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#Description A Backbone.js and Require.js Boilerplate that promotes decoupling your JavaScript into modules, separating business logic from application logic using Collections/Models and Views, reusing your JavaScript between Desktop and Mobile Web versions while using a mobile framework (jQuery Mobile), including non-AMD Compatible Third Party Scripts in your project, optimizing all of your JavaScript (minify, concatenate, etc), and unit testing your JavaScript.

#Getting Started

1. Download and install Node.js
2. Clone this repository
3. On the command line, type npm install nodemon -g to install the nodemon library globally. If it complains about user permissions type sudo npm install nodemon -g.
4. On the command line, navigate to inside of the Backbone-Require-Boilerplate folder and type npm install
5. Next, type nodemon (this will start your Node.js web server and restart the server any time you make a file change thanks to the wonderful library)
6. To view the demo page, go to http://localhost:8001
7. To view the Jasmine test suite page, go to http://localhost:8001/specRunner.html
8. Enjoy using Backbone, Require, Lodash, Almond, jQuery, jQueryUI, jQuery Mobile, Twitter Bootstrap, and Jasmine (enjoyment optional)

#Tour of the Boilerplate Files

Uses a large portion of the HTML5 Boilerplate HTML and CSS. You will notice there is a simple JavaScript mobile browser detection script to determine if a user is using a mobile or desktop browser. The mobile detection script is within a DOMContentLoaded HTML5 JavaScript event handler (not supported in IE 6-8), which will trigger once the DOM is ready (the jQuery ready() event cannot be used because jQuery is loaded by Require.js and not yet included on the page).

Mobile Detection Script

If a mobile browser is found, then Require.js is included asynchronously within the HTML page, and the Require.js script tag HTML5 data attribute, data-main, is set to js/app/config/MobileInit (this tells Require.js to look for a MobileInit.js file inside of the config folder). The jQuery Mobile CSS file is also included asynchronously.

If a desktop device is found, then Require.js is included asynchronously within the HTML page, and the Require.js script tag HTML5 data attribute, data-main, is set to js/app/config/DesktopInit (this tells Require.js to look for a DesktopInit.js file inside of the config folder).

Note: You do not need to use the JavaScript mobile detection script for your application to use Backbone.js or Require.js. I just put it in so that you could see an example of how to separate your Mobile and Desktop JavaScript logic.

Loader Methods

You will notice that the CSS files and the Require.js file are being included on the page via the loadCss() and loadRequireJS() methods. Require.js does not officially support loading CSS files, which is why I included the loadCSS() method to asynchronously include any CSS file. Loading CSS asynchronously also allows me the flexibilty/mechanism to load different CSS files if a user is on a mobile device.

I included the loadRequireJS file, the Desktop and Mobile versions of the boilerplate point Require.js to two different files. Including Require.js asynchronously within the loadRequireJS method allowed me the flexibility to do that.

MobileInit.js is only used if a mobile browser is detected. This file includes your mobile Require.js configurations.

If we look at the mobile Require.js configurations, we will see the first thing being configured are the paths. Setting paths allow you to define an alias name and file path for any file that you like.

Typically, you want to set a path for any file that will be listed as a dependency in more than one module (eq. jQuery, Backbone). This saves you some typing, since you just have to list the alias name, and not the entire file path, when listing dependencies. After all of the file paths are set, you will find the Shim configuration (Added in Require.js 2.0).

The Shim configuration allows you to easily include non-AMD compatible JavaScript files with Require.js (a separate library such as Use.js was previously needed for this). This is very important, because Backbone versions > 0.5.3 no longer support AMD (meaning you will get an error if you try to use both Require.js and the latest version of Backbone). This configuration is a much better solution than manually editing non-AMD compatible JavaScript files to make sure the code is wrapped in a define method. Require.js creator James Burke previously maintained AMD compatible forks of both Backbone.js and Underscore.js because of this exact reason.

     shim: {

        // Backbone
        "backbone": {

           // Depends on underscore/lodash and jQuery
           "deps": ["underscore", "jquery"],

          // Exports the global window.Backbone object
          "exports": "Backbone"

        },

     }

The Shim configuration also takes the place for the old Require.js order plugin. Within the Shim configuration, you can list files and their dependency tree. An example is jQuery plugins being dependent on jQuery:

     shim: {

        // Twitter Bootstrap plugins depend on jQuery
        "bootstrap": ["jquery"]

     }

Note: You do not need a shim configuration for jQuery or lodash because they are both AMD compatible.

After Require.js is configured, you will notice the require method is called. The require method is asynchronously including all of the files/dependencies passed into the first parameter (jQuery, Backbone, Lodash, mobileRouter, etc) into the page.

After all of those files are included on the page, two internal jQuery Mobile properties are turned off to allow Backbone.js to handle all of the routing.

        // Prevents all anchor click handling
        $.mobile.linkBindingEnabled = false;

        // Disabling this will prevent jQuery Mobile from handling hash changes
        $.mobile.hashListeningEnabled = false;

Finally, a new router instance is instantiated to allow you to use Backbone's routing mechanism (keep reading below for more clarification).

Note: You don't need to instantiate a new router instance if you aren't using a Backbone Router class.

DesktopInit.js is only used if a desktop browser is detected. This is where your desktop Require.js configurations will be.

This file is the exact same as MobileInit.js, except it has a few different dependencies (Twitter Bootstrap instead of jQuery Mobile, etc)

mobileRouter.js is where you can include mobile specific scripts that you do not want included in your desktop application. This file starts with a define method that lists jquery, backbone, and View.js as dependencies. Keep in mind that jQuery and Backbone had already been previously loaded in mobile.js, but Require.js is smart enough not to load dependencies more than once.

It is best practice to list out all of your dependencies for every file, regardless of whether or not they expose global objects and are already included in the page. This is also especially important for the Require.js optimizer (which needs to determine which files depend on which other files).

Note: If your dependencies do not expose global objects, then it is absolutely mandatory to list it as a dependency, since Require.js does not allow global variables (meaning your modules are private and cannot be accessed by other modules or code without explicitly listing them as dependencies).

The rest of the file is a pretty standard Backbone.js Router class:

There is currently only one route listed (which gets called if there is no hash tag on the url), but feel free to create more for your application.

Note: You must keep the Backbone.history.start() method call, since this is what triggers Backbone to start reacting to hashchange events.

When your default route is invoked, a new View instance is created, which calls the render method immediately to append the header template to the page.

DesktopRouter.js has the exact same code as MobileRouter.js. The difference is this is where you can include desktop specific scripts that you do not want included in your mobile web application.

View.js will be used by both the mobile and desktop versions of your application. It starts with a define method that lists all of its dependencies.

The rest of the file is a pretty standard Backbone.js View class:

Backbone.js View's have a one-to-one relationship with DOM elements, and a View's DOM element is listed in the el property. After the el property is set, the View's model attribute is set to a new instance of the Model returned by Model.js (which was listed at the top as a dependency). Next, the View's render method is called within the View's constructor, aka initialize() method, and the View's template property is set and appended to the page using the Underscore.js template method ported to Lodash.

Note: If you have read all of the documentation up until this point, you will most likely have already noticed that lodash is being used instead of Underscore.js. Apart from having a bit better cross-browser performance and stability than Underscore.js, lodash also provides a custom build process. Although I have provided a version of lodash that has all of the Underscore.js methods you would expect, you can download a custom build and swap that in. Also, it doesn't hurt that Lodash creator, John-David Dalton, is an absolute performance and API consistency maniac =)

Next, you will find an events object. Here is where all of your View DOM event handlers associated with the HTML element referenced by your View's el property should be stored. Keep in mind that Backbone is using the jQuery delegate method, so it expects a selector that is within your View's el property. I did not include any events by default, so you will have to fill those in yourself. Below is an example of having an events object with one event handler that calls a View's someMethod() method when an element with a class name of someElement is clicked.

        // View Event Handlers
        events: {

           "click .someElement": "someMethod"

        },

I am also declaring a render method within the View. Backbone expects you to override the render method with your own functionality, so that is what I did. All my render method does is append the View's template to the page.

Note: You do not need to use Underscore.js templates. In fact, you don't need to use templates at all. I just included them so you would understand how to use them.

Finally, I am returning the View class.

This file includes a template that is included via the Require.js text plugin. Templates are typically a useful way for you to update your View (the DOM) if a Model attribute changes. They are also useful when you have a lot of HTML and JavaScript that you need to fit together, and instead of concatenating HTML strings inside of your JavaScript, templates provide a cleaner solution. Look at Underscore's documentation to read more about the syntax of Underscore.js templates.

Model.js is used by both the mobile and desktop versions of your application. It starts with a define method that lists jquery and backbone as dependencies.

The rest of the file is a pretty standard Backbone.js Model class.

Like other Backbone.js classes, there is an initialize() method that acts as the Model's constructor function. There is also a defaults object that allows you to set default Model properties if you wish.

Finally, The Backbone.js validate method is provided for you. This method is called any time an attribute of the model is set. Keep in mind that all model attributes will be validated (once set), even if a different model attribute is being set/validated. This does not make much sense to me, so if you prefer only the Model attributes that are currently being saved/set to be validated, then use the validateAll option provided by Backbone.validateAll.

Finally, a new Model class is returned.

Collection.js is used by both the mobile and desktop versions of your application. It starts with a define method that lists jquery, backbone, and UserModel.js as dependencies.

The rest of the file is a pretty standard Backbone.js Collection class that is used to store all of your Backbone Models. The Collection model property is set to indicate that all Models that will be within this Collection class will be of type Model (the dependency that is passed into the file).

Finally, a new Collection class is returned.

This file is ready made for you to have your entire project optimized using Node.js, the Require.js Optimizer and almond.js.

Almond.js a lightweight AMD shim library created by James Burke, the creator of Require.js. Almond is meant for small to medium sized projects that use one concatenated/minified JavaScript file. If you don't need some of the advanced features that Require.js provides (lazy loading, etc) then Almond.js is great for performance.

Backbone-Require-Boilerplate sets you up to use Require.js in development and Almond.js in production. By default, Backbone-Require-Boilerplate is in development mode, so if you want to try out the production build, read the production instructions below.

Production Build Instructions

Navigate to within the deploy folder and then type node app.build.js and wait a few seconds. Once the script has finished, you will see that both DesktopInit.min.js and MobileInit.min.js will be updated.

Next, update the loadRequireJS method calls inside of index.html to now point to your minified desktop and mobile init files instead of the non-minified versions. Look at the index.html file in this gist for the correct production setup.

And that's it! If you have any questions just create in an issue on Github.

This file is the starting point to your Jasmine test suite. It includes Require.js and points it to testInit.js

This file includes all of the Require.js configurations for your Jasmine unit tests. This file will look very similar to the MobileInit.js and DesktopInit.js files, but will also include Jasmine and the jasmine-jquery plugin as dependencies.

You will also notice a specs array that will allow you to add as many specs files as your application needs (Specs folders are where your unit tests are). The boilerplate only includes one specs js file by default, so only one specs item is added to the array. Finally, once the specs file is included by the require() call, Jasmine is initialized

This file contains all of your Jasmine unit tests. Only seven tests are provided, with unit tests provided for Views, Models, Collections, and Routers (Mobile and Desktop). I'd write more, but why spoil your fun? Read through the tests and use them as examples to write your own.

The entire file is wrapped in an AMD define method, with all external module (file) dependencies listed. The Jasmine tests should be self explanatory (BDD tests are supposed to describe an app's functionality and make sense to non-techy folk as well), but if you have any questions, just file an issue and I'll respond as quickly as I can.

#FAQ

What libraries have you included?

-Backbone, Require, Lodash, Almond, jQuery, jQueryUI, jQuery Mobile, Twitter Bootstrap, and Jasmine (w/the jasmine-jquery plugin)

What Require.js plugins are you using?

-Just the Require.js text plugin, since it provides an easy way to keep templates in their own folders (instead of just embedding them in your html files). I was previously using Use.js to load non-AMD compatible scripts, but Require.js 2.0 now provides this functionality.

Why are you not using the Require.js Internationalization plugin?

-I found that when I built using the Require.js Optimizer, only one lang-locale could be included per optimized file. That would mean, that if you had to support 10 different langs/locales, you would need 20 different optimized builds (Desktop and Mobile). If I am mistaken about this, please let me know, and I will update the Boilerplate with the Internationalization plugin. A solution for including localized text is in the roadmap and will be included in a future release of the project.

You're not using Grunt for your build process? Are you some sort of newb?

-No, but I am still debating whether or not I will include Grunt for this project.

Do I have to use everything the boilerplate gives me?

-No! Feel free to update the boilerplate to fit the needs of your application. Certain things that you might not want/need include templates, mobile and desktop versions, jQuery Mobile, etc.

Do I need a web server to test the boilerplate?

-Yep, because the Require.js text plugin dynamically pulls in template files via ajax (which is not allowed with the File:// local extension. Luckily for you I have provided an easy to use Node.js web server for convenience.

Can I contribute to this project?

-Please do! I am learning just like you. If you want to contribute, please send pull requests to the dev branch.

##Change Log

1.2.0 - December 1, 2012

Special thanks to Mark Simon - This release would not have happened without him

• Added jQuery Mobile support

• Added jQueryUI support

• Upgraded all libs to their latest versions

• Included a Node.js server for convenience in testing BRB

• Removed the add/remove users example and reverted this project back to just a boilerplate

• Added Desktop and Mobile Router Jasmine tests

• Added the Require.js text plugin back in (since I now figured out how to use it with Jasmine)

1.1.0 - October 19, 2012

• Upgraded to Require.js 2.1.1

• Upgraded to r.js 2.1.1

• Upgraded to almond.js 0.2.0

• Upgraded to Lodash 0.8.2

• Upgraded to jQuery 1.8.2

1.0.0 - September 19, 2012

• Added Almond.js to the production build process.

Thanks to James Burke for helping with the updated build script!

0.9.0 - September 2, 2012

• Complete rewrite of the Boilerplate example. The example now illustrates how to make a simple add/remove user table with Backbone Collections, Models, and Views.

• Upgraded to Lodash 0.6.1

• Upgraded to jQuery 1.8.1

• Added Backbone.validateAll

0.8.0 - August 22, 2012

• Added Project Nickname: BRB - Seriously how did I not see that before.

• Added Jasmine Unit Tests! Two unit tests were added for both Views and Models.

• BREAKING CHANGE: The Require.js text plugin was removed, and an inline html template was used instead.

• Upgraded to Lodash 0.5.2

0.7.0 - August 10, 2012

• Upgraded to Require.js 2.0.5 and r.js 2.0.5 documentation

• Upgraded to Lodash 0.4.2

• Upgraded to jQuery 1.8.0 documentation

0.6.0 - June 13, 2012

• Upgraded to Require.js 2.0.2 and r.js 2.0.2 documentation

• Upgraded to Lodash 0.3.1

0.5.0 - June 5, 2012

• All modules now return a class instead of an instance
• The self variable has been removed from all modules (scoping issue)
• The Require.js Optimizer build file (app.build.js) has been simplified by adding a mainConfigFile option that points to the desktop main file. Keep in mind that all of your mobile and desktop shims and paths need to be in desktopInit.js

0.4.0 - June 1, 2012

• Upgraded to Require.js 2.0.1 and r.js 2.0.1
• Added anotherView.js to demonstrate how to extend Backbone.js Views/Classes
• Upgraded model.js to now return a Model instance instead of a Model Class
• Updated documentation

0.3.0 - June 1, 2012

• Upgraded to Lodash 0.2.2
• Removed the Lodash Shim configuration (not needed because Lodash is AMD compatible)
• Updated documentation

0.2.0 - May 29, 2012

• Upgraded to Require.js 2.0, text.js 2.0, and r.js 2.0.
• Removed Use.js because Require.js 2.0 now includes this functionality (using the Shim configuration)
• Replaced all the minified JavaScript files with unminified/documented JavaScript files (you can minify these files using the Require.js Optimizer script provided)

0.1.0 - May 24, 2012

• Initial Backbone-Require-Boilerplate release. Added source code and documentation.

##Contributors Greg Franko

Copyright (c) 2012 Greg Franko
Licensed under the MIT license.