This is the PyTorch implementation of our CVPR 2020 paper "Filter Grafting for Deep Neural Networks".
Invalid filters limit the potential of DNNs since they are identified as having little effect on the network. While filter pruning removes these invalid filters for efficiency consideration, Filter Grafting re-activates them from an accuracy boosting perspective. The activation is processed by grafting external information (weights) into invalid filters.
Python 3.6+
PyTorch 1.0+
grafting.py [-h] [--lr LR] [--epochs EPOCHS] [--device DEVICE]
[--data DATA] [--s S] [--model MODEL] [--cifar CIFAR]
[--print_frequence PRINT_FREQUENCE] [--a A] [--c C]
[--num NUM] [--i I] [--cos] [--difflr]
PyTorch Grafting Training
optional arguments:
-h, --help show this help message and exit
--lr LR learning rate
--epochs EPOCHS total epochs for training
--device DEVICE cuda or cpu
--data DATA dataset path
--s S checkpoint save path
--model MODEL Network used
--cifar CIFAR cifar10 or cifar100 dataset
--print_frequence PRINT_FREQUENCE
test accuracy print frequency
--a A hyperparameter a for calculate weighted average
coefficient
--c C hyper parameter c for calculate weighted average
coefficient
--num NUM Number of Networks used for grafting
--i I This program is the i th Network of all Networks
--cos Use cosine annealing learning rate
--difflr Use different initial learning rate
cd grafting_cifar
./grafting.shor
CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES=0 nohup python grafting.py --s checkpoint/grafting_cifar10_resnet32 --cifar 10 --model resnet32 --num 2 --i 1 >checkpoint/grafting_cifar10_resnet32/1.log &
CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES=1 nohup python grafting.py --s checkpoint/grafting_cifar10_resnet32 --cifar 10 --model resnet32 --num 2 --i 2 >checkpoint/grafting_cifar10_resnet32/2.log &CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES=0 nohup python grafting.py --s checkpoint/grafting_cifar10_resnet32 --cifar 10 --model resnet32 --num 3 --i 1 >checkpoint/grafting_cifar10_resnet32/1.log &
CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES=1 nohup python grafting.py --s checkpoint/grafting_cifar10_resnet32 --cifar 10 --model resnet32 --num 3 --i 2 >checkpoint/grafting_cifar10_resnet32/2.log &
CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES=2 nohup python grafting.py --s checkpoint/grafting_cifar10_resnet32 --cifar 10 --model resnet32 --num 3 --i 3 >checkpoint/grafting_cifar10_resnet32/3.log &| model | method | cifar10 | cifar100 |
|---|---|---|---|
| ResNet32 | baseline | 92.83 | 69.82 |
| grafting(slr) | 93.33 | 71.16 | |
| grafting(dlr) | 93.94 | 71.28 | |
| ResNet56 | baseline | 93.50 | 71.55 |
| grafting(slr) | 94.28 | 73.09 | |
| grafting(dlr) | 94.73 | 72.83 | |
| ResNet110 | baseline | 93.81 | 73.21 |
| grafting(slr) | 94.60 | 74.70 | |
| grafting(dlr) | 94.96 | 75.27 | |
| MobileNetv2 | baseline | 92.42 | 71.44 |
| grafting(slr) | 93.53 | 73.26 | |
| grafting(dlr) | 94.20 | 74.15 |
Grafting(slr) use the same learning rate with baseline that initial learning rate 0.1, and decay 0.1 at every 60 epochs.
While grafting(dlr) set different initial learning rate to increase two models' diversity, and use cosine annealing learning rate to make each batch of data have different importance to further increase the diversity.
| MobileNetV2 | CIFAR-10 | CIFAR-100 |
|---|---|---|
| baseline | 92.42 | 71.44 |
| 6 models ensemble | 94.09 | 76.75 |
| 2 models grafting | 94.20 | 74.15 |
| 3 models grafting | 94.55 | 76.21 |
| 4 models grafting | 95.23 | 77.08 |
| 6 models grafting | 95.33 | 78.32 |
| 8 models grafting | 95.20 | 77.76 |
Comparison of the number of invalid filters
| model | threshold | baseline(invlid/total) | grafting(invlid/total) |
|---|---|---|---|
| ResNet32 | 0.1 | 36/1136 | 14/1136 |
| 0.01 | 35/1136 | 8/1136 | |
| MobileNetV2 | 0.1 | 10929/17088 | 9903/17088 |
| 0.01 | 9834/17088 | 8492/17088 |
The relu function will generates a large number of convolution kernels with a gradient of 0. Activation functions like leaky relu will not have kernels with gradients that are always 0. However, invalid filters are still generated that still do not contribute to the model. Grafting also works for models using leaky_relu activation functions.
| model | method | cifar10 | cifar100 |
|---|---|---|---|
| resnet32_leaky_relu | baseline | 93.28 | 70.04 |
| grafting | 93.6 | 70.93 | |
| resnet32_leaky_relu | baseline | 94.03 | 72.24 |
| grafting | 94.32 | 73.14 | |
| resnet32_leaky_relu | baseline | 93.24 | 73.34 |
| grafting | 93.97 | 73.82 |
Filter level grafting
| model | method | level | cifar10 | cifar100 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| VGG16 | baseline | --- | 93.68 | 73.41 |
| grafting | layer | 94.02 | 74.28 | |
| grafting | filter | 94.26 | 74.63 |
Discusse the two hyper-pameters A and c
| MoblieNetV2 | A | c | cifar10 | cifar100 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| baseline | --- | --- | 92.42 | 71.44 |
| 1 | 93.19 | 73.3 | ||
| 5 | 92.76 | 72.69 | ||
| 0.4 | 10 | 93.31 | 73.26 | |
| 50 | 93.24 | 73.05 | ||
| 500 | 92.79 | 72.38 | ||
| grafting | 0 | 93.4 | 72.55 | |
| 0.2 | 93.61 | 72.9 | ||
| 0.4 | 100 | 93.46 | 73.13 | |
| 0.6 | 92.6 | 72.68 | ||
| 0.8 | 93.03 | 71.8 | ||
| 1 | 92.53 | 72.27 |
grafting.py [-h] [--data DIR] [-a ARCH] [-j N] [--epochs N]
[--start-epoch N] [-b N] [--lr LR] [--momentum M] [--wd W]
[-p N] [--resume RESUME] [-e] [--pretrained] [--gpu GPU]
[--s S] [--num NUM] [--i I] [--a A] [--c C]
PyTorch ImageNet Training
optional arguments:
-h, --help show this help message and exit
--data DIR path to dataset
-a ARCH, --arch ARCH model architecture: alexnet | densenet121 |
densenet161 | densenet169 | densenet201 | inception_v3
| resnet101 | resnet152 | resnet18 | resnet34 |
resnet50 | squeezenet1_0 | squeezenet1_1 | vgg11 |
vgg11_bn | vgg13 | vgg13_bn | vgg16 | vgg16_bn | vgg19
| vgg19_bn (default: resnet18)
-j N, --workers N number of data loading workers (default: 4)
--epochs N number of total epochs to run
--start-epoch N manual epoch number (useful on restarts)
-b N, --batch-size N mini-batch size (default: 256), this is the total
batch size of all GPUs on the current node when using
Data Parallel or Distributed Data Parallel
--lr LR, --learning-rate LR
initial learning rate
--momentum M momentum
--wd W, --weight-decay W
weight decay (default: 1e-4)
-p N, --print-freq N print frequency (default: 10)
--resume RESUME path to latest checkpoint (default: none)
-e, --evaluate evaluate model on validation set
--pretrained use pre-trained model
--gpu GPU GPU id to use.
--s S checkpoint save dir
--num NUM number of Networks in grafting
--i I the i-th program
--a A hyperparameter a for calculate weighted average
coefficient
--c C hyper parameter c for calculate weighted average
coefficient
cd grafting_imagenet
./grafting.shor
CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES=0 nohup python grafting.py --arch resnet18 --s grafting_imagenet_resnet18 --num 2 --i 1 >checkpoint/grafting_imagenet_resnet18/1.out &
CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES=1 nohup python grafting.py --arch resnet18 --s grafting_imagenet_resnet18 --num 2 --i 2 >checkpoint/grafting_imagenet_resnet18/2.out &CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES=0 nohup python grafting.py --arch resnet18 --s grafting_imagenet_resnet18 --num 3 --i 1 >checkpoint/grafting_imagenet_resnet18/1.out &
CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES=1 nohup python grafting.py --arch resnet18 --s grafting_imagenet_resnet18 --num 3 --i 2 >checkpoint/grafting_imagenet_resnet18/2.out &
CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES=2 nohup python grafting.py --arch resnet18 --s grafting_imagenet_resnet18 --num 3 --i 3 >checkpoint/grafting_imagenet_resnet18/3.out &| model | method | top 1 | top 5 |
|---|---|---|---|
| ResNet18 | baseline | 69.15 | 88.87 |
| grafting | 71.19 | 90.01 | |
| ResNet34 | baseline | 72.60 | 90.91 |
| grafting | 74.58 | 92.05 | |
| ResNet50 | baseline | 75.92 | 92.81 |
| grafting | 76.76 | 93.34 |
If you find this code useful, please cite the following paper:
@InProceedings{Meng_2020_CVPR,
author = {Meng, Fanxu and Cheng, Hao and Li, Ke and Xu, Zhixin and Ji, Rongrong and Sun, Xing and Lu, Guangming},
title = {Filter Grafting for Deep Neural Networks},
booktitle = {The IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR)},
month = {June},
year = {2020}
}
For CIFAR, our code is based on https://github.com/kuangliu/pytorch-cifar.git
For ImageNet, our code is based on https://github.com/pytorch/examples/tree/master/imagenet
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