This repository has a derivative work from busybear-linux and has only a few minor differences.
The differences are
user mode network stackused at qemu- created
read onlyroot file system, so it resistant to sudden power-off - the disk image is created from scratch
- has a skeleton file system
- the skeleton file system is filled by means of busybox, toolchain and Linux kernel
- has a telnet server, a http server and a NFS client example
This repo has a ready to run bbl bootloader with Linux kernel and ready to mount a root file system named riscv_disk
# clone this repository
git clone https://github.com/UCanLinux/riscv64-sample.git sample
cd sample
export PATH=.:$PATH
./run.sh
login as root, password is root
power-off the system with poweroff command
|-- bbl BBL bootloader with Linux kernel
|-- bbl_logo_file Boot loader logo file
|-- busybox.config config file for busybox
|-- hello.c hello world code in C
|-- kernel.config config file for Linux kernel
|-- qemu-system-riscv64 qemu program for 64 bit RISC-V systems
|-- README.md this file
|-- riscv_disk ready to mount root file system
|-- run.sh run qemu program
`-- skeleton skeleton file for the root file system
You need about 15GB disk space. The project home is /opt/riscv
export RISCV=/opt/riscv
sudo mkdir -p $RISCV/src
sudo chown -R yourOwner:yourGroup $RISCV
# clone this repository to under src/ directory
cd $RISCV/src
git clone https://github.com/UCanLinux/riscv64-sample.git sample
cd $RISCV/src
git clone --recursive https://github.com/riscv/riscv-gnu-toolchain toolchain
cd toolchain
./configure --prefix=$RISCV
make linux -j$(nproc)
cd $RISCV/src
git clone https://github.com/riscv/riscv-linux.git linux
cd linux
git checkout riscv-linux-4.20
make ARCH=riscv defconfig
make ARCH=riscv CROSS_COMPILE=riscv64-unknown-linux-gnu- menuconfig
# OR
cp ../sample/kernel.config .config
make ARCH=riscv CROSS_COMPILE=riscv64-unknown-linux-gnu- menuconfig
make ARCH=riscv CROSS_COMPILE=riscv64-unknown-linux-gnu- all -j$(nproc)
cd $RISCV/src
git clone https://github.com/riscv/riscv-pk.git pk
cd pk
mkdir build
cd build
../configure --enable-logo --host=riscv64-unknown-linux-gnu --with-payload=$RISCV/src/linux/vmlinux --prefix=$RISCV
cp $RISCV/src/sample/bbl_logo_file $RISCV/src/pk/build # optional
make -j$(nproc)
make install
# strip bbl file
cd $RISCV/riscv64-unknown-linux-gnu/bin
chmod 755 bbl
riscv64-unknown-linux-gnu-strip bbl
cd $RISCV/src/
git clone git://busybox.net/busybox.git
cd busybox
git checkout 1_30_stable # checkout the latest stable branch
make menuconfig
cp ../sample/busybox.config .config # optional
make menuconfig
make CROSS_COMPILE=riscv64-unknown-linux-gnu- all -j$(nproc)
make CROSS_COMPILE=riscv64-unknown-linux-gnu- install
cd $RISCV/src/sample
mkdir RootFS
cd RootFS
cp -a ../skeleton/* .
# install linux commands provided by busybox
cd $RISCV/src/sample/RootFS
cp -a ../../busybox/_install/* .
# install modules from Linux kernel
cd $RISCV/src/linux
make ARCH=riscv CROSS_COMPILE=riscv64-unknown-linux-gnu- INSTALL_MOD_PATH=$RISCV/src/RootFS modules_install
# install libraries from toolchain
cd $RISCV/src/sample/RootFS
cp -a /opt/riscv/sysroot/lib .
# remove unneeded libraries and files
cd $RISCV/src/sample/RootFS/lib
rm -f *.a *.la *.spec *fortran* ../linuxrc
# create empty directories
cd $RISCV/src/sample/RootFS
mkdir dev home mnt proc sys tmp var
cd etc/network
mkdir if-down.d if-post-down.d if-pre-up.d if-up.d
cd $RISCV/src/sample
dd if=/dev/zero of=riscv_disk bs=1M count=50
mkfs.ext2 -L riscv-rootfs riscv_disk
sudo mkdir /mnt/rootfs
sudo mount riscv_disk /mnt/rootfs
sudo cp -a RootFS/* /mnt/rootfs
sudo chown -R -h root:root /mnt/rootfs/
df /mnt/rootfs
cd $RISCV/src/sample
sudo umount /mnt/rootfs
file riscv_disk
cd $RISCV/src
git clone https://git.qemu.org/git/qemu.git
cd qemu
./configure --target-list=riscv64-softmmu,riscv32-softmmu --prefix=$RISCV
make -j$(nproc)
make install
export PATH=$RISCV/bin:$PATH
cd $RISCV/src/sample
cp $RISCV/riscv64-unknown-linux-gnu/bin/bbl .
./run.sh
bbl loader
____ _ __ __
| _ \(_)___ __\ \ / /
| |_) | / __|/ __\ \ / /
| _ <| \__ \ (__ \ V /
|_| \_\_|___/\___| \_/
INSTRUCTION SETS WANT TO BE FREE
[ 0.000000] OF: fdt: Ignoring memory range 0x80000000 - 0x80200000
[ 0.000000] Linux version 4.20.0+ (nazim@nkoc) (gcc version 8.3.0 (GCC)) #1 SMP Wed Jun 12 20:38:32 +03 2019
[ 0.000000] printk: bootconsole [early0] enabled
[ 0.000000] initrd not found or empty - disabling initrd
[ 0.000000] Zone ranges:
[ 0.000000] DMA32 [mem 0x0000000080200000-0x0000000087ffffff]
[ 0.000000] Normal [mem 0x0000000088000000-0x0000087fffffffff]
[ 0.000000] Movable zone start for each node
[ 0.000000] Early memory node ranges
[ 0.000000] node 0: [mem 0x0000000080200000-0x0000000087ffffff]
[ 0.000000] Initmem setup node 0 [mem 0x0000000080200000-0x0000000087ffffff]
[ 0.000000] software IO TLB: mapped [mem 0x83e3c000-0x87e3c000] (64MB)
[ 0.000000] elf_hwcap is 0x112d
[ 0.000000] percpu: Embedded 17 pages/cpu @(____ptrval____) s29400 r8192 d32040 u69632
[ 0.000000] Built 1 zonelists, mobility grouping on. Total pages: 31815
[ 0.000000] Kernel command line: root=/dev/vda ro
[ 0.000000] Dentry cache hash table entries: 16384 (order: 5, 131072 bytes)
[ 0.000000] Inode-cache hash table entries: 8192 (order: 4, 65536 bytes)
[ 0.000000] Sorting __ex_table...
[ 0.000000] Memory: 53044K/129024K available (4941K kernel code, 332K rwdata, 1712K rodata, 176K init, 802K bss, 75980K reserved, 0K cma-reserved)
[ 0.000000] SLUB: HWalign=64, Order=0-3, MinObjects=0, CPUs=1, Nodes=1
[ 0.000000] rcu: Hierarchical RCU implementation.
[ 0.000000] rcu: RCU restricting CPUs from NR_CPUS=8 to nr_cpu_ids=1.
[ 0.000000] rcu: RCU calculated value of scheduler-enlistment delay is 25 jiffies.
[ 0.000000] rcu: Adjusting geometry for rcu_fanout_leaf=16, nr_cpu_ids=1
[ 0.000000] NR_IRQS: 0, nr_irqs: 0, preallocated irqs: 0
[ 0.000000] plic: mapped 53 interrupts to 1 (out of 2) handlers.
[ 0.000000] clocksource: riscv_clocksource: mask: 0xffffffffffffffff max_cycles: 0x24e6a1710, max_idle_ns: 440795202120 ns
[ 0.000000] Console: colour dummy device 80x25
[ 0.000000] printk: console [tty0] enabled
[ 0.004000] printk: bootconsole [early0] disabled
[ 0.000000] OF: fdt: Ignoring memory range 0x80000000 - 0x80200000
[ 0.000000] Linux version 4.20.0+ (nazim@nkoc) (gcc version 8.3.0 (GCC)) #1 SMP Wed Jun 12 20:38:32 +03 2019
[ 0.000000] printk: bootconsole [early0] enabled
[ 0.000000] initrd not found or empty - disabling initrd
[ 0.000000] Zone ranges:
[ 0.000000] DMA32 [mem 0x0000000080200000-0x0000000087ffffff]
[ 0.000000] Normal [mem 0x0000000088000000-0x0000087fffffffff]
[ 0.000000] Movable zone start for each node
[ 0.000000] Early memory node ranges
[ 0.000000] node 0: [mem 0x0000000080200000-0x0000000087ffffff]
[ 0.000000] Initmem setup node 0 [mem 0x0000000080200000-0x0000000087ffffff]
[ 0.000000] software IO TLB: mapped [mem 0x83e3c000-0x87e3c000] (64MB)
[ 0.000000] elf_hwcap is 0x112d
[ 0.000000] percpu: Embedded 17 pages/cpu @(____ptrval____) s29400 r8192 d32040 u69632
[ 0.000000] Built 1 zonelists, mobility grouping on. Total pages: 31815
[ 0.000000] Kernel command line: root=/dev/vda ro
[ 0.000000] Dentry cache hash table entries: 16384 (order: 5, 131072 bytes)
[ 0.000000] Inode-cache hash table entries: 8192 (order: 4, 65536 bytes)
[ 0.000000] Sorting __ex_table...
[ 0.000000] Memory: 53044K/129024K available (4941K kernel code, 332K rwdata, 1712K rodata, 176K init, 802K bss, 75980K reserved, 0K cma-reserved)
[ 0.000000] SLUB: HWalign=64, Order=0-3, MinObjects=0, CPUs=1, Nodes=1
[ 0.000000] rcu: Hierarchical RCU implementation.
[ 0.000000] rcu: RCU restricting CPUs from NR_CPUS=8 to nr_cpu_ids=1.
[ 0.000000] rcu: RCU calculated value of scheduler-enlistment delay is 25 jiffies.
[ 0.000000] rcu: Adjusting geometry for rcu_fanout_leaf=16, nr_cpu_ids=1
[ 0.000000] NR_IRQS: 0, nr_irqs: 0, preallocated irqs: 0
[ 0.000000] plic: mapped 53 interrupts to 1 (out of 2) handlers.
[ 0.000000] clocksource: riscv_clocksource: mask: 0xffffffffffffffff max_cycles: 0x24e6a1710, max_idle_ns: 440795202120 ns
[ 0.000000] Console: colour dummy device 80x25
[ 0.000000] printk: console [tty0] enabled
[ 0.004000] printk: bootconsole [early0] disabled
[ 0.004000] Calibrating delay loop (skipped), value calculated using timer frequency.. 20.00 BogoMIPS (lpj=40000)
[ 0.004000] pid_max: default: 32768 minimum: 301
[ 0.008000] Mount-cache hash table entries: 512 (order: 0, 4096 bytes)
[ 0.008000] Mountpoint-cache hash table entries: 512 (order: 0, 4096 bytes)
[ 0.048000] rcu: Hierarchical SRCU implementation.
[ 0.052000] smp: Bringing up secondary CPUs ...
[ 0.052000] smp: Brought up 1 node, 1 CPU
[ 0.104000] devtmpfs: initialized
[ 0.112000] random: get_random_u32 called from bucket_table_alloc+0x70/0x176 with crng_init=0
[ 0.116000] clocksource: jiffies: mask: 0xffffffff max_cycles: 0xffffffff, max_idle_ns: 7645041785100000 ns
[ 0.116000] futex hash table entries: 256 (order: 2, 16384 bytes)
[ 0.120000] NET: Registered protocol family 16
[ 0.180000] vgaarb: loaded
[ 0.184000] SCSI subsystem initialized
[ 0.184000] usbcore: registered new interface driver usbfs
[ 0.184000] usbcore: registered new interface driver hub
[ 0.188000] usbcore: registered new device driver usb
[ 0.200000] clocksource: Switched to clocksource riscv_clocksource
[ 0.224000] NET: Registered protocol family 2
[ 0.236000] tcp_listen_portaddr_hash hash table entries: 256 (order: 0, 4096 bytes)
[ 0.236000] TCP established hash table entries: 1024 (order: 1, 8192 bytes)
[ 0.236000] TCP bind hash table entries: 1024 (order: 2, 16384 bytes)
[ 0.236000] TCP: Hash tables configured (established 1024 bind 1024)
[ 0.240000] UDP hash table entries: 256 (order: 1, 8192 bytes)
[ 0.240000] UDP-Lite hash table entries: 256 (order: 1, 8192 bytes)
[ 0.240000] NET: Registered protocol family 1
[ 0.248000] RPC: Registered named UNIX socket transport module.
[ 0.248000] RPC: Registered udp transport module.
[ 0.248000] RPC: Registered tcp transport module.
[ 0.248000] RPC: Registered tcp NFSv4.1 backchannel transport module.
[ 0.264000] workingset: timestamp_bits=62 max_order=14 bucket_order=0
[ 0.292000] NFS: Registering the id_resolver key type
[ 0.292000] Key type id_resolver registered
[ 0.292000] Key type id_legacy registered
[ 0.292000] nfs4filelayout_init: NFSv4 File Layout Driver Registering...
[ 0.316000] NET: Registered protocol family 38
[ 0.316000] Block layer SCSI generic (bsg) driver version 0.4 loaded (major 254)
[ 0.316000] io scheduler noop registered
[ 0.316000] io scheduler deadline registered
[ 0.316000] io scheduler cfq registered (default)
[ 0.316000] io scheduler mq-deadline registered
[ 0.316000] io scheduler kyber registered
[ 0.460000] Serial: 8250/16550 driver, 4 ports, IRQ sharing disabled
[ 0.468000] 10000000.uart: ttyS0 at MMIO 0x10000000 (irq = 10, base_baud = 230400) is a 16550A
[ 0.504000] printk: console [ttyS0] enabled
[ 0.504000] [drm] radeon kernel modesetting enabled.
[ 0.532000] loop: module loaded
[ 0.556000] virtio_blk virtio0: [vda] 131072 512-byte logical blocks (67.1 MB/64.0 MiB)
[ 0.592000] libphy: Fixed MDIO Bus: probed
[ 0.600000] ehci_hcd: USB 2.0 'Enhanced' Host Controller (EHCI) Driver
[ 0.600000] ehci-pci: EHCI PCI platform driver
[ 0.600000] ehci-platform: EHCI generic platform driver
[ 0.600000] ohci_hcd: USB 1.1 'Open' Host Controller (OHCI) Driver
[ 0.600000] ohci-pci: OHCI PCI platform driver
[ 0.600000] ohci-platform: OHCI generic platform driver
[ 0.604000] usbcore: registered new interface driver uas
[ 0.604000] usbcore: registered new interface driver usb-storage
[ 0.608000] mousedev: PS/2 mouse device common for all mice
[ 0.608000] usbcore: registered new interface driver usbhid
[ 0.612000] usbhid: USB HID core driver
[ 0.616000] NET: Registered protocol family 10
[ 0.632000] Segment Routing with IPv6
[ 0.632000] sit: IPv6, IPv4 and MPLS over IPv4 tunneling driver
[ 0.636000] NET: Registered protocol family 17
[ 0.636000] Key type dns_resolver registered
[ 0.684000] EXT4-fs (vda): mounted filesystem without journal. Opts: (null)
[ 0.684000] VFS: Mounted root (ext4 filesystem) readonly on device 254:0.
[ 0.692000] devtmpfs: mounted
[ 0.724000] Freeing unused kernel memory: 176K
[ 0.724000] This architecture does not have kernel memory protection.
[ 0.724000] Run /sbin/init as init process
_ _ ____ _ _
| | | |/ ___|__ _ _ __ | | (_)_ __ _ ___ __
| | | | | / _` | '_ \| | | | '_ \| | | \ \/ /
| |_| | |__| (_| | | | | |___| | | | | |_| |> <
\___/ \____\__,_|_| |_|_____|_|_| |_|\__,_/_/\_\
Welcome to RiscV
UCanLinux login: root
Password: root
root@UCanLinux:~ # uname -a
Linux UCanLinux 4.20.0+ #1 SMP Wed Jun 12 20:38:32 +03 2019 riscv64 GNU/Linux
root@UCanLinux:~ # cat /proc/filesystems
nodev sysfs
nodev rootfs
nodev ramfs
nodev bdev
nodev proc
nodev cgroup
nodev cgroup2
nodev tmpfs
nodev devtmpfs
nodev sockfs
nodev bpf
nodev pipefs
nodev rpc_pipefs
nodev devpts
ext3
ext4
ext2
vfat
msdos
nodev nfs
nodev nfs4
nodev autofs
nodev mqueue
root@UCanLinux:~ # cat /etc/network/interfaces
auto lo
iface lo inet loopback
auto eth0
iface eth0 inet static
address 10.0.2.20
netmask 255.255.255.0
broadcast 10.0.2.255
gateway 10.0.2.2
root@UCanLinux:~ # pstree -p
init(1)-+-httpd(67)
|-klogd(64)
|-sh(81)---pstree(86)
|-syslogd(62)
`-telnetd(69)
root@UCanLinux:~ # top -b -n1
Mem: 16900K used, 36320K free, 36K shrd, 348K buff, 2988K cached
CPU: 6.2% usr 25.0% sys 0.0% nic 68.7% idle 0.0% io 0.0% irq 0.0% sirq
Load average: 0.00 0.00 0.00 1/37 89
PID PPID USER STAT VSZ %VSZ CPU %CPU COMMAND
89 81 root R 3020 5.6 0 31.2 top -b -n1
1 0 root S 3020 5.6 0 0.0 init
81 1 root S 3020 5.6 0 0.0 -sh
62 1 root S 3020 5.6 0 0.0 syslogd
64 1 root S 3020 5.6 0 0.0 klogd
67 1 root S 3020 5.6 0 0.0 httpd -h /var/www
69 1 root S 3020 5.6 0 0.0 telnetd -f /etc/issue
13 2 root SW 0 0.0 0 0.0 [kdevtmpfs]
7 2 root IW 0 0.0 0 0.0 [kworker/u2:0-ev]
22 2 root IW 0 0.0 0 0.0 [kworker/0:1-eve]
2 0 root SW 0 0.0 0 0.0 [kthreadd]
3 2 root IW< 0 0.0 0 0.0 [rcu_gp]
4 2 root IW< 0 0.0 0 0.0 [rcu_par_gp]
5 2 root IW 0 0.0 0 0.0 [kworker/0:0-eve]
6 2 root IW< 0 0.0 0 0.0 [kworker/0:0H-kb]
8 2 root IW< 0 0.0 0 0.0 [mm_percpu_wq]
9 2 root SW 0 0.0 0 0.0 [ksoftirqd/0]
10 2 root IW 0 0.0 0 0.0 [rcu_sched]
11 2 root SW 0 0.0 0 0.0 [migration/0]
12 2 root SW 0 0.0 0 0.0 [cpuhp/0]
14 2 root IW< 0 0.0 0 0.0 [netns]
15 2 root SW 0 0.0 0 0.0 [oom_reaper]
16 2 root IW< 0 0.0 0 0.0 [writeback]
17 2 root SW 0 0.0 0 0.0 [kcompactd0]
18 2 root IW< 0 0.0 0 0.0 [crypto]
19 2 root IW< 0 0.0 0 0.0 [kblockd]
20 2 root IW< 0 0.0 0 0.0 [ata_sff]
21 2 root IW< 0 0.0 0 0.0 [rpciod]
23 2 root IW< 0 0.0 0 0.0 [kworker/u3:0]
24 2 root IW< 0 0.0 0 0.0 [xprtiod]
25 2 root SW 0 0.0 0 0.0 [kswapd0]
26 2 root IW< 0 0.0 0 0.0 [nfsiod]
28 2 root IW 0 0.0 0 0.0 [kworker/u2:1]
40 2 root SW 0 0.0 0 0.0 [khvcd]
41 2 root IW< 0 0.0 0 0.0 [kworker/0:1H-kb]
42 2 root IW< 0 0.0 0 0.0 [ipv6_addrconf]
43 2 root IW< 0 0.0 0 0.0 [ext4-rsv-conver]
root@UCanLinux:~ # free
total used free shared buff/cache available
Mem: 53220 13560 36324 36 3336 37396
Swap: 0 0 0
root@UCanLinux:~ # df -a
Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on
/dev/root 49574 34316 12698 73% /
devtmpfs 26520 0 26520 0% /dev
tmpfs 26608 4 26604 0% /tmp
sysfs 0 0 0 0% /sys
proc 0 0 0 0% /proc
devpts 0 0 0 0% /dev/pts
tmpfs 26608 0 26608 0% /dev/shm
tmpfs 26608 0 26608 0% /mnt
tmpfs 26608 32 26576 0% /var
root@UCanLinux:~ # ifconfig
eth0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 52:54:00:12:34:56
inet addr:10.0.2.20 Bcast:10.0.2.255 Mask:255.255.255.0
inet6 addr: fec0::5054:ff:fe12:3456/64 Scope:Site
inet6 addr: fe80::5054:ff:fe12:3456/64 Scope:Link
UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1
RX packets:2 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
TX packets:7 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000
RX bytes:220 (220.0 B) TX bytes:602 (602.0 B)
lo Link encap:Local Loopback
inet addr:127.0.0.1 Mask:255.0.0.0
inet6 addr: ::1/128 Scope:Host
UP LOOPBACK RUNNING MTU:65536 Metric:1
RX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
TX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000
RX bytes:0 (0.0 B) TX bytes:0 (0.0 B)
root@UCanLinux:~ # cat /etc/resolv.conf
nameserver 8.8.8.8
nameserver 8.8.4.4
root@UCanLinux:/proc # cat /proc/cpuinfo
processor : 0
hart : 0
isa : rv64imafdcu
mmu : sv48
root@UCanLinux:/etc # cat /proc/cmdline
root=/dev/vda ro
root@UCanLinux:/etc # route
Kernel IP routing table
Destination Gateway Genmask Flags Metric Ref Use Iface
default 10.0.2.2 0.0.0.0 UG 0 0 0 eth0
10.0.2.0 * 255.255.255.0 U 0 0 0 eth0
root@UCanLinux:~ # cat /proc/interrupts
CPU0
7: 4 SiFive PLIC 7 virtio1
8: 125 SiFive PLIC 8 virtio0
10: 4442 SiFive PLIC 10 ttyS0
IPI0: 0 Rescheduling interrupts
IPI1: 0 Function call interrupts
# update root file system
root@UCanLinux:~ # touch hede
touch: hede: Read-only file system
root@UCanLinux:~ # mount -o remount,rw /
root@UCanLinux:~ # touch foo
root@UCanLinux:~ # mount -o remount,ro /
# set date and time
root@UCanLinux:~ # date
Thu Jan 1 00:00:06 UTC 1970
root@UCanLinux:~ # ntpd -d -n -q
root@UCanLinux:~ # date
Thu Jun 13 12:45:40 UTC 2019
Power-off the system with poweroff command, or directly close the terminal.
From host side,
$ telnet localhost 2323
Trying 127.0.0.1...
Connected to localhost.
Escape character is '^]'.
_ _ ____ _ _
| | | |/ ___|__ _ _ __ | | (_)_ __ _ ___ __
| | | | | / _` | '_ \| | | | '_ \| | | \ \/ /
| |_| | |__| (_| | | | | |___| | | | | |_| |> <
\___/ \____\__,_|_| |_|_____|_|_| |_|\__,_/_/\_\
Welcome to RiscV
UCanLinux login: root
Password: root
root@UCanLinux:~ # exit
Connection closed by foreign host.
$ firefox http://localhost:8080
At the host side,
$ cat /etc/exports
/opt/riscv/src/sample *(rw,no_subtree_check,insecure,no_root_squash)
$ sudo exportfs -avr
exporting *:/opt/riscv/src/sample
Enter the following mount command in the guest machine with your host IP.
root@UCanLinux:~ # mount -t nfs -o nolock 192.168.1.17:/opt/riscv/src/sample /mnt/nfs
root@UCanLinux:~ # df /mnt/nfs
Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on
192.168.1.17:/opt/riscv/src/sample
247891968 228905984 6370304 97% /mnt/nfs
root@UCanLinux:~ # /mnt/nfs/hello
hello RiscV
root@UCanLinux:~ # umount /mnt/nfs
root@UCanLinux:~ # poweroff
This practise has been written by and is copyright (C) 2019 by NaazIm Koch [email protected] and provided under the "MIT license".
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