⚠️ This guide is only supported for Raspberry Pi 3B & 4B with Ubuntu Server 22.04.
Other platforms and distributions may work, but there will be unexpected issues or side effects.

This guide will show you how to encrypt your Raspberry Pi's root partition and set up an initramfs that will prompt for the password, decrypt the partition and gracefully resume boot. You will also learn how to enable SSH during this pre-boot stage, allowing you to unlock the partition remotely. There are also optional steps for WiFi setup.

While the steps are written for the Raspberry Pi, they should be easily transferrable to other SBCs and computers as a whole. However, only the Raspberry Pi is officially supported by this guide.

This guide operates directly on an image file and therefore does not require an SD card for the setup. The resulting image can be flashed to an SD card as usual.

• Raspberry Pi Encrypted Boot with SSH
  • Introduction
  • Table of Content
  • Requirements
  • On the host
  • In the chroot
    • Prepare
    • Device configuration
    • Cryptsetup
    • SSH
    • WiFi support
    • Build initramfs
    • Cleanup
  • On the host
  • On the Raspberry Pi
  • Avoiding SSH key collisions
  • Resources

• A Raspberry Pi Linux image (e.g. Ubuntu Server 22.04)

• A computer (host) running Linux (e.g. Xubuntu 22.04)

  ⚠️ NOTE: Your host's Linux should be as similar as possible to the Raspberry Pi's Linux. If you are preparing Ubuntu 22.04 for the Raspberry Pi, use the same version on the host, otherwise you may encounter issues inside the chroot.

Install dependencies:

You can skip qemu-user-static if your host Linux's architecture matches that of the Raspberry Pi's Linux image.

apt update
apt install -y kpartx cryptsetup-bin qemu-user-static

Create two copies of the Raspberry Pi's Linux image — one to read from (base), and one to write to (target):

• ubuntu-base.img
• ubuntu-target.img

Map both images as devices, ensuring the base is readonly:

kpartx -ar "$PWD/ubuntu-base.img"
kpartx -a "$PWD/ubuntu-target.img"

If your system automatically mounted any partitions, unmount them:

umount /media/**/*

Run lsblk and verify the process was successful — you should see two loopback devices, each with two partitions:

NAME      MAJ:MIN RM  SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT # COMMENT
loop0       7:0    0  3.3G  0 loop            # ubuntu-base.img
├─loop0p1 253:0    0  256M  0 part            # ├─ boot
└─loop0p2 253:1    0    3G  0 part            # └─ root
loop1       7:1    0  3.3G  1 loop            # ubuntu-target.img
├─loop1p1 253:2    0  256M  1 part            # ├─ boot
└─loop1p2 253:3    0    3G  1 part            # └─ root

Mount the base image's root partition:

mkdir -p /mnt/original/
mount /dev/mapper/loop0p2 /mnt/original/

Replace the target image's root partition with a new, encrypted partition:

⚠️ NOTE:

In this example we will use aes-adiantum as the encryption method since it is much faster on targets that lack hardware AES acceleration. Ensure that both the host's and Pi's kernel (>= 5.0.0, must include .ko) and cryptsetup (>= 2.0.6) support your encryption method.

By default cryptsetup will use a memory-hard PBKDF algorithm that requires 4GB of RAM. With these settings, you are likely to exceed the Raspberry Pi's maximum RAM and make it impossible to unlock the partition. To work around this, set the --pbkdf-memory and --pbkdf-parallel arguments so when you multiply them, the result is less than your Pi's total RAM:

cryptsetup luksFormat -c xchacha20,aes-adiantum-plain64 --pbkdf-memory 512000 --pbkdf-parallel=1 /dev/mapper/loop1p2

Open (decrypt) the new partition:

cryptsetup open /dev/mapper/loop1p2 crypted

Then format and mount it:

mkfs.ext4 /dev/mapper/crypted
mkdir -p /mnt/chroot/
mount /dev/mapper/crypted /mnt/chroot/

Copy the base image's root partition files to the target image's new, encrypted root partition. You can use dd, but rsync is faster:

rsync --archive --hard-links --acls --xattrs --one-file-system --numeric-ids --info="progress2" /mnt/original/* /mnt/chroot/

Set up a chroot by mounting the target image's boot partition and required virtual filesystems from the host:

mkdir -p /mnt/chroot/boot/
mount /dev/mapper/loop1p1 /mnt/chroot/boot/
mount -t proc none /mnt/chroot/proc/
mount -t sysfs none /mnt/chroot/sys/
mount -o bind /dev /mnt/chroot/dev/
mount -o bind /dev/pts /mnt/chroot/dev/pts/

Enter the chroot:

LANG=C chroot /mnt/chroot/

Since Ubuntu has a symlinked resolv.conf that is invalid in the chroot context, you will not have internet access. To work around this, back it up and create a simple nameserver replacement:

mv /etc/resolv.conf /etc/resolv.conf.bak
echo "nameserver 1.1.1.1" > /etc/resolv.conf

Next, install the dependencies:

apt update
apt install -y busybox cryptsetup dropbear-initramfs

Run blkid and note the details of your encrypted partition:

blkid | grep crypto_LUKS

/dev/mapper/loop1p2: UUID="aaaaaaaa-aaaa-aaaa-aaaa-aaaaaaaaaaaa" TYPE="crypto_LUKS" PARTUUID="cccccccc-cc"

Edit /etc/fstab and replace the root entry with your decrypted (virtual) partition's device name:

/dev/mapper/crypted /               ext4  discard,errors=remount-ro 0 1
LABEL=system-boot   /boot/firmware  vfat  defaults                  0 1

Edit /etc/crypttab and add an entry with your encrypted (raw) partition's UUID:

crypted UUID=aaaaaaaa-aaaa-aaaa-aaaa-aaaaaaaaaaaa none luks,initramfs

Edit /boot/cmdline.txt and update the root entry:

root=/dev/mapper/crypted cryptdevice=UUID=aaaaaaaa-aaaa-aaaa-aaaa-aaaaaaaaaaaa:crypted

Enable SSH for the decrypted OS:

touch /boot/ssh

Edit the cryptsetup initramfs hook to ensure cryptsetup ends up in the initramfs:

echo "CRYPTSETUP=y" >> /etc/cryptsetup-initramfs/conf-hook

At least on Ubuntu Server 22.04, the initramfs-tools cryptroot hook will resolve any UUIDs to device names during initramfs generation. This is a problem because the device names will likely differ between the host and the Raspberry Pi, resulting in failure to boot. To work around this, apply the following patch:

patch --no-backup-if-mismatch /usr/share/initramfs-tools/hooks/cryptroot << 'EOF'
--- cryptroot
+++ cryptroot
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@
         printf '%s\0' "$target" >>"$DESTDIR/cryptroot/targets"
         crypttab_find_entry "$target" || return 1
         crypttab_parse_options --missing-path=warn || return 1
-        crypttab_print_entry
+        printf '%s %s %s %s\n' "$_CRYPTTAB_NAME" "$_CRYPTTAB_SOURCE" "$_CRYPTTAB_KEY" "$_CRYPTTAB_OPTIONS" >&3
     fi
 }
EOF

If you are planning to run on a Raspberry Pi 3, the default timeout when waiting for decryption (e.g. 10 seconds) may be too short and you may get a timeout error. To work around this, bump the timeout:

sed -i 's/^TIMEOUT=.*/TIMEOUT=100/g' /usr/share/cryptsetup/initramfs/bin/cryptroot-unlock

Write your SSH public key inside dropbear's and your decrypted OS's authorized_keys and fix permissions:

mkdir -p /root/.ssh && chmod 0700 /root/.ssh
echo "/REDACTED/" | tee /etc/dropbear/initramfs/authorized_keys /root/.ssh/authorized_keys
chmod 0600 /etc/dropbear/initramfs/authorized_keys /root/.ssh/authorized_keys

This step is optional. If you want the Raspberry Pi to be decryptable over WiFi, check out Wireless-Builtin.md and Wireless-USB.md.

Note your kernel version. If there are multiple, choose the one you want to run:

ls /lib/modules/

Build the new initramdisk using the kernel version from above, overwriting the old initramdisk:

mkinitramfs -o /boot/initrd.img "5.15.0-1005-raspi"

Revert any changes if you have made them before:

mv /etc/resolv.conf.bak /etc/resolv.conf

Sync and exit the chroot:

sync
history -c && exit

Unmount everything and clean up any remaining artifacts:

umount /mnt/chroot/boot
umount /mnt/chroot/sys
umount /mnt/chroot/proc
umount /mnt/chroot/dev/pts
umount /mnt/chroot/dev
umount /mnt/chroot
cryptsetup close crypted
umount /mnt/original
rm -d /mnt/chroot
rm -d /mnt/original
kpartx -d "$PWD/ubuntu-base.img"
kpartx -d "$PWD/ubuntu-target.img"

You are now ready to flash ubuntu-target.img to an SD card.

Boot the Raspberry Pi with the new SD card. It will obtain an IP address from the DHCP server and start listening for SSH connections. To decrypt the root partition and continue boot, from any shell, simply run cryptroot-unlock.

Once booted into the decrypted system, you will notice that the root partition is still sized at ~3GB, no matter how much space you have on the SD card. To fix this, delete and recreate the partition, this time using all available space, then follow up with cryptsetup and ext4 resize:

echo -e "d\n2\nn\np\n2\n\n\nw" | fdisk /dev/mmcblk0
cryptsetup resize crypted
resize2fs /dev/mapper/crypted

Finally, reboot the system for good measure:

reboot

To avoid host key collisions you can configure a separate trusted hosts store in the ~/.ssh/config of your client:

Host box
	Hostname 192.168.0.30
	User root

Host box-initramfs
	Hostname 192.168.0.30
	User root
	UserKnownHostsFile ~/.ssh/known_hosts.initramfs

• https://www.kali.org/docs/arm/raspberry-pi-with-luks-disk-encryption/
• https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Dm-crypt/Specialties
• https://wiki.gentoo.org/wiki/Custom_Initramfs
• https://www.raspberrypi.org/forums/viewtopic.php?t=252980
• https://thej6s.com/articles/2019-03-05__decrypting-boot-drives-remotely/
• https://www.pbworks.net/ubuntu-guide-dropbear-ssh-server-to-unlock-luks-encrypted-pc/