Astronautics (or cosmonautics) is the theory and practice of travel beyond Earth's atmosphere into outer space. Spaceflight is one of its main application and space science its overarching field.
The term astronautics (originally astronautique in French) was coined in the 1920s by J.-H. Rosny, president of the Goncourt academy, in analogy with aeronautics. Because there is a degree of technical overlap between the two fields, the term aerospace is often used to describe both at once. In 1930, Robert Esnault-Pelterie published the first book on the new research field.
The term cosmonautics (originally cosmonautique in French) was introduced in 1930s by Ary Sternfeld with his book Initiation à la Cosmonautique (Introduction to cosmonautics) (the book brought him the Prix REP-Hirsch, later known as the Prix d'Astronautique, of the French Astronomical Society in 1934.)
As with aeronautics, the restrictions of mass, temperatures, and external forces require that applications in space survive extreme conditions: high-grade vacuum, the radiation bombardment of interplanetary space and the magnetic belts of low Earth orbit. Space launch vehicles must withstand titanic forces, while satellites can experience huge variations in temperature in very brief periods. Extreme constraints on mass cause astronautical engineers to face the constant need to save mass in the design in order to maximize the actual payload that reaches orbit.
Books
- The Hubble Space Telescope: From Concept to Success
- Spaceman: An Astronaut's Unlikely Journey to Unlock the Secrets of the Universe
- Approximate Methods for Weapon Aerodynamics
- Space and Energy: Proceedings of the XXVIth International Astronautical Congress, Lisbon, 21-27 September 1975
- Astronautics for Peace and Human Progress. Proceedings of the XXIXth International Astronautical Congress, Dubrovnik, 1–8 October 1978
- The Gods Never Left Us: The Long Awaited Sequel to the Worldwide Best-seller Chariots of the Gods
- Orbital Mechanics and Astrodynamics
- A New Era in Space Transportation: Proceedings of the XXVIIth International Astronautical Congress, Anaheim, 10–16 October 1976
- Space Debris – Models and Risk Analysis
- Architecture for Astronauts: An Activity-based Approach
- The Standard Handbook for Aeronautical and Astronautical Engineers
- The Last of NASA's Original Pilot Astronauts: Expanding the Space Frontier in the Late Sixties
- Astronautics and Aeronautics: A Chronology
- Human Missions to Mars: Enabling Technologies for Exploring the Red Planet
- Future Spacecraft Propulsion Systems: Enabling Technologies for Space Exploration
- Space Handbook: Astronautics and Its Applications
- One small step: the inside story of space exploration
- Space Radiation and Astronaut Safety
- Space Flight and Re-Entry Trajectories
- Atmospheric and Space Flight Dynamics: Modeling and Simulation with MATLAB and Simulink
- Tensor Calculus for Physics
- Aliens and Man? A Synopsis of Facts and Beliefs
- Reaching for the Moon: The Apollo Astronauts
- Fallen Astronauts: Heroes Who Died Reaching for the Moon
- Safe Passage: Astronaut Care for Exploration Missions
- The Astronaut Wives Club: A True Story
- The Astronaut's Cookbook
- Microgravity and Vision Impairments in Astronauts
- The Ra Material, By Ra, an Humble Messenger of the Law of One (The Law of One, Book 1)
- Rocketry and Astronautics
- Spacefarers: Images of Astronauts and Cosmonauts in the Heroic Era of Spaceflight
- The pyramids and the Pentagon: the government's top secret pursuit of mystical relics, ancient astronauts, and lost civilizations
- Flying to the Moon: An Astronaut's Story
- Deep Space Probes: To the Outer Solar System and Beyond
- Apollo Pilot: The Memoir of Astronaut Donn Eisele
- The Ragged Astronauts
- Maple Leaf in Space: Canada's Astronauts
- The Ancient Alien Question
- The Gods Were Astronauts: Evidence of the True Identities of the Old 'Gods'
- How High Is It?: An Educator's Guide with Activities Focused on Scale Models of Distances
- An Astronaut's Guide to Life on Earth: What Going to Space Taught Me About Ingenuity, Determination, and Being Prepared for Anything
- Advances in Dynamics and Control (Nonlinear Systems in Aviation, Aerospace,Aeronautics and Astronautics)
- Astronaut Fact Book
- The Big Book of UFO Facts, Figures and Truth: A Comprehensive Examination
- Out of Orbit: The True Story of How Three Astronauts Found Themselves Hundreds of Miles Above the Earth with No Way Home
- chariots of the gods? was god an astronaut?
- Earthrise: My Adventures as an Apollo 14 Astronaut
- Extra-Planetary Experiences: Alien-Human Contact and the Expansion of Consciousness
- The Way of the Explorer: An Apollo Astronaut's Journey Through the Material and Mystical Worlds
- In the Shadow of the Moon: A Challenging Journey to Tranquility, 1965-1969
- Inventing the American Astronaut
- Introduction to Astronautics: Mechanics of Solar System Flight
- Rude Astronauts
- Review of NASA's Longitudinal Study of Astronaut Health
- Extreme: Why Some People Thrive at the Limits
- God is an Astronaut
- Columbia, Final Voyage: The Last Flight of NASA's First Space Shuttle
- United Nations treaties and principles on outer space
- Dynamics of Explosions (Progress in Astronautics and Aeronautics, vol 114)
- Fundamentals of Kalman Filtering — A Practical Approach
- The First Soviet Cosmonaut Team: Their Lives and Legacies
- Selecting the Mercury Seven: The Search for America's First Astronauts
- Space Mankind's Fourth Environment. Selected Papers from the XXXII International Astronautical Congress, Rome, 6–12 September 1981
- Ancient Astronauts
- Ask an Astronaut: My Guide to Life in Space
- A Man on the Moon: The Voyages of the Apollo Astronauts
- Dynamics of Shock Waves, Explosions, and Detonations (Progress in Astronautics and Aeronautics)
- Gemini 4: An Astronaut Steps into the Void
- Aeronautics and Astronautics
- Astronautics: The Physics of Space Flight
- What's It Like in Space? Stories from Astronauts Who've Been There
- The Best Time Travel Stories of the 20th Century