configure your settings globally.

2. Add your upstream by typing the command:

   $ git remote add upstream https://github.com/ORIGINAL_OWNER/ORIGINAL_REPOSITORY.git

   the link with https://github.com/ORIGINAL_OWNER/ORIGINAL_REPOSITORY.git can be copied from the HTTPS link on the "Clone button" of the original repository or the upstream

   

3. Check your remote configurations by typing:

   $ git remote -v

   you should have a fetch and push for your origin (your forked repository), and fetch and push for the upstream (the main repository).

1. To create a new branch, type

$ git checkout -b <branch_name> origin/main

checkout is a command that lets you switch branches

-b tells git to create a new branch with the name of <branch_name

origin/main tells git to copy the code from the main branch of origin to this newly created branch.

2. Push this branch to origin so your origin would be updated. Type

$ git push -u origin <branch_name>

For this example, let's create a greetings_list branch.

Edit the codebase as you normally would. In this tutorial we would create a greetings_list.txt and write a "Hello world" in it.

To push these changes:

1. Check your edits by typing git status, add these changes to staging by typing git add . (. means all. If you want you can specifiy what files you'd like to add). Commit this changes with a message by typing git commit -m "<your_message>". Finally, push these changes to the origin by typing git push -u origin <branch_name>. In summary,

$ git status
$ git add .
$ git commit -m "<your_message_here>"
$ git push -u origin <branch_name>

2. Your edits should now reflect on your origin on the github page. Verify our greetings_list.txt is now in origin.

When contributing to a project, it is high likely that your local repository is behind the upstream as many developers would merge their changes to the master (or development) branch of upstream. Before requesting for a pull request, we should update our local and origin repositories based on the changes of the upstream.

In this example, while we were editing our greetings_list.txt the main repository has already updated.

To update our local and origin, we can update our local main branch by:

$ git checkout <main_branch_name>
$ git fetch upstream
$ git merge upstream/<main_branch_name>
$ git push -u origin <origin_main_branch_name>:<local_main_branch_name> -f

Our greetings_list branch is now behind our local main branch (which was just recently updated, see section 6). We also need to update this branch by rebasing.

$ git checkout <branch_name>
$ git fetch origin
$ git rebase origin/<main_branch>
# rebase your codes
$ git rebase --continue

#after rebasing, update origin branch
$ git push -u origin <branch_name> -f

1. You can create pull requests by navigating in the branch that you were developing (in our case, greetings_list Labelled 2 in the image) and clicking the "Compare & pull request" button (Labelled 1 in the image).

2. Edit the pull request title and the description based on the specifications of the project you are contributing to, and click "Create pull request".

Congratulations! You just created your pull request. Pull request reviewers will review your code and add comments for you to change.

Expect that your pull requests will not be merged immediately, it might take hours, days, weeks, even months. (Or it might not be merged at all).

Always update your pull requests by following from step 6, as outdated PRs will not be merged due to merge conflicts. Your reviewer might ask you to update your PR once it is ready for merging.

You've done it! You can create another contribution by following from step 2.

Time get hands on. Fork this repository and contribute by adding you name (or your pet's name), your favorite phrase, or whatever you want in the greetings_list.txt. I might have spelling and grammatical errors, feel free to edit them.

I've compiled the commands in commands.txt for your reference. I've also added the command for deleting branch in your local and origin.

MREstepa