Shims: Patching and Mocking Utilities
shims is an Apache2 licensed Python module with patching and mocking utilities.
The unittest package has clever functions for patching modules and objects. Unfortunately, the common interface is not very readable:
import unittest
from unittest.mock import patch
class TestThing(unittest.TestCase):
@patch("a.b.c")
@patch("x.y.z")
@patch("foo.bar.baz")
@patch("one.two.three")
def test_thing(self, mock_three, mock_baz, mock_z, mock_c):
...
if __name__ == "__main__":
unittest.main()Now, raise your hand if you've ever confused the order of patch decorators and the order of the arguments (me, times 💯)?
Also, raise your hand if you've struggled to find the right string argument for patch 👋?
Patch is a great utility but the decorator pattern is not very readable. The patch function actually returns patch objects. And patch objects include start() and stop() methods. But these methods are hard to invoke automatically without decorators using unittest.
Furthermore, the patch target is referenced using strings to identify the object to patch. Most editors lack go-to-definition support for these strings which sometimes results in even less readable code.
Pytest now to the rescue! Here's the same code, now using Pytest:
from unittest.mock import MagicMock
import pytest
import a.b
import x.y
import foo.bar
import one.two
def test_thing(monkeypatch):
mock_c = MagicMock()
monkeypatch.setattr(a.b, "c", mock_c)
mock_z = MagicMock()
monkeypatch.setattr(x.y, "z", mock_z)
mock_baz = MagicMock()
monkeypatch.setattr(foo.bar, "baz", mock_baz)
mock_three = MagicMock()
monkeypatch.setattr(one.two, "three", mock_three)
...
if __name__ == "__main__":
pytest.main([__file__])We're no longer abusing the decorator pattern in Python but it's still not very reasonable. The fixture idea is a good one and shims goes a bit farther with it.
Here's the same code, now using shims:
import pytest
import a.b
import x.y
import foo.bar
import one.two
def test_thing(shims):
mock_c = shims.patch(a.b.c)
mock_z = shims.patch(x.y.z)
mock_baz = shims.patch(foo.bar.baz)
mock_three = shims.patch(one.two.three)
...
if __name__ == "__main__":
pytest.main([__file__])The problems solved with shims:
- Decorator pattern replaced with function calls.
- Targets used directly rather than by strings.
- MagicMock objects are created automatically.
The end goal is to integrate shims into pytest itself.
Features
- Pure-Python
- Pytest Support (Optional)
- Developed on Python 3.8
- Tested on CPython 3.6, 3.7, 3.8 and PyPy, PyPy3
- Tested using GitHub Actions on Linux, Mac, and Windows
Quickstart
Installing shims is simple with pip:
$ pip install shims
You can access documentation in the interpreter with Python's built-in help function:
>>> import shims
>>> help(shims) # doctest: +SKIPTutorial
The shims module provides utilities for patching and mocking.
>>> import urllib.request
>>> response = urllib.request.urlopen('http://www.example.com/').read()
>>> print(response[:63].decode())
<!doctype html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Example Domain</title>>>> import shims
>>> mock_urlopen = shims.patch(urllib.request.urlopen)
>>> mock_urlopen.return_value = '<test response>'
>>> urllib.request.urlopen('http://www.example.com/')
'<test response>'
>>> shims.stop()Reference
License
Copyright 2020 Grant Jenks
Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations under the License.
React
Typescript
Django
Laravel
Facebook
Microsoft
Google
Alibaba
D3
Tencent