1. Understand how the yield keyword works in Ruby.
2. Practice using yield with blocks.
3. Gain a deeper understanding of the common iterator #each.

A block is a bit of code enclosed in do/end keywords, or enclosed in curly brackets, {}. We've seen methods like #each and #collect being called with blocks.

Let's take a look at the following example:

["Tim", "Tom", "Jim"].each do |name|
  puts "Hi, #{name}"
end

Here we are calling #each on our array of names. The #each method is being called with a block, the code between the do/end keywords. Each element contained in our array is getting passed, or yielded, to the block on each successive step of the iteration.

Let's take a look at another example. In the below snippet, we're writing a method that puts out every word in the array that starts with the letter "T":

["Tim", "Tom", "Jim"].each do |name|
  if name.start_with?("T")
	  puts "Hi, #{name}"
  end
end

Once again, our #each method is yielding each element of the array to the accompanying block. The code in the block is executed, using each successive element from the array, as the iteration proceeds.

But how do #each, and the other iterators like #collect, actually pass, or yield, each successive element to its accompanying block? Under the hood, these methods rely on the yield keyword.

Let's take a closer look at yield and try to build our own custom methods that utilize it.

The yield keyword, when used inside the body of a method, will allow you to call that method with a block and pass, or "yield", to that block. Think of the yield keyword as saying "stop executing the code in this method and instead execute the code in the block. Then, return to the code in the method."

Let's look at the following example:

def yielding
  puts "the program is executing the code inside the method"
  yield
  puts "now we are back in the method"
end

To call this method with a block, we use the following syntax:

yielding {puts "the method has yielded to the block!"}

or:

yielding do 
  puts "the method has yielded to the block!"
end

When we call yielding with the above block, we will output:

"the program is executing the code inside the method"
"the method has yielded to the block!"
"now we are back in the method"

The yield keyword can take parameters. In other words, if you use yield and give it an argument, it will pass that argument to the block and that data will become available to the code in the block.

For example:

def yielding_with_arguments(num)
  puts "the program is executing the code inside the method"
  yield(num)
  puts "now we are back in the method"
end

To call this method, we invoke our method and give it an argument and we accompany that method call with a block that contains a placeholder for the yielded value, plus whatever code we want to enact with that yielded value:

yielding_with_arguments(2) {|i| puts i * 2}

We call our method with an argument:

yielding_with_arguments(2)

and a block:

{ |i| puts i * 2 }

The |i| (placeholder variable in between pipes) is our placeholder for the yielded value. The i * 2 is the code we actually want to enact with our yielded value.

So, the above method call will output:

"the program is executing the code inside the method"
4
"now we are back in the method"

The syntax inside the block might look familiar—it is how we identify index items in a block when we call #each on an array and pass a block to that method call.

Let's revisit our earlier example of a call to the #each method that only puts out a greeting if the word we pass into the block starts with the letter "T".

["Tim", "Tom", "Jim"].each do |name|
	if name.start_with?("T")
		puts "Hi, #{name}"
	end
end

In this example, we'll be building our own method, #hello_t.

Open up lib/hello.rb. We'll be coding the body of the #hello_t method.

Our method needs to operate on an array so let's define it to take in an argument:

# lib/hello.rb

def hello_t(array)
	# code here
end

Great, let's move on.

We know that we want to yield each element of the array successively to a block that we will call this method with. Let's use a while loop to create our iteration:

def hello_t(array)
  i = 0
  while i < array.length
    i = i + 1
  end
end

In the code above, we set a counter variable, i, equal to 0. We start our while loop and tell it to execute the code in between the while and end keywords as long as i is less than the length of the array. Inside our while loop, we increment the value of our i variable.

Now, we need to tell our method to actually yield each member of the array, as we loop over it, to the block we will call our #hello_t method with.

The first time through our while loop, i is set equal to zero. The second time through the loop, i is set equal to 1, and so on. This will go until until i is equal to the last index number of our array.

So, inside each step of the while loop, i equals a given index number of our array. We can use this information to yield each successive value stored in our array, to our block.

def hello_t(array)
  i = 0
  while i < array.length
    yield array[i]
		i = i + 1
  end
end

Here, we use the [], bracket, method to grab the value of each successive index element as we proceed through our while loop, and yield it to a block. Now we're ready to call our method:

Let's call our method with an argument of the following array:

["Tim", "Tom", "Jim"]

hello_t(["Tim", "Tom", "Jim"]) do |name|
	if name.start_with?("T")
		puts "Hi, #{name}"
	end
end

Copy and paste the above method call into your lib/hello.rb file and run the file with ruby lib/hello.rb in your terminal. You should see the following:

Hi, Tim
Hi, Tom

We call our method with the argument of our array and accompany that method call with a block that contains the name parameter and the desired code to puts out a greeting if the person's name begins with the letter "T". Good job!

Go ahead and run the test suite by typing learn into your terminal in the directory of this lesson. You'll see that our test is expecting us to return the original array but our method is currently returning nil.

How can we fix this? We can tell our #hello_t method to return the original array:

def hello_t(array)
  i = 0
  while i < array.length
    yield(array[i])
    i = i + 1
  end
  array
end

Here, we tell our method to return the original array simply by having that array be the last line of the method. Whatever is evaluated last in a method will be it's return value. If you run the test again, you should be passing.

In the examples above, our methods will break if they are called without an accompanying block. We like our code to be flexible and accommodating. In other words, we don't want our code to break so easily.

Let's refactor our #hello method so that it can be called either with or without a block:

def hello_t(array)
  if block_given?
    i = 0
    while i < array.length
      yield(array[i])
      i = i + 1
    end
    array
  else
    puts "Hey! No block was given!"
  end
end

The block_given? method returns true if the method that contains block_given? is called with a block and false if it is not.

So, our #hello_t method will yield each element of the array to the block if a block is present, otherwise it will puts out a helpful phrase.

You've already worked with enumerator methods like #each, #collect and others. These methods are called on collections, like arrays. They take blocks as their arguments and yield each element of the collection to the block, allowing the code in the block to be applied to each element of the collection.

In the code-along above, we built our own implementation of the #each method. We used while to loop, or iterate, over each element of the array and passed, or yielded, each of those elements to an accompanying block. That block used parameters, |i|, to set a variable, i, equal to whatever value is yielded into the block at each successive step of the iteration. That block also contained code to execute with each yield element in turn.

You can read more about the yield keyword and blocks in Ruby from the resources below.

• All About Ruby - Ruby Blocks
• About.com - Block Parameters and Yielding
• Coda Hale's Blog - Writing a Method that Uses Code Blocks
• Reactive's Tips - Understanding Ruby Blocks, Procs, and Lambdas

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