Modeling an economy with stable macro signals, that works as a benchmark for studying the effects of the agent activities, e.g. extortion, at the service of the elaboration of public policies..

• Agents: Firms (also know as producers), workers (also know as consumers and households) and banks.

• Environment: Virtual or geographically characterized markets.

  • Labor market.

  • Goods market

  • Credit market.

• State variables: Productivity, net worth, wage and loans.

1. Firms calculate production based on expected demand.

2. A decentralized labor market opens.

3. A decentralized credit market opens.

4. Firms produce.

5. Market for goods open.

6. Firms will pay loan and dividends.

7. Firms and banks will survive or die.

8. Replacing of bankrupt firms/banks.

Neo classical economy.

Model as a whole has the objective of generating adaptive behavior of the agents, without the imposition of an equation that governs the actions of the agents.

Firms can adapt in each period $t$ price or amount to supply (only one of the two strategies). Adaptation of each strategy depends on the condition of the firm (level of excessive supply / demand in the previous period) and/or the market environment (the difference between the individual price and the market price in the previous period).

Just firms has the objetive of maximizing their net worth.

Firms do not have learning, they present different responses to an environment that is constantly evolving.

Firms use both their own elements and the environment to make the prediction of the quantity to be produced or the price. As an internal element, it uses the excessive amount of supply / demand in the previous period; while the environment takes the differential of its price and the market.

• Firms are able to perceive their produced quantity, their price and the market price, offered wages, profits, net value, their labor force and interest rate of randomly chosen banks.

• Workers/consumers perceive the size of firms visited in the previous period, prices published by the firms in actual period and wages offered by the firms.

• Banks are able to sense net value of potential borrower (firms) in order to calculate interest rate.

Macroeconomic results come from continuous adaptive dispersed interactions of autonomous, heterogeneous and rationally bounded agents that coincide in an uncertain environment.

Elements that have random shocks are:

• Determination of wages (when vacancies are offered), wages-shock-xi.

• Determination of contractual interest rate offered by banks to firms, interest-shock-phi.

• Strategy to set prices, price-shock-eta.

• Strategy to determine the quantity to produce, production-shock-rho.

In addition to the sets of agents (consumers, producers and banks), groups of firms and consumers are selected as an emergent property of the simulation (rich and poor).

Along simulation are observed:

• Logarithm of real GDP.

• Unemployment rate.

• Annual inflation rate.

At end of simulation are computed:

• Distribution of the size of firms.

No input data were needed to represent process.

1. Production with constant returns to scale and technological multiplier.

   .

2. Desired production level is equal to the expected demand .

3. Desired labor force (employees) is

   .

4. Current number of employees is the sum of employees with and without a valid contract.

5. Number of vacancies offered by firms is

   .

6. is the minimum wage determined by law.

7. If there are no vacancies , wage offered is:

   ,

8. If number of vacancies is greater than 0, wage offered is:

   ,

9. is a random term evenly distributed between .

10. At the beginning of each period, a firm has a net value . If total payroll to be paid is greater than , firm asks for a loan:

    

11. For the loan search costs, it must be met that

12. In each period the -thmost bank can distribute a total amount of credit equivalent to a multiple of its patrimonial base:

    ,

13. where can be interpreted as the capital requirement coefficient. Therefore, the reciprocal represents the maximum allowed leverage by the bank.

14. Bank offers credit , with its respective interest rate and contract for 1 period.

15. Payment scheme if :

    

16. If , bank retrieves

    .

17. Contractual interest rate offered by the bank to the firm is determined as a margin on a rate policy established by Central Monetary Authority :

    .

18. Margin is a function of the specificity of the bank as possible variations in its operating costs and captured by the uniform random variable in the interval .

19. Margin is also a function of the borrower’s financial fragility, captured by the term , . Where

    

    is the leverage of borrower.

20. Demand for credit is divisible, that is, if a single bank is not able to satisfy the requested credit, it can request in the remaining randomly selected banks.

21. Each firm has an inventory of unsold goods , where excess supply or demand is reflected.

22. Deviation of the individual price from the average market price during the previous period is represented as:

    

23. If deviation is positive , firm recognizes that its price is high compared to its competitors, and is induced to decrease the price or quantity to prevent a migration massive in favor of its rivals.

24. Vice versa.

25. In case of adjusting price to downside, this is bounded below to not be less than your average costs .

26. Aggregate price is common knowledge (global variable), while inventory and individual price private knowledge child (local variables).

27. Only the price or quantity to be produced can be modified. In the case of price, we have the following rule: $$\begin{aligned} P_{it}^s= ​ \begin{cases} ​ \text{max}[P_{it}^l, P_{it-1}(1+\eta_{it})] & \text{if $S_{it-1}=0$ and $P_{it-1}<P$ }\ ​ \text{max}[P_{it}^l, P_{it-1}(1-\eta_{it})] & \text{if $S_{it-1}>0$ and $P_{it-1}\geq ​ P$} ​ \end{cases}\end{aligned}$$

28. is a randomized term uniformly distributed in the range and is the minimum price at which firm can solve its minimal costs at time (previously defined).

29. In the case of quantities, these are adjusted adaptively according to the following rule:

    $$\begin{aligned} D_{it}^e= ​ \begin{cases} ​ Y_{it-1}(1+\rho_{it}) & \text{if $S_{it-1}=0$ and $P_{it-1}\geq P$} \ ​ Y_{it-1}(1-\rho_{it}) & \text{if $S_{it-1}>0$ and $P_{it-1}< P$} ​ \end{cases}\end{aligned}$$

30. is a random term uniform distributed and bounded between .

31. Total income of households (workers/consumers) is the sum of the payroll paid to the workers (each household represents a worker) in and the dividends distributed to the shareholders in .

32. Wealth is defined as the sum of labor income plus the sum of all savings of the past.

33. Marginal propensity to consume is a decreasing function of the worker’s total wealth (higher the wealth lower the proportion spent on consumption) defined as:

    

34. is the average savings. is the real saving of the -th consumer.

35. The revenue of a firm after the goods market closes is equal to:

    

36. At the end of period, each firm computes benefits .

37. If the benefits are positive, the shareholders of firms receive dividends:

    .

38. Residual, after discounting dividends, is added to net value inherited from previous period, . Therefore, net worth of a profitable firm in is:

    .

39. If firm, say , accumulates a net value goes bankrupt.

40. Firm that goes bankrupt is replaced with another one of smaller size than the average of incumbent firms.

41. Non-incumbent firms are those whose size is above and below 5%, is used to calculate a more robust estimator of the average.

42. Bank’s capital

    .

43. is the bank’s loan portfolio, represents the portfolio of firms that go bankrupt.

44. If a bank goes bankrupt, it is replaced with a copy of the surviving banks.

Delli Gatti, D. et. al, (2011). Macroeconomics from the Bottom-up. Springer-Verlag Mailand, Milan.