Project to learn Substrate by developing custom kitties pallet.

The project contains two starter applications:

• Substrate Front End Template (tutorials/solutions/kitties branch)
• Substrate Node Template

To run the project you can either manually run docker-compose up or take advantage of VS Code dev containers as shown in rust-devcontainer.

Once the container is running you can start the Substrate node by running the following:

cd /apps/node
cargo build --release
/tmp/target/release/node-template --dev

To connect to the Substrate node backend you can run the Substrate frontend app that uses Polkadot JS:

cd /apps/frontend
yarn install
yarn start

The quickest way of building a custom pallet is to start with the example pallets/template.

cp -rf node/pallets/template node/pallets/kitties

Rename the package name in the new pallet's Cargo.toml

[package]
-name = "pallet-template"
+name = "pallet-kitties"
 version = "4.0.0-dev"
 description = "FRAME pallet template for defining custom runtime logic."
 authors = ["Substrate DevHub <https://github.com/substrate-developer-hub>"]

Add pallet project to node Cargo workspace

members = [
     "node",
     "pallets/template",
+    "pallets/kitties",
     "runtime",
 ]

Build project to confirm that pallet was correctly configured.

cargo build -p pallet-kitties

Now that we have a skeleton of our custom pallet we can start adding custom logic to suit our business needs. For our pallet to be usable we need to create dispatchable (i.e. extrinsic) function. To achieve that we need the fulfill the following requirements:

• Pallet Config
  For pallet to be used on the blockchain we need to define the custom parameters and types that our pallet will work with. This is defined in pallet's lib.rs file. For example: KittyRandomness.

• Custom Type
  Define your custom types that represent your custom assets/objects. This is defined in pallet's lib.rs file. For example: Kitty.

• Custom Storage
  Define your custom storage to track the states in your pallet. This is defined in pallet's lib.rs file. For example: CountForKitties.

• Custom Events
  Your pallet will emit custom events for different state transitions. This needs to be defined in Event<T: Config> enum. This is defined in pallet's lib.rs file. For example: Created.

• Custom Errors
  Your pallet can run into issues and we would want to throw pallet specific errors. This needs to be defined in Error<T> enum. This is defined in pallet's lib.rs file. For example: NoKitty.

• Dispatchable functions
  To allow others on the blockchain to interact with our pallet we need to expose functions that can be called from external source. These functions are called extrinsic and is defined inside impl block of Pallet<T> with pallet::call macro. This is defined in pallet's lib.rs file. For example: create_kitty.

• Internal helper functions
  Any function that is used only internally should be defined inside impl block of Pallet<T>. This is defined in pallet's lib.rs file. For example: gen_dna.

Once we have completed our pallet development we need to add this pallet in our runtime. This can be done by performing the following steps:

• Add our pallet as dependency to runtime's Cargo.toml

pallet-template = { version = "4.0.0-dev", default-features = false, path = "../pallets/template" }
+pallet-kitties = { version = "4.0.0-dev", default-features = false, path = "../pallets/kitties" }

• Add additional dependencies (i.e. crates) that is WASM compatible

pallet-kitties = { version = "4.0.0-dev", default-features = false, path = "../pallets/kitties" }
+pallet-insecure-randomness-collective-flip = { git = "https://github.com/paritytech/substrate", package = "pallet-insecure-randomness-collective-flip", default-features = false, branch = "polkadot-v0.9.42" }

Note: It is important that the branch of additional dependency is of the same version as other Substrate crates (e.g. sp-core)

• Configure concreate types for your pallet. This is defined in pallet's node/runtime/src/lib.rs file. For example:

impl pallet_kitties::Config for Runtime {
  type RuntimeEvent = RuntimeEvent;
  type WeightInfo = pallet_kitties::weights::SubstrateWeight<Runtime>;
  type Currency = Balances;
  type MaxKittiesOwned = frame_support::pallet_prelude::ConstU32<100>;
  type KittyRandomness = RandomnessCollectiveFlip;
}

• Add our pallet to construct_runtime! macro in node/runtime/src/lib.rs

 TemplateModule: pallet_template,
+  RandomnessCollectiveFlip: pallet_insecure_randomness_collective_flip,
+  Kitties: pallet_kitties,

We can now build and launch the blockchain which includes our custom pallet.

cd /apps/node
cargo build --release
/tmp/target/release/node-template --dev

Interact with our kitties pallet using frontend

cd /apps/frontend
yarn start

Our local blockchain is now accessible at http://localhost:8000

Here's a list of some references that were very helpful in understanding Substrate pallet development:

• Substrate Collectables (Workshop)
• Substrate Collectables (Workshop) - Video
• Build the Substrate Kitties Chain
• Substrate Knowledge Map
• Learn Rust syntax for Substrate
• Architecture and Rust libraries
• Custom pallets
• Deep dive into FRAME V2 pallet macros

That's it. Happy chaining!