We'll introduce you to the concept of web frameworks and Sinatra in particular. You'll make sure Sinatra is installed in your computer and run a simple web application with it.

1. Differentiate between a website and a web application
2. Describe how Web Frameworks like Sinatra simplify web application development through common patterns and conventions
3. Distinguish between Sinatra and Rails
4. Install Sinatra on your computer
5. Run a basic Sinatra application

How does Twitter have different pages for each of its 300 million users? How can AirBnB support over 40 million guests with over 1.5 million listings worldwide? All of this is possible because of web applications.

A web application framework (WAF) is a software framework that is designed to support the development of dynamic websites, web applications, web services and web resources. The framework aims to alleviate the overhead associated with common activities performed in web development. Wikipedia

Building dynamic web applications in any language is a complex job requiring intimate knowledge of hundreds of technologies and specifications. The good news, however, is that many of these requirements are universal and every web application must conform to these standards.

For example, any robust web application will need to handle request routing and provide a mechanism for the application to respond to different URLs with the appropriate response. Even a simple blog application has to handle a request to GET '/posts' to show all the recent blog posts vs a request to GET '/authors' to list all the authors.

Similarly, web applications require the ability to render templates to produce consistently structured dynamic content. A GET request to /posts/1 must render the HTML for the first post just as a request to GET '/posts/2' will render identically structured HTML but with content for the second post. This is possible because of templates.

Web frameworks take all these routine and common requirements of any web application and abstract them into code and patterns that provide these functionalities to your application without requiring you to build them yourself.

Frameworks provide structure and libraries that allow you to focus on your application and not applications in general. The bigger the framework, the more you can rely on it to provide you with common needs. The smaller the framework, the more you'll have to build things yourself.

Sinatra is a Domain Specific Language implemented in Ruby that's used for writing web applications. Created by Blake Mizerany, Sinatra is Rack-based, which means it can fit into any Rack-based application stack, including Rails. It's used by companies such as Apple, BBC, GitHub, LinkedIn, and more.

Essentially, Sinatra is nothing more than some pre-written methods that we can include in our applications to turn them into Ruby web applications.

Unlike Ruby on Rails, which is a Full Stack Web Development Framework that provides everything needed from front to back, Sinatra is designed to be lightweight and flexible. Sinatra is designed to provide you with the bare minimum requirements and abstractions for building simple and dynamic Ruby web applications.

In addition to being a great tool for certain projects, Sinatra is a great way to get started in web application development with Ruby and will prepare you for learning other larger frameworks, including Rails.

We've all heard of "Ruby on Rails" and how powerful it is. You can build impressive web applications in mere hours! How amazing. Most people, when they learn Rails for the first time, literally say "It's like magic!". But we're developers, and we know that magic isn't real and that other smart developers just built an impressive framework.

That means it's important to understand the basic concepts of Rails before diving into Rails itself. Enter Sinatra.

Sinatra is considered a light weight framework where the responsibility of app structure and communication falls solely on the developer. Sinatra doesn't give you a lot to get started with. There is no way to auto-generate files and directories, no way for the app to make assumptions about routes, or "Sinatra magic".

Because of this, working with Sinatra allows you to dive in deep with the major concepts of MVC, a system for building web applications that governs 90% of the worlds' apps. You are required to manually set up routes and connect them to other pieces of your application. Without this manual setup, your application does not automatically know how to communicate with your database or what HTML files to load in the browser. And even more importantly, without a manual setup, you lose connection to the major components of a web application, and in particular, all the moving pieces of MVC.

So introduce yourself to Sinatra. Get to know it, and know it well. The better your foundation, the more you'll be able to know (and like) Rails.

Any application that requires the sinatra library will get access to methods like: get and post. These methods provide the ability to instantly transform a Ruby application into an application that can respond to HTTP requests.

First, make sure Sinatra is installed by running gem install sinatra in your terminal.

The simplest Sinatra application would be:

File: app.rb

require 'sinatra'

class App < Sinatra::Base

  get '/' do
    "Hello, World!"
  end

end

You could start this web application by running rackup app.rb. You'll see something similar to:

$ rackup app.rb
Puma starting in single mode...
* Version 3.10.0 (ruby 2.3.0-p0), codename: Russell's Teapot
* Min threads: 0, max threads: 16
* Environment: development
* Listening on tcp://localhost:9292
Use Ctrl-C to stop

If you are running Ruby version 2.6.1 or another similar version of Ruby, you'll see something such as:

[2019-09-23 13:29:58] INFO  WEBrick 1.4.2
[2019-09-23 13:29:58] INFO  ruby 2.6.1 (2019-01-30) [x86_64-darwin17]
[2019-09-23 13:29:58] INFO  WEBrick::HTTPServer#start: pid=82970 port=9292

Note: If you're using the Learn IDE, that last line will look more like this: Listening on 192.241.134.186:30000, CTRL+C to stop and you'll have to navigate to the address shown (in this case: 192.241.134.186:30000) to see your site!

This is telling us that Sinatra has started a web application running on your computer listening to HTTP requests at port 9292, the Sinatra default. If you start this application and navigate to http://localhost:9292 you'll see "Hello, World!" in your browser. Go back to your terminal running the Sinatra application and stop it by typing CTRL+C. You should see:

* Listening on tcp://localhost:9292
Use Ctrl-C to stop
^C- Gracefully stopping, waiting for requests to finish
=== puma shutdown: 2017-11-15 09:41:19 -0500 ===
- Goodbye!
[00:01:11] (wip-lesson) what-is-sinatra
$

and for version 2.6.1 and similar versions you should see:

[2019-09-23 13:53:27] INFO  going to shutdown ...
[2019-09-23 13:53:27] INFO  WEBrick::HTTPServer#start done.

This is the most basic Sinatra application structure and is actually pretty uncommon. More commonly, Sinatra is used in a modular style encapsulated by Controller Classes and booted via the config.ru Rack convention.

• Blake Mizerany - Ruby Learning Interview
• Companies Using Sinatra

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