This git repository contains the code to build a fully functional Postfix Container, able to send emails externally.

Container is based on the Community image boky/postfix. https://github.com/bokysan/docker-postfix

Simple postfix relay host ("postfix null client") for your Docker containers. Based on Alpine Linux.

• Table of contents
• Description
• TL;DR
• Configuration options
  • General options
    • Inbound debugging
    • ALLOWED_SENDER_DOMAINS and ALLOW_EMPTY_SENDER_DOMAINS
    • Log format
  • Postfix-specific options
    • RELAYHOST, RELAYHOST_USERNAME and RELAYHOST_PASSWORD
    • RELAYHOST_TLS_LEVEL
    • XOAUTH2_CLIENT_ID, XOAUTH2_SECRET, XOAUTH2_INITIAL_ACCESS_TOKEN and XOAUTH2_INITIAL_REFRESH_TOKEN
    • MASQUERADED_DOMAINS
    • SMTP_HEADER_CHECKS
    • POSTFIX_hostname
    • POSTFIX_mynetworks
    • POSTFIX_message_size_limit
    • Overriding specific postfix settings
  • DKIM / DomainKeys
    • Supplying your own DKIM keys
    • Auto-generating the DKIM selectors through the image
    • Changing the DKIM selector
    • Overriding specific OpenDKIM settings
    • Verifying your DKIM setup
  • Docker Secrets
• Helm chart
• Extending the image
  • Using custom init scripts
• Security
• Quick how-tos
  • Sending messages directly

This image allows you to run POSTFIX internally inside your docker cloud/swarm installation to centralise outgoing email sending. The embedded postfix enables you to either send messages directly or relay them to another of Centogene's servers.

IF YOU WANT TO SET UP AND MANAGE A POSTFIX INSTALLATION FOR END USERS, THIS IMAGE IS NOT FOR YOU. If you need it to manage your application's outgoing queue, read on.

To run the container, do the following:

docker run --rm --name postfix -e "ALLOWED_SENDER_DOMAINS=example.com" -p 1587:587 *containername

or

You can now send emails by using localhost:1587 as your SMTP server address. Of course, if you haven't configured your example.com domain to allow sending from this IP (see openspf), your emails will most likely be regarded as spam.

All standard caveats of configuring the SMTP server apply:

• MAKE SURE YOUR OUTGOING PORT 25 IS NOT BLOCKED.
  • Most ISPs block outgoing connections to port 25 and several companies (e.g. NoIP, Dynu offer workarounds).
  • Hosting centers also tend to block port 25, which can be unblocked per request (e.g. for AWS either fill out a form or forward mail to their SES service, which is free for low volumes).
• You'll most likely need to at least set up SPF records or DKIM.
• If using DKIM (below), make sure to add DKIM keys to your domain's DNS entries.
• You'll also need to set up PTR records to prevent your mails going to spam.

The following general configuration options are available

• TZ = The timezone for the image
• FORCE_COLOR = Set to 1 to force color output (otherwise auto-detected)
• INBOUND_DEBUGGING = Set to 1 to enable detailed debugging in the logs
• ALLOWED_SENDER_DOMAINS = domains which are allowed to send email via this server
• ALLOW_EMPTY_SENDER_DOMAINS = if value is set (i.e: true), ALLOWED_SENDER_DOMAINS can be unset
• LOG_FORMAT = Set your log format (JSON or plain)

Enable additional debugging for any connection coming from POSTFIX_mynetworks. Set to a non-empty string (usually 1 or yes) to enable debugging.

Due to in-built spam protection in Postfix you will need to specify sender domains -- the domains you are using to send your emails from, otherwise Postfix will refuse to start.

Example:

docker run --rm --name postfix -e "ALLOWED_SENDER_DOMAINS=example.com example.org" -p 1587:587 boky/postfix

If you want to set the restrictions on the recipient and not on the sender (anyone can send mails but just to a single domain for instance), set ALLOW_EMPTY_SENDER_DOMAINS to a non-empty value (e.g. true) and ALLOWED_SENDER_DOMAINS to an empty string. Then extend this image through custom scripts to configure Postfix further.

The image will by default output logs in human-readable (plain) format. If you are deploying the image to Kubernetes, it might be worth chaging the output format to json as it's more easily parsable by tools such as Prometheus.

To change the log format, set the (unsurprisingly named) variable LOG_FORMAT=json.

• RELAYHOST = Host that relays your messages
• RELAYHOST_USERNAME = An (optional) username for the relay server
• RELAYHOST_PASSWORD = An (optional) login password for the relay server
• RELAYHOST_TLS_LEVEL = Relay host TLS connection level
• XOAUTH2_CLIENT_ID = OAuth2 client id used when configured as a relayhost.
• XOAUTH2_SECRET = OAuth2 secret used when configured as a relayhost.
• XOAUTH2_INITIAL_ACCESS_TOKEN = Initial OAuth2 access token.
• XOAUTH2_INITIAL_REFRESH_TOKEN = Initial OAuth2 refresh token.
• MASQUERADED_DOMAINS = domains where you want to masquerade internal hosts
• SMTP_HEADER_CHECKS= Set to 1 to enable header checks of to a location of the file for header checks
• POSTFIX_hostname = Set tha name of this postfix server
• POSTFIX_mynetworks = Allow sending mails only from specific networks ( default 127.0.0.0/8,10.0.0.0/8,172.16.0.0/12,192.168.0.0/16 )
• POSTFIX_message_size_limit = The maximum size of the messsage, in bytes, by default it's unlimited
• POSTFIX_<any_postfix_setting> = provide any additional postfix setting

Postfix will try to deliver emails directly to the target server. If you are behind a firewall, or inside a corporation you will most likely have a dedicated outgoing mail server. By setting this option, you will instruct postfix to relay (hence the name) all incoming emails to the target server for actual delivery.

Example:

docker run --rm --name postfix -e RELAYHOST=192.168.115.215 -p 1587:587 boky/postfix

You may optionally specifiy a relay port, e.g.:

docker run --rm --name postfix -e RELAYHOST=192.168.115.215:587 -p 1587:587 boky/postfix

Or an IPv6 address, e.g.:

docker run --rm --name postfix -e 'RELAYHOST=[2001:db8::1]:587' -p 1587:587 boky/postfix

If your end server requires you to authenticate with username/password, add them also:

docker run --rm --name postfix -e RELAYHOST=mail.google.com -e [email protected] -e RELAYHOST_PASSWORD=world -p 1587:587 boky/postfix

Define relay host TLS connection level. See smtp_tls_security_level for details. By default, the permissive level ("may") is used, which basically means "use TLS if available" and should be a sane default in most cases.

This level defines how the postfix will connect to your upstream server.

If you don't want outbound mails to expose hostnames, you can use this variable to enable Postfix's address masquerading. This can be used to do things like rewrite [email protected] to [email protected].

Example:

docker run --rm --name postfix -e "ALLOWED_SENDER_DOMAINS=example.com example.org" -e "MASQUERADED_DOMAINS=example.com" -p 1587:587 boky/postfix

This image allows you to execute Postfix header checks. Header checks allow you to execute a certain action when a certain MIME header is found. For example, header checks can be used prevent attaching executable files to emails.

Header checks work by comparing each message header line to a pre-configured list of patterns. When a match is found the corresponding action is executed. The default patterns that come with this image can be found in the smtp_header_checks file. Feel free to override this file in any derived images or, alternately, provide your own in another directory.

Set SMTP_HEADER_CHECKS to type and location of the file to enable this feature. The sample file is uploaded into /etc/postfix/smtp_header_checks in the image. As a convenience, setting SMTP_HEADER_CHECKS=1 will set this to regexp:/etc/postfix/smtp_header_checks.

Example:

docker run --rm --name postfix -e "SMTP_HEADER_CHECKS="regexp:/etc/postfix/smtp_header_checks" -e "ALLOWED_SENDER_DOMAINS=example.com example.org" -p 1587:587 boky/postfix

You may configure a specific hostname that the SMTP server will use to identify itself. If you don't do it, the default Docker host name will be used. A lot of times, this will be just the container id (e.g. f73792d540a5) which may make it difficult to track your emails in the log files. If you care about tracking at all, I suggest you set this variable, e.g.:

docker run --rm --name postfix -e "POSTFIX_hostname=postfix-docker" -p 1587:587 boky/postfix

This implementation is meant for private installations -- so that when you configure your services using docker compose you can just plug it in. Precisely because of this reason and the prevent any issues with this postfix being inadvertently exposed on the internet and then used for sending spam, the default networks are reserved for private IPv4 IPs only.

Most likely you won't need to change this. However, if you need to support IPv6 or strenghten the access further, you can override this setting.

Example:

docker run --rm --name postfix -e "POSTFIX_mynetworks=10.1.2.0/24" -p 1587:587 boky/postfix

Define the maximum size of the message, in bytes. See more in Postfix documentation.

By default, this limit is set to 0 (zero), which means unlimited. Why would you want to set this? Well, this is especially useful in relation with RELAYHOST setting. If your relay host has a message limit (and usually it does), set it also here. This will help you "fail fast" -- your message will be rejected at the time of sending instead having it stuck in the outbound queue indefinitely.

Any Postfix configuration option can be overriden using POSTFIX_<name> environment variables, e.g. POSTFIX_allow_mail_to_commands=alias,forward,include. Specifying no content (empty variable) will remove that variable from postfix config.

This image is equipped with support for DKIM. If you want to use DKIM you will need to generate DKIM keys. These can be either generated automatically, or you can supply them yourself.

The DKIM supports the following options:

• DKIM_SELECTOR = Override the default DKIM selector (by default "mail").
• DKIM_AUTOGENERATE = Set to non-empty value (e.g. true or 1) to have the server auto-generate domain keys.
• OPENDKIM_<any_dkim_setting> = Provide any additional OpenDKIM setting.

If you want to use your own DKIM keys, you'll need to create a folder for every domain you want to send through. You will need to generate they key(s) with the opendkim-genkey command, e.g.

mkdir -p /host/keys; cd /host/keys

for DOMAIN in example.com example.org; do
    # Generate a key with selector "mail"
    opendkim-genkey -b 2048 -h rsa-sha256 -r -v --subdomains -s mail -d $DOMAIN
    # Fixes https://github.com/linode/docs/pull/620
    sed -i 's/h=rsa-sha256/h=sha256/' mail.txt
    # Move to proper file
    mv mail.private $DOMAIN.private
    mv mail.txt $DOMAIN.txt
done
...

opendkim-genkey is usually in your favourite distribution provided by installing opendkim-tools or opendkim-utils.

Add the created <domain>.txt files to your DNS records. Afterwards, just mount /etc/opendkim/keys into your image and DKIM will be used automatically, e.g.:

docker run --rm --name postfix -e "ALLOWED_SENDER_DOMAINS=example.com example.org" -v /host/keys:/etc/opendkim/keys -p 1587:587 boky/postfix

If you set the environment variable DKIM_AUTOGENERATE to a non-empty value (e.g. true or 1) the image will automatically generate the keys.

Be careful when using this option. If you don't bind /etc/opendkim/keys to a persistent volume, you will get new keys every single time. You will need to take the generated public part of the key (the one in the .txt file) and copy it over to your DNS server manually.

mail is the default DKIM selector and should be sufficient for most usages. If you wish to override the selector, set the environment variable DKIM_SELECTOR, e.g. ... -e DKIM_SELECTOR=postfix. Note that the same DKIM selector will be applied to all found domains. To override a selector for a specific domain use the syntax [<domain>=<selector>,...], e.g.:

DKIM_SELECTOR=foo,example.org=postfix,example.com=blah

This means:

• use postfix for example.org domain
• use blah for example.com domain
• use foo if no domain matches

Any OpenDKIM configuration option can be overriden using OPENDKIM_<name> environment variables, e.g. OPENDKIM_RequireSafeKeys=yes. Specifying no content (empty variable) will remove that variable from OpenDKIM config.

I strongly suggest using a service such as dkimvalidator to make sure your keys are set up properly and your DNS server is serving them with the correct records.

As an alternative to passing sensitive information via environment variables, _FILE may be appended to some environment variables (see below), causing the initialization script to load the values for those variables from files present in the container. In particular, this can be used to load passwords from Docker secrets stored in /run/secrets/<secret_name> files. For example:

docker run --rm --name pruebas-postfix \
    -e RELAYHOST="[smtp.gmail.com]:587" \
    -e RELAYHOST_USERNAME="<put.your.account>@gmail.com" \
    -e RELAYHOST_TLS_LEVEL="encrypt" \
    -e XOAUTH2_CLIENT_ID_FILE="/run/secrets/xoauth2-client-id" \
    -e XOAUTH2_SECRET_FILE="/run/secrets/xoauth2-secret" \
    -e ALLOW_EMPTY_SENDER_DOMAINS="true" \
    -e XOAUTH2_INITIAL_ACCESS_TOKEN_FILE="/run/secrets/xoauth2-access-token" \
    -e XOAUTH2_INITIAL_REFRESH_TOKEN_FILE="/run/secrets/xoauth2-refresh-token" \
    boky/postfix

Currently, this is only supported for XOAUTH2_CLIENT_ID, XOAUTH2_SECRET, XOAUTH2_INITIAL_ACCESS_TOKEN and XOAUTH2_INITIAL_REFRESH_TOKEN.

This image comes with its own helm chart. The chart versions are aligned with the releases of the image. Charts are hosted through this repository.

To install the image, simply do the following:

helm repo add bokysan https://bokysan.github.io/docker-postfix/
helm upgrade --install --set persistence.enabled=false --set config.general.ALLOWED_SENDER_DOMAINS=example.com mail bokysan/mail

Chart configuration is as follows:

If you need to add custom configuration to postfix or have it do something outside of the scope of this configuration, simply add your scripts to /docker-init.db/: All files with the .sh extension will be executed automatically at the end of the startup script.

E.g.: create a custom Dockerfile like this:

FROM boky/postfix
LABEL maintainer="Jack Sparrow <[email protected]>"
ADD Dockerfiles/additional-config.sh /docker-init.db/

Build it with docker, and your script will be automatically executed before Postfix starts.

Or -- alternately -- bind this folder in your docker config and put your scripts there. Useful if you need to add a config to your postfix server or override configs created by the script.

For example, your script could contain something like this:

#!/bin/sh
postconf -e "address_verify_negative_cache=yes"

Postfix will run the master proces as root, because that's how it's designed. Subprocesses will run under the postfix account which will use UID:GID of 100:101. opendkim will run under account 102:103.

If your application runs in Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (Amazon EC2), you can use Amazon SES to send 62,000 emails every month at no additional charge. You'll need an AWS account and SMTP credentials. The SMTP settings are available on the SES page. For example, for eu-central-1:

• the SES page is available here
• create the user/credentials. Make sure you write them down, as you will only see them once.

By default, messages that you send through Amazon SES use a subdomain of amazonses.com as the MAIL FROM domain. See Amazon's documentation on how the domain can be configured.

Your configuration would be as follows (example data):

RELAYHOST=email-smtp.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com:587
RELAY_USERNAME=AKIAGHEVSQTOOSQBCSWQ
RELAY_PASSWORD=BK+kjsdfliWELIhEFnlkjf/jwlfkEFN/kDj89Ufj/AAc
ALLOWED_SENDER_DOMAINS=<your-domain>

You will need to configure DKIM and SPF for your domain.

If you're sending messages directly, you'll need to:

• need to have a fixed IP address;
• configure a reverse PTR record;
• configure SPF and/or DKIM as explained in this document;
• it's also highly advisable to have your own IP block.

Your configuration would be as follows:

ALLOWED_SENDER_DOMAINS=<your-domain>

Getting all of this to work properly is not a small feat:

• Hosting will regularly block outgoing connections to port 25.** On AWS, for example you can fill out a form and request for port 25 to be unblocked.
• You'll most likely need to at least set up SPF records or DKIM.
• You'll need to set up PTR records to prevent your emails going to spam.
• Microsoft is especially notorious for sending emails from new IPs directly into spam. If you're having trouble delivering email to outlook.com domains, you will need to enroll in their Smart Network Data Service programme. And to do this you will need to be the owner of the netblock you're sending the emails from.