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Galileo Galilei
1636 portrait by Justus Sustermans
Born	Galileo di Vincenzo Bonaiuti de' Galilei 15 February 1564 Pisa, Duchy of Florence
Died	8 January 1642 (aged 77) Arcetri, Grand Duchy of Tuscany
Education	University of Pisa
Known for	Analytical dynamics, heliocentrism, kinematics, observational astronomy
Scientific career
Fields	Astronomy, physics, engineering, natural philosophy, mathematics
Institutions	University of Pisa University of Padua
Patrons	Cosimo II de Medici Federico Cesi Ferdinando II de Medici Fra Paolo Sarpi Francesco Maria del Monte
Academic advisors	Ostilio Ricci da Fermo
Notable students	Benedetto Castelli Mario Guiducci Vincenzo Viviani
Signature

Galileo di Vincenzo Bonaiuti de' Galilei (15 February 1564 – 8 January 1642) was an Italian astronomer, physicist and engineer, sometimes described as a polymath, from Pisa. Galileo has been called the "father of observational astronomy", the "father of modern physics", the "father of the scientific method", and the "father of modern science".

Galileo studied speed and velocity, gravity and free fall, the principle of relativity, inertia, projectile motion and also worked in applied science and technology, describing the properties of pendulums and "hydrostatic balances". He invented the thermoscope and various military compasses, and used the telescope for scientific observations of celestial objects. His contributions to observational astronomy include the telescopic confirmation of the phases of Venus, the observation of the four largest satellites of Jupiter, the observation of Saturn's rings, and the analysis of sunspots.

Galileo's championing of heliocentrism and Copernicanism met with opposition from within the Catholic Church and from some astronomers. The matter was investigated by the Roman Inquisition in 1615, which concluded that heliocentrism was "foolish and absurd in philosophy, and formally heretical since it explicitly contradicts in many places the sense of Holy Scripture".

Galileo later defended his views in Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems (1632), which appeared to attack Pope Urban VIII and thus alienated both the Pope and the Jesuits, who had both supported Galileo up until this point. He was tried by the Inquisition, found "vehemently suspect of heresy", and forced to recant. He spent the rest of his life under house arrest. During this time, he wrote Two New Sciences (1638), primarily concerning kinematics and the strength of materials, summarizing work he had done some forty years earlier.

Publications:

• Two New Sciences
• Discoveries and opinions of Galileo
• Delphi Collected Works of Galileo Galilei
• Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems
• The Assayer
• On Sunspots
• The Sidereal Messenger