Analyse the climatic niche of a species

R-Setup

Load required packages

Load required packages from CRAN

#Automatically install required packages, which are not yet installed
packages <- c("rgbif", "sp", "raster", "dplyr", "sf", "ggplot2", "rgdal", "rebird", "rgeos", "remotes", "outliers")
new.packages <- packages[!(packages %in% installed.packages()[,"Package"])]
if(length(new.packages)) install.packages(new.packages); rm(new.packages)

# Load packages
l <- sapply(packages, require, character.only = TRUE, quietly=TRUE); rm(packages, l)

Load additional packages from GitHub

# Instal missing packages from GitHub
packages_github <- c("rasterSp", "climateNiche", "ggmap2")
new.packages <- packages_github[!(packages_github %in% installed.packages()[,"Package"])]
if(length(new.packages)) remotes::install_github(paste0("RS-eco/", new.packages)); rm(new.packages)

# Load additional packages
l <- sapply(packages_github, require, character.only = TRUE, quietly=TRUE); rm(packages_github, l)

Specify file path

Note: You need to change this to a location, where you have the required input data stored and/or where you want to have all the output data stored.

#Set file directory
filedir <- "/media/matt/Data/Documents/Wissenschaft/Data/"

Get species data

IUCN/BirdLife Data

We have rasterized IUCN and BirdLife range maps of amphibians, terrestrial mammals, birds and reptiles to a resolution of 0.5°. Details of how this was done, can be found in the rasterSp package.

We can directly read the distribution data for all species of these taxa

data(amphibians_dist, package="rasterSp")
data(ter_birds_dist, package="rasterSp")
data(ter_mammals_dist, package="rasterSp")
data(reptiles_dist, package="rasterSp")

Rasterized species range data for the house sparrow Passer domesticus and the great sparrow Passer motitensis is also included in this package and can be accessed by:

# Load data of the house sparrow
data(Passer_domesticus)

# Load data of the great sparrow
data(Passer_motitensis)

Plot species range

# Display the range map of one species
plotSp(data=Passer_domesticus, extent=c(-180, 180, -65, 90))

eBird Data

eBird data can be accessed through the rebird package available on CRAN. However, this only gives access to the records of the last 14 days and requires Internet access.

## Search for bird occurrences by latitude and longitude point
data <- ebirdgeo(species_code('Passer domesticus'), 42, -76)

## Same, but with additional parameter settings, including provisional records, and hotspot records
data <- ebirdgeo(species_code("Passer domesticus"), lat = 42, lng = -76, includeProvisional = TRUE, hotspot = TRUE)

## Search for bird occurrences by region and species name
data <- ebirdregion(loc = 'US', species = species_code('Passer domesticus'))

## Search for bird occurrences by their location IDs
data <- ebirdregion(loc = c('L99381','L99382'))

## Search by location ID and species name, as well as some additional parameter settings
data <- ebirdregion(loc = 'L99381', species = species_code('Passer domesticus'), max = 10, provisional = TRUE, hotspot=TRUE)

## Obtain frequency data for a given state or county
data_freq <- ebirdfreq(loctype = 'states', loc = 'CA-BC')
# loctype= states, counties, hotspots, startyear, endyear, startmonth, endmonth, long=TRUE or FALSE

## Search for notable sightings at a given latitude and longitude
data_notable <- ebirdnotable(lat = 42, lng = -70)

## Return eBird taxonomy
#ebirdtaxonomy()

The rebird package, only gives you data from the last 14 days, when analysing species distributions it is best to download the whole ebird Database from their website. The original eBird Datafile is around 150 GB in size, we converted the file to a sqlite database, which can be read using R on any computer, without running into memory limitations. To obtain a copy of the ebird database just get in touch with me or check out the vignette("create-ebird-db") vignette in order to know how to create the database yourself.

# Connect to ebird database
con <- DBI::dbConnect(RSQLite::SQLite(), dbname = paste0(filedir, "/ebird_database.sqlite"))

# Get eBird data of Passer_domesticus
ebird <- tbl(con, "ebird")
Pass_dom <- ebird %>% dplyr::filter(`SCIENTIFIC NAME` == "Passer domesticus") %>% 
  data.frame()

# Disconnect from database
DBI::dbDisconnect(con); rm(ebird, con)

Note: The database contains a considerable smaller number of records for each species compared to the eBird Website (http://ebird.org), as this database contains only verified records.

Create plot of eBird data

# Load outline data
data(outline, package="ggmap2")

# Plot locations and size of points according to Observation count
ggplot(data=Pass_dom, aes(x=LONGITUDE, y=LATITUDE)) + 
  geom_point(aes(size=OBSERVATION.COUNT, col=month)) + 
  geom_polygon(data=outline, aes(x=long, y=lat, group=group), 
                 fill="transparent", color="black") + 
  coord_quickmap(xlim=c(-130,-45), ylim=c(-35,65)) + 
  theme_bw()

GBIF Data

Download occurrence data from GBIF using the rgbif package. This approach is limited to 200000 data entries, so here we limit it to 200 entries, as data takes a long time to download.

sp_data <- rgbif::occ_data(scientificName="Passer domesticus", limit=200, hasCoordinate=TRUE)
sp_data <- sp_data$data[,c("name", "decimalLatitude", "decimalLongitude", 
                           "year", "month", "day")]

Turn sp_data into a SpatialPointsDataFrame

coordinates(sp_data) <- ~decimalLongitude+decimalLatitude
crs(sp_data) <- sp::CRS("+proj=longlat +datum=WGS84 +no_defs +ellps=WGS84 +towgs84=0,0,0")

Alternatively, we can use the terrestrialGBIF function from the climateNiche package, which automatically downloads the data, removes outliers and points which are not on land. In addition, the file is saved to a specified path so that the data does not have to be downloaded over and over again.

sp_data <- terrestrialGBIF("Passer domesticus", limit=200, hasCoordinate=TRUE, 
                           path=paste0(filedir, "/GBIF/"))

For analysing GBIF data of multiple species, it is easier to download all the data from the GBIF Website (ca. 350 GB) and create a sqlite database from it. In order to obtain a copy of the database, just ask me or have a look at the vignette("create-gbif-db") vignette in order to create the database yourself.

# Connect to GBIF database
con <- DBI::dbConnect(RSQLite::SQLite(), dbname=paste0(filedir, "gbif_database.sqlite"))

# Get gbif data of Passer_domesticus
gbif <- tbl(con, "gbif")
sp_data <- gbif %>% filter(species == "Passer domesticus") %>% collect() %>%
  data.frame()

# Disconnect from database
DBI::dbDisconnect(con); rm(gbif,con)

Create plot of gbif data

# Load outline data
data(outline, package="ggmap2")

# Plot locations
sp_data <- as.data.frame(sp_data)
ggplot(data=sp_data, aes(x=decimalLongitude, y=decimalLatitude)) + 
  geom_point(col="red") + 
  geom_polygon(data=outline, aes(x=long, y=lat, group=group), 
               fill="transparent", color="black") + 
  coord_quickmap(xlim=c(-160,180), ylim=c(-55,75)) + theme_bw()

Read environmental data

WorldClim Data

Using the getData function from the raster package, we can extract altitude, tmin, tmax and prec as well as 19 bioclimatic variables. The function downloads global bioclim data with a resolution of 10 Arc min and save the file to a subfolder called wc10 located at the path previously specified as filedir.

Note: If the data has been downloaded once to the specified path, it automatically loads these data instead of downloading them again.

Here, the resolution is 10, but worldclim also provides 0.5, 2.5 and 5 ArcMin grid sizes. Note that for the 0.5 resolution, we would need to specify a latitude and longitude value, as in this case getData only downloads and reads one tile and not the entire earth.

bioclim <- getData(name="worldclim", download=TRUE, path=filedir, res=10, var="bio")

Here is a description of the 19 bioclimatic variables:

bio1 = Mean annual temperature
bio2 = Mean diurnal range (mean of max temp - min temp)
bio3 = Isothermality (bio2/bio7) (* 100)
bio4 = Temperature seasonality (standard deviation *100)
bio5 = Max temperature of warmest month
bio6 = Min temperature of coldest month
bio7 = Temperature annual range (bio5-bio6)
bio8 = Mean temperature of the wettest quarter
bio9 = Mean temperature of driest quarter
bio10 = Mean temperature of warmest quarter
bio11 = Mean temperature of coldest quarter
bio12 = Total (annual) precipitation
bio13 = Precipitation of wettest month
bio14 = Precipitation of driest month
bio15 = Precipitation seasonality (coefficient of variation)
bio16 = Precipitation of wettest quarter
bio17 = Precipitation of driest quarter
bio18 = Precipitation of warmest quarter
bio19 = Precipitation of coldest quarter

Transform data

Note: The temperature variables have to be divided by 10 to get actual °C.

bioclim_temp <- calc(bioclim[[c(1,2,5,6,7,8,9,10,11)]], fun=function(x){x/10})
bioclim <- stack(bioclim_temp[[c(1:2)]], bioclim[[c(3:4)]], bioclim_temp[[c(3:9)]], bioclim[[c(12:19)]]); rm(bioclim_temp)
names(bioclim) <- paste0("bio", 1:19)

ISIMIP2b Climate data

Alternatively, we can also load the landonly processed ISIMIP2b data at a resolution of 0.5°. Load present Bioclim ISIMIP2b files

data(bioclim_ewembi_1995_landonly, package="rISIMIP")

Extract environmental data

Now, we want to extract the environmental data for each presence point of our bird species.

sp_data <- sp_data[complete.cases(sp_data$decimalLatitude, sp_data$decimalLongitude),]
coordinates(sp_data) <- ~decimalLongitude+decimalLatitude
crs(sp_data) <- sp::CRS("+proj=longlat +datum=WGS84 +no_defs +ellps=WGS84 +towgs84=0,0,0")
sp_bio <- raster::extract(bioclim, sp_data, df=TRUE); rm(bioclim)
sp_data@data <- cbind(sp_data@data, sp_bio); rm(sp_bio)

Our bird species might have different ranges throughout the season. Therefore, we use sptExtract() to extract monthly temperature values for our species.

# Get temperature data
tmean <- getData(name="worldclim", path=filedir, res=10, var="tmean")

# Transform into degrees
tmean <- raster::calc(tmean, fun=function(x){x/10})
names(tmean) <- paste0("tmean", 1:12)

# Remove data where no month is provided
sp_month <- sp_data[which(!is.na(sp_data$month)),]

# Extract monthly temperature
sp_month <- sptExtract(sp_month, tmean, tres="month"); rm(tmean)

# Plot monthly mean temperature niche of Passer domesticus
ggplot(data=sp_month@data) + geom_boxplot(aes(x=factor(month), y=env_locs)) + 
  labs(x="Month", y="Monthly mean temperature (°C)") + theme_classic()

Environmental niche summary

# Summarise the climatic niche of our species
sp_month@data %>% group_by(month) %>% summarise(mean=mean(env_locs, na.rm=T)) %>% 
  knitr::kable(col.names=c("Month", "tmean"))

Month	tmean
1	0.4535

Visualise climatic niche

displayNiche

displayNiche is a function that plots the climatic/environmental niche of a given species. The function is included in the climateNiche package.

Annual temperature (min/max) & precipitation niche of GBIF data

# Display temperature and precipitation niche using Worldclim data
displayNiche(data=data.frame(sp_data), res=10, var=c("tmin", "tmax", "prec"), path=filedir)

Bioclim niche from IUCN range Map

# Display bioclimatic niche using Worldclim data
displayNiche(data=Passer_domesticus, res=10, var=c("tmax", "prec"), path=filedir)

Compare the climatic niche of one species using monthly and quarterly maximum temperature and precipitation data and qua

# Plot the monthly climatic niche of a species
displayNiche(data=Passer_domesticus, path=filedir, var=c("tmax", "prec"), 
             tres="month", res=10)

# Plot the quarterly climatic niche of a species
displayNiche(data=Passer_domesticus, path=filedir, var=c("tmin", "tmax", "prec"), 
             tres="quarter", res=10)

Compare the niche of two species

# Load raster file of IUCN species range map of the Great sparrow
data(Passer_motitensis)

# Create list of species
Passer_spp <- list(Passer_domesticus, Passer_motitensis)

# Display the range map of both species
plotSp(data=Passer_spp, extent=c(-180, 180, -65, 90))

Compare the climatic niche of multiple species using the most important bioclimatic variables (bio5, bio12, bio15)

# Compare the climatic niche of two species
displayNiche(data=Passer_spp, path=filedir, var=c("bio5", "bio12", "bio15"), res=10)

Plot climate envelope

# Compare the climatic envelope of two species
climateEnvelope(data=Passer_spp, path=filedir)

Compare the range and climatic niche of multiple data sources (IUCN, GBIF, eBird)

# Merge data into one list
Passer_data <- list(as.data.frame(rasterToPoints(Passer_domesticus)), data.frame(sp_data))
names(Passer_data) <- c("IUCN", "GBIF")

Plot climatic niche

# Compare the climatic niche of two datasets
displayNiche(data=Passer_data, var=c("tmin", "tmax", "prec"), path=filedir, res=10)

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