A "hello" app used as a placeholder while setting up Docker containers for a web application.

The app is composed of three simple services, in three Docker container images: web (Nginx/Node and React), api (Node and Express), and database (Postgres).

The frontend web app fetches data from the database via the API, and renders a stack of "hello" messages received from each service along the way.

Docker Compose is required.

Clone the repository, then build the images and run the containers with docker compose:

# In the project root directory:
docker compose build
docker compose up

Load the web app at http://localhost:3000.

Edit web/src/App.js to see live changes.

Check the browser console and the server output for any errors.

In development, the API can be loaded at http://localhost:4001/api/hello.

Press ctl-C in the docker-compose terminal to stop the containers.

When building the containers, tag them with the current Git commit SHA.

# In the project root directory:
COMMIT_SHA=$(git rev-parse HEAD)
docker build -t hello-api:$COMMIT_SHA -t hello-api:latest api
docker build -t hello-web:$COMMIT_SHA -t hello-web:latest web

List the images:

docker image ls

Running the images:

docker network create --driver bridge hello-net

docker run --rm -d \
  --name=db \
  --network hello-net \
  -e POSTGRES_PASSWORD=postgres \
  postgres

docker run --rm -d --init \
  --name=api \
  --network hello-net \
  -p 4002:4000  \
  -e DB_HOST=db -e  DB_USER=postgres -e DB_PASSWORD=postgres \
  hello-api

docker run --rm -d \
  --name=web \
  -p 80:80 \
  -e API_BASEURL=http://localhost:4002 \
  hello-web

Load the production build at http://localhost.

Three basic application services--web (Nginx/Node and React), api (Node and Express), and database (Postgres)--are defined in three Docker container images.

The services scale horizontally, to accommodate cloud infrastructure models. Multiple copies of each service can run in parallel, in distributed locations across geography and infrastructure.

In development environments, docker compose runs all the containers on one development host.

In production and testing environments, the containers can all run on a single host instance initially (ex. a single EC2 instance), possibly behind another container like haproxy serving as a gateway. Resource monitoring can indicate what needs to scale and when.

To scale the app later, the database can be moved into separate EC2 instances or a managed service; multiple api and web containers can be run on different EC2 instances, in different regions; and Cloudflare can be used for (free) load balancing across web containers with round-robin DNS, along with caching, DDoS protection and other security measures.

• api/: The backend REST API
  • db.js: API database code
  • Dockerfile: Docker config for backend Node JS container
  • index.js: Node server for REST API (in Express.js)
  • package.json: NPM packages for backend app
• db/: Database container configuration
  • initdb.d/: DB config scripts executed when the database is first initialized (i.e. when the data volume is empty)
• web/: The JavaScript frontend
  • public/env.js.template: Environment variables replaced on the web server at runtime into a new file called env.js, to make them available for configuring the frontend app.
  • src/App.js: Basic React component that fetches a record from the database and renders hello messages from each service along the way.
  • Dockerfile: Docker config for frontend Nginx/Node container
  • package.json: NPM packages for frontend app
• docker-compose.yml: Docker compose config to orchestrate containers in dev environments

How this app was created.

A development environment with npm, docker, and git.

Create the project root directory and change into it.

mkdir hello-docker && cd $_

Open a terminal for the web service (ctl-` in vscode).

Create a skeleton React app in a new web/ subdirectory:

# In the web terminal, in the project root directory:
npx create-react-app web
cd web

Replace web/src/App.js with this:

import React, { useEffect, useState } from "react";
import "./App.css";

window.env = window.env || {}
const apiBaseUrl = window.env.API_BASEURL || "http://localhost:4000";
const hostName = window.env.HOSTNAME || 'unknown-host';

function App() {
  const [messages, setMessages] = useState([`Hello from web (${hostName})`]);

  // Fetch message from /api/hello
  useEffect(() => {
    fetch(`${apiBaseUrl}/api/hello`)
      .then((response) => response.json())
      .then((data) => {
        setMessages([...messages, `Fetched api (${apiBaseUrl}/api/hello) from web (${hostName})`, ...data.messages]);
      })
      .catch((error) => {
        console.error("Error fetching data:", error);
      });
  }, []);

  return (
    <div className="App">
      <header className="App-header">
        <h1>Hello Docker</h1>
        <ul>
          {messages.map((message) => (
            <li style={{ textAlign: "left" }}>{message}</li>
          ))}
        </ul>
      </header>
    </div>
  );
}

export default App;

Test the React app:

# In the web terminal, in the web/ directory:
npm start

Load http://localhost:3000 and expect to see "Hello from web (unknown-host)".

The web container hostname is shown as (unknown-host) because window.env.HOSTNAME has not yet been initialized from the server environment. More on that below.

Press ctl-C to stop the server.

Open a terminal for the api service (ctl-shift-` in vscode).

Create a skeleton Node JS app in an api/ subdirectory.

# In the api terminal, from the project root directory:
mkdir api
cd api
npm init -y

Create a simple API server with Express.

# In the api terminal, in the api/ directory
npm install express cors nodemon

Add api/index.js with the following content:

const express = require("express");
const cors = require("cors");
const db = require("./db");

const port = process.env.PORT || 4000;

// Create Express app
const app = express();
app.use(express.json());
app.use(cors());

// Route GET:/api/hello
app.get("/api/hello", async (req, res) => {
  const messages = [`Hello from api (${process.env.HOSTNAME})`];
  try {
    const dbMessages = await db.getHelloMessages();
    messages.push(...dbMessages);
    res.json({ messages });

  } catch (error) {
    console.error(error);
    messages.push(`DB error, check server logs from api (${process.env.HOSTNAME})`)
    res.status(500).json({ messages, error: "Internal Server Error" });
  }
});

// Start the node server
app.listen(port, () => {
  console.log(`Server is running on port ${port}`);
});

Create a placeholder db script at api/db.js:

const getHelloMessages = async () => {
  throw new Error('Database not yet implemented.');
};

module.exports = {
  getHelloMessages,
};

Configure an npm start command in api/package.json:

  "scripts": {
    "start": "nodemon index.js"
  },

Test the api server.

# In the api terminal, in the api/ directory:
npm start

Load http://localhost:4000/api/hello and expect something like { "messages": ["Hello from api (undefined)"] }.

Test the frontend app. Start the web server:

# In the web terminal, in the web/ directory:
npm start

Load http://localhost:3000:

Press ctl-C in both terminals to stop the servers.

# In the api terminal, in the api/ directory:
npm install pg

Change api/index.js to the following:

const express = require("express");
const cors = require("cors");
const { Pool } = require("pg");

const port = process.env.PORT || 4000;

// Create Postgres connection
const dbHost = process.env.DB_HOST || 'localhost';
const db = new Pool({
  host: dbHost,
  port: process.env.DB_PORT,
  database: process.env.DB_DATABASE,
  user: process.env.DB_USER,
  password: process.env.DB_PASSWORD,
});

// Create Express app
const app = express();
app.use(express.json());
app.use(cors());

// Route GET:/api/hello
app.get("/api/hello", async (req, res) => {
  const messages = [`Hello from api (${process.env.HOSTNAME})`];
  try {
    let result = await db.query('SELECT $1 AS message', [`...api connected to db (${dbHost})`]);
    messages.push(result.rows[0]['message']);

    // result = await db.query('SELECT * FROM hello');
    // const { message } = result.rows[0];
    // messages.push(message);

    res.json({ messages });

  } catch (error) {
    console.error(error);
    messages.push('DB error (check server logs)')
    res.status(500).json({ messages, error: "Internal Server Error" });
  }
});

// Start the node server
app.listen(port, () => {
  console.log(`Server is running on port ${port}`);
});

Start the database. Open a new terminal for the db service (ctl-shift-` in vscode):

# In the db terminal, in any directory
docker run -e POSTGRES_PASSWORD=postgres -p 5432:5432 postgres

Test the api server with the database:

# In the api terminal, in the api/ directory:
DB_USER=postgres DB_PASSWORD=postgres npm start

Load http://localhost:4000/api/hello and expect to see "...api connected to db (localhost)".

{
  "messages": [
    "Hello from api (Jasons-MacBook-Pro-2.local)",
    "...api connected to db (localhost)"
  ]
}

Test the frontend app with the database:

# In the web terminal, in the web/ directory:
npm start

Load http://localhost:3000 and expect to the see the same database messages from the API.

Press ctl-C in all three terminals to shut down the servers.

To simplify orchestration of the different services, put them in Docker containers and run them in development with docker-compose.

Create docker-compose.yml in the project root directory:

version: "3.8"
services:
  web:
    image: node:20
    # build:
    #   context: "./web"
    #   target: "base"
    volumes:
      - ./web:/app
    working_dir: /app
    environment:
      NODE_ENV: development
      PORT: 3000
      API_BASEURL: http://localhost:4001
    init: true
    command: sh -c "npm install && npm run envsubst && npm start"
    ports:
      - "3000:3000"
    depends_on:
      - api

  api:
    image: node:20-slim
    # build:
    #   context: "./api"
    #   target: "base"
    volumes:
      - ./api:/app
    working_dir: /app
    environment:
      NODE_ENV: development
      PORT: 4001
      DB_HOST: db
      DB_USER: postgres
      DB_PASSWORD: postgres
      DB_DATABASE: hello
    init: true
    command: sh -c "npm install && npm start"
    ports:
      - "4001:4001"
    depends_on:
      - db

  db:
    image: postgres
    volumes:
      - postgres-data:/var/lib/postgresql/data:delegated
      - ./db/initdb.d:/docker-entrypoint-initdb.d/
    environment:
      - POSTGRES_USER=postgres
      - POSTGRES_PASSWORD=postgres
      - POSTGRES_DB=hello
    ports:
      - "5432:5432"
    restart: always

volumes:
  postgres-data:

Start the containers with docker compose up.

The docker-compose.yml file above uses standard official Docker images for node and postgres, mounts the application source code inside of them, and runs the development servers with npm.

To prepare images for production deployment, or to add custom operating system packages or other dependencies, custom images need to be built. This is done by adding a custom Dockerfile for an image, and updating docker-compose.yml to describe the build context instead of just specifying an official image.

Docker containers need to be configurable by environment variables, but a JavaScript frontend app runs in a client web browser and so doesn't have access to the web container environment at runtime.

To work around this, a publicly accessible file called env.js can be created that defines the needed environment variables as global JavaScript variables on the window.env object.

env.js is created by defining an env.js.template file with environment variable placeholders, which are replaced using the system tool envsubst.

In the production image, the env.js file is generated when the container starts, using docker-entrypoint.sh. For the dev image, envsubst needs to be explicitly installed (with the "gettext" package), and npm scripts are customized to run it at build time.

Create web/public/env.js.template with the following contents:

// Publicly visible runtime environment variable config for the JavaScript frontend.
//
// DO NOT EDIT env.js. YOUR CHANGES WILL BE OVERWRITTEN.
// Make changes in env.js.template instead.
//
// Generate env.js from env.js.template with "envsubst", like this:
//   envsubst < env.js.template > env.js
//
window.env = {
  HOSTNAME: "$HOSTNAME",
  API_BASEURL: "$API_BASEURL",
};

Add an npm run envsubst script for populating the runtime environment variables in the devlopment environment, and make it run as a pre-build hook. Add the following to the scripts section in web/package.json:

"scripts": {
  "envsubst": "envsubst < public/env.js.template > public/env.js",
  "prebuild": "npm run envsubst",
  // ...

Update public/index.html to include the env.js script immediately after the <head> tag, to import the environment variable definitions.

<head>
    <!-- Inject runtime environment variables as frontend app config. -->
    <script type="text/javascript" src="%PUBLIC_URL%/env.js"></script>

Though the node web server is useful during development, best practices recommend the use of Nginx in production instead. The web image should additionally be customized to enable passing runtime environment variables to the JavaScript application, for easy configuration of the container.

Create web/Dockerfile with the following contents:

# The "base" image contains the dependencies and no application code
FROM node:20 as base

# Specify any custom OS packages or other dependencies here.
# These dependencies will be available in development and build environments.
RUN apt-get update && apt-get install -y \
  gettext

# The "build" image inherits from "base", and adds application code for production
# Dev environments do not include this part--they run a separate startup command defined in docker-compose.yml.
#
# Stage 1: Build the React application
FROM base as build
WORKDIR /app
COPY package*.json ./
RUN npm install
COPY . .
RUN npm run build

# Stage 2: Create a lightweight container to serve the built React app with Nginx
FROM nginx:alpine
COPY --from=build /app/build /usr/share/nginx/html

# Create a docker-entrypoint.sh script to regenerate env.js when the container starts.
# The "envsubstr" tool is included in the official nginx image.
# (In the node image, it had to be installed separately with the gettext package.)
RUN echo '#!/bin/sh' > /docker-entrypoint.sh \
  && echo 'set -e' >> /docker-entrypoint.sh \
  && echo 'envsubst < /usr/share/nginx/html/env.js.template > /usr/share/nginx/html/env.js' >> /docker-entrypoint.sh \
  && echo 'exec "$@"' >> /docker-entrypoint.sh \
  && chmod +x /docker-entrypoint.sh

# Copy Nginx configuration file, if needed
#COPY nginx/nginx.conf /etc/nginx/conf.d/default.conf

EXPOSE 80
CMD ["nginx", "-g", "daemon off;"]

Create api/Dockerfile with the following contents:

# "base" image contains the dependencies and no application code
FROM node:20 as base

# Specify any custom OS packages or other dependencies here.
# These dependencies will be available in all environments.
#
# RUN apt-get update && apt-get install ...
#


# "prod" image inherits from "base", and adds application code for production
# Dev environments do not include this part--they run a separate startup command defined in docker-compose.yml.
FROM base as prod
WORKDIR /app
COPY package*.json ./
RUN npm install --production
COPY . .

EXPOSE 4000
CMD ["node", "index.js"]

The postgres image supports running custom initialization scripts when the database is first created. (This is common in database Docker images.)

Create a db/initdb.d/ directory, and add one or more _.sql, _.sql.gz, or *.sh files to be run when the database is first created. Note that postgres only runs the init scripts if the postgres data directory is empty.

To cause the init scripts to be run again, remove the postgres-data volume (which deletes all data):

# In the db terminal, in the project root directory:
docker compose rm
docker volume rm hello-docker_postgres-data

version: "3.8"
services:
  web:
    #image: node:20
    build:
      context: "./web"
      target: "base"
    volumes:
      - ./web:/app
    working_dir: /app
    environment:
      NODE_ENV: development
      PORT: 3000
      API_BASEURL: http://localhost:4001
    init: true
    command: sh -c "npm install && npm run envsubst && npm start"
    ports:
      - "3000:3000"
    depends_on:
      - api

  api:
    #image: node:20-slim
    build:
      context: "./api"
      target: "base"
    volumes:
      - ./api:/app
    working_dir: /app
    environment:
      NODE_ENV: development
      PORT: 4001
      DB_HOST: db
      DB_USER: postgres
      DB_PASSWORD: postgres
      DB_DATABASE: hello
    init: true
    command: sh -c "npm install && npm start"
    ports:
      - "4001:4001"
    depends_on:
      - db

  db:
    image: postgres
    volumes:
      - postgres-data:/var/lib/postgresql/data:delegated
      - ./db/initdb.d:/docker-entrypoint-initdb.d/
    environment:
      - POSTGRES_USER=postgres
      - POSTGRES_PASSWORD=postgres
      - POSTGRES_DB=hello
    ports:
      - "5432:5432"
    restart: always

volumes:
  postgres-data:

# In project root directory:
docker compose build
docker compose up