Goose is a database migration tool. Manage your database schema by creating incremental SQL changes or Go functions.
Starting with v3.0.0 this project adds Go module support, but maintains backwards compataibility with older v2.x.y
tags.
Goose supports embedding SQL migrations, which means you'll need go1.16 and up. If using go1.15 or lower, then pin v3.0.1.
github.com/pressly/goose
is a fork of bitbucket.org/liamstask/goose
with the following changes:
- No config files
- Default goose binary can migrate SQL files only
- Go migrations:
- We don't
go build
Go migrations functions on-the-fly from within the goose binary - Instead, we let you
create your own custom goose binary,
register your Go migration functions explicitly and run complex
migrations with your own
*sql.DB
connection - Go migration functions let you run your code within
an SQL transaction, if you use the
*sql.Tx
argument
- We don't
- The goose pkg is decoupled from the binary:
- goose pkg doesn't register any SQL drivers anymore,
thus no driver
panic()
conflict within your codebase! - goose pkg doesn't have any vendor dependencies anymore
- goose pkg doesn't register any SQL drivers anymore,
thus no driver
- We use timestamped migrations by default but recommend a hybrid approach of using timestamps in the development process and sequential versions in production.
$ go get -u github.com/pressly/goose/v3/cmd/goose
This will install the goose
binary to your $GOPATH/bin
directory.
For a lite version of the binary without DB connection dependent commands, use the exclusive build tags:
$ go build -tags='no_postgres no_mysql no_sqlite3' -i -o goose ./cmd/goose
Usage: goose [OPTIONS] DRIVER DBSTRING COMMAND
Drivers:
postgres
mysql
sqlite3
mssql
redshift
Examples:
goose sqlite3 ./foo.db status
goose sqlite3 ./foo.db create init sql
goose sqlite3 ./foo.db create add_some_column sql
goose sqlite3 ./foo.db create fetch_user_data go
goose sqlite3 ./foo.db up
goose postgres "user=postgres dbname=postgres sslmode=disable" status
goose mysql "user:password@/dbname?parseTime=true" status
goose redshift "postgres://user:[email protected]:5439/db" status
goose tidb "user:password@/dbname?parseTime=true" status
goose mssql "sqlserver://user:password@dbname:1433?database=master" status
Options:
-dir string
directory with migration files (default ".")
-table string
migrations table name (default "goose_db_version")
-h print help
-v enable verbose mode
-version
print version
Commands:
up Migrate the DB to the most recent version available
up-by-one Migrate the DB up by 1
up-to VERSION Migrate the DB to a specific VERSION
down Roll back the version by 1
down-to VERSION Roll back to a specific VERSION
redo Re-run the latest migration
reset Roll back all migrations
status Dump the migration status for the current DB
version Print the current version of the database
create NAME [sql|go] Creates new migration file with the current timestamp
fix Apply sequential ordering to migrations
Create a new SQL migration.
$ goose create add_some_column sql
$ Created new file: 20170506082420_add_some_column.sql
Edit the newly created file to define the behavior of your migration.
You can also create a Go migration, if you then invoke it with your own goose binary:
$ goose create fetch_user_data go
$ Created new file: 20170506082421_fetch_user_data.go
Apply all available migrations.
$ goose up
$ OK 001_basics.sql
$ OK 002_next.sql
$ OK 003_and_again.go
Migrate up to a specific version.
$ goose up-to 20170506082420
$ OK 20170506082420_create_table.sql
Migrate up a single migration from the current version
$ goose up-by-one
$ OK 20170614145246_change_type.sql
Roll back a single migration from the current version.
$ goose down
$ OK 003_and_again.go
Roll back migrations to a specific version.
$ goose down-to 20170506082527
$ OK 20170506082527_alter_column.sql
Roll back the most recently applied migration, then run it again.
$ goose redo
$ OK 003_and_again.go
$ OK 003_and_again.go
Print the status of all migrations:
$ goose status
$ Applied At Migration
$ =======================================
$ Sun Jan 6 11:25:03 2013 -- 001_basics.sql
$ Sun Jan 6 11:25:03 2013 -- 002_next.sql
$ Pending -- 003_and_again.go
Note: for MySQL parseTime flag must be enabled.
Print the current version of the database:
$ goose version
$ goose: version 002
goose supports migrations written in SQL or in Go.
A sample SQL migration looks like:
-- +goose Up
CREATE TABLE post (
id int NOT NULL,
title text,
body text,
PRIMARY KEY(id)
);
-- +goose Down
DROP TABLE post;
Notice the annotations in the comments. Any statements following -- +goose Up
will be executed as part of a forward migration, and any statements following -- +goose Down
will be executed as part of a rollback.
By default, all migrations are run within a transaction. Some statements like CREATE DATABASE
, however, cannot be run within a transaction. You may optionally add -- +goose NO TRANSACTION
to the top of your migration
file in order to skip transactions within that specific migration file. Both Up and Down migrations within this file will be run without transactions.
By default, SQL statements are delimited by semicolons - in fact, query statements must end with a semicolon to be properly recognized by goose.
More complex statements (PL/pgSQL) that have semicolons within them must be annotated with -- +goose StatementBegin
and -- +goose StatementEnd
to be properly recognized. For example:
-- +goose Up
-- +goose StatementBegin
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION histories_partition_creation( DATE, DATE )
returns void AS $$
DECLARE
create_query text;
BEGIN
FOR create_query IN SELECT
'CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS histories_'
|| TO_CHAR( d, 'YYYY_MM' )
|| ' ( CHECK( created_at >= timestamp '''
|| TO_CHAR( d, 'YYYY-MM-DD 00:00:00' )
|| ''' AND created_at < timestamp '''
|| TO_CHAR( d + INTERVAL '1 month', 'YYYY-MM-DD 00:00:00' )
|| ''' ) ) inherits ( histories );'
FROM generate_series( $1, $2, '1 month' ) AS d
LOOP
EXECUTE create_query;
END LOOP; -- LOOP END
END; -- FUNCTION END
$$
language plpgsql;
-- +goose StatementEnd
Go 1.16 introduced new feature: compile-time embedding files into binary and corresponding filesystem abstraction.
This feature can be used only for applying existing migrations. Modifying operations such as
fix
and create
will continue to operate on OS filesystem even if using embedded files. This is expected
behaviour because io/fs
interfaces allows read-only access.
Example usage (assuming sql migrations placed in migrations
directory):
package main
import (
"database/sql"
"embed"
"github.com/pressly/goose/v3"
)
//go:embed migrations/*.sql
var embedMigrations embed.FS
func main() {
var db *sql.DB
// setup database
goose.SetBaseFS(embedMigrations)
if err := goose.Up(db, "migrations"); err != nil {
panic(err)
}
// run app
}
Note that we pass "migrations"
as directory argument in Up
because embedding saves directory structure.
- Create your own goose binary, see example
- Import
github.com/pressly/goose
- Register your migration functions
- Run goose command, ie.
goose.Up(db *sql.DB, dir string)
A sample Go migration 00002_users_add_email.go file looks like:
package migrations
import (
"database/sql"
"github.com/pressly/goose/v3"
)
func init() {
goose.AddMigration(Up, Down)
}
func Up(tx *sql.Tx) error {
_, err := tx.Exec("UPDATE users SET username='admin' WHERE username='root';")
if err != nil {
return err
}
return nil
}
func Down(tx *sql.Tx) error {
_, err := tx.Exec("UPDATE users SET username='root' WHERE username='admin';")
if err != nil {
return err
}
return nil
}
Please, read the versioning problem first.
We strongly recommend adopting a hybrid versioning approach, using both timestamps and sequential numbers. Migrations created during the development process are timestamped and sequential versions are ran on production. We believe this method will prevent the problem of conflicting versions when writing software in a team environment.
To help you adopt this approach, create
will use the current timestamp as the migration version. When you're ready to deploy your migrations in a production environment, we also provide a helpful fix
command to convert your migrations into sequential order, while preserving the timestamp ordering. We recommend running fix
in the CI pipeline, and only when the migrations are ready for production.
Licensed under MIT License