• Define control flow for when a Ruby program is executed.
• Implement control flow in different ways.
• Use if, else, and elsif statements.

A control flow construct is a language feature which disrupts the normal progression to the next statement and conditionally or unconditionally branches to another location in source code. — Robert Klemme

In other words, control flow lets you tell your program what code to execute conditionally. As humans, we actually enact flow control every day. For instance, if you are hungry, you will go and get a snack. Otherwise, you'll stay put and continue to read this awesome readme.

Control flow is an important part of Ruby programming and web development. In the context of a web application, for example, you can easily think of content or functionality on a website you've visited that is only available to a user if that user is logged in.

There are several ways to tell your program to conditionally execute certain code, the basic forms of which are:

• if, else, and elsif statements,
• case statements,
• loops.

In this reading, we're going to discuss the first group of these "conditional" statements: if, else, and elsif.

Use IRB, copying the provided code snippets, to follow along in this lesson.

One of the most common ways to enact control flow is the if statement. Whatever block of code that follows the if statement will get evaluated — i.e. read and enacted by the computer. If this evaluation of the if statement results in true, then the code through to the associated end statement will run.

Let's look at a few examples:

if 5 > 2
  print "5 is greater than 2"
end

• The code above will print "5 is greater than 2" because the if statement evaluates as true.

Meanwhile:

if 2 > 5
  puts "2 is greater than 5"
end

• The code above will not print anything because the if statement evaluates as false.

So what if we want our program to print something else when the if condition evaluates as false?

To accomplish this, we can follow an if statement with an else statement. Take a look:

if false
   puts "This will never get printed because the above
     statement evaluates to false."
else
   puts "This will get printed!"
end

An else statement sets a "default" condition for when your if statement's conditional evaluates as false. Every condition that doesn't evaluate as true will instead pass through the else statement.

So far, we've seen if statements that rely on the explicit use of the true and false booleans. Let's look at some examples that require a little more thought.

if 6 + 3 == 9
  puts "Giraffes have no vocal cords."
end
#=> "Giraffes have no vocal cords."

• The code above will print Giraffes have no vocal cords. Since 6 + 3 equals 9 (i.e. 9 is equal to 9), the if statement's conditional evaluates as true.

Top-tip: Remember that the comparative operator == ("double-equals") is used to check equality. This is distinct from the assignment operator = ("single-equals"), which is used to set the value of a variable.

if 6 + 3 < 5
  puts "The hummingbird is the only animal that can fly backwards"
end

• The code above will not print anything because 6 + 3, which is equivalent to 9, is not less than 5, making the if statement's conditional evaluate as false.

dog = "satisfied"

if dog == "hungry"
  puts "Refilling food bowl."
else
  puts "Reading newspaper."
end

#=> "Reading newspaper."

Sometimes, we want to control the flow of our program based on more than one condition. For example, if I am hungry, then I will get a snack. If I am thirsty, then I will get a drink of water. Otherwise, I will stay here and continue learning more about control flow.

We can add additional layers of complexity to our if and else statements by using the elsif keyword.

Let's add an elsif statement to Example 3 from above:

dog = "thirsty"

if dog == "hungry"
  puts "Refilling food bowl."
elsif dog == "thirsty"
  puts "Refilling water bowl."
else
  puts "Reading newspaper."
end

#=> "Refilling water bowl."

We can cascade as many elsif statements as we wish, however elsif statements can only be used following an if statement, and must precede the associated else statement (if used).

dog = "cuddly"

if dog == "hungry"
  puts "Refilling food bowl."
elsif dog == "thirsty"
  puts "Refilling water bowl."
elsif dog == "playful"
  puts "Playing tug-of-war."
elsif dog == "cuddly"
  puts "Snuggling."
else
  puts "Reading newspaper."
end

#=> "Snuggling."

In this lesson, we learned how to use control flow to execute code conditionally. Specifically, we learned:

• how to use an if statement to execute code only if a certain condition is true

• we can optionally use one or more elsif statements if we need to check multiple conditions and execute different code for each of them

• we can optionally use an else statement if we want to specify "default" code that should execute if the condition(s) we are checking all evaluate as false

• the order of the statements must be: if first, followed by any elsifs, and else, if used, last

That's all for now — we'll discuss case statements and looping in upcoming lessons.