“It is important for the crawler to visit "important" pages first, so that the fraction of the Web that is visited (and kept up to date) is more meaningful.” (Cho et al. 1998)

“Given that the bandwidth for conducting crawls is neither infinite nor free, it is becoming essential to crawl the Web in not only a scalable, but efficient way, if some reasonable measure of quality or freshness is to be maintained.” (Edwards et al. 2001)

This library provides an additional “brain” for web crawling, scraping and management of web archives:

• Avoid loosing bandwidth capacity and processing time for webpages which are probably not worth the effort.
• Stay away from pages with little text content or explicitly target synoptic pages to gather links.

Using content and language-focused filters, Courlan helps navigating the Web so as to improve the resulting document collections. Additional functions include straightforward domain name extraction and URL sampling.

Separate the wheat from the chaff and optimize crawls by focusing on non-spam HTML pages containing primarily text.

• Heuristics for triage of links

  • Targeting spam and unsuitable content-types
  • Language-aware filtering
  • Crawl management

• URL handling

  • Validation
  • Canonicalization/Normalization
  • Sampling

• Usable with Python or on the command-line

Let the coURLan fish out juicy bits for you!

Here is a courlan (source: Limpkin at Harn's Marsh by Russ, CC BY 2.0).

This package is compatible with with all common versions of Python, it is tested on Linux, macOS and Windows systems.

Courlan is available on the package repository PyPI and can notably be installed with the Python package manager pip:

$ pip install courlan # pip3 install on systems where both Python 2 and 3 are installed
$ pip install --upgrade courlan # to make sure you have the latest version
$ pip install git+https://github.com/adbar/courlan.git # latest available code (see build status above)

Most filters revolve around the strict and language arguments.

All useful operations chained in check_url(url):

>>> from courlan import check_url
# returns url and domain name
>>> check_url('https://github.com/adbar/courlan')
('https://github.com/adbar/courlan', 'github.com')
# noisy query parameters can be removed
my_url = 'https://httpbin.org/redirect-to?url=http%3A%2F%2Fexample.org'
>>> check_url(my_url, strict=True)
('https://httpbin.org/redirect-to', 'httpbin.org')
# Check for redirects (HEAD request)
>>> url, domain_name = check_url(my_url, with_redirects=True)

Language-aware heuristics, notably internationalization in URLs, are available in lang_filter(url, language):

# optional argument targeting webpages in English or German
>>> url = 'https://www.un.org/en/about-us'
# success: returns clean URL and domain name
>>> check_url(url, language='en')
('https://www.un.org/en/about-us', 'un.org')
# failure: doesn't return anything
>>> check_url(url, language='de')
>>>
# optional argument: strict
>>> url = 'https://en.wikipedia.org/'
>>> check_url(url, language='de', strict=False)
('https://en.wikipedia.org', 'wikipedia.org')
>>> check_url(url, language='de', strict=True)
>>>

Define stricter restrictions on the expected content type with strict=True. Also blocks certain platforms and pages types crawlers should stay away from if they don't target them explicitly and other black holes where machines get lost.

# strict filtering: blocked as it is a major platform
>>> check_url('https://www.twitch.com/', strict=True)
>>>

>>> from courlan import sample_urls
>>> my_urls = ['https://example.org/' + str(x) for x in range(100)]
>>> my_sample = sample_urls(my_urls, 10)
# optional: exclude_min=None, exclude_max=None, strict=False, verbose=False

Determine if a link leads to another host:

>>> from courlan import is_external
>>> is_external('https://github.com/', 'https://www.microsoft.com/')
True
# default
>>> is_external('https://google.com/', 'https://www.google.co.uk/', ignore_suffix=True)
False
# taking suffixes into account
>>> is_external('https://google.com/', 'https://www.google.co.uk/', ignore_suffix=False)
True

Other useful functions dedicated to URL handling:

• extract_domain(url, fast=True): find domain and subdomain or just domain with fast=False
• get_base_url(url): strip the URL of some of its parts
• get_host_and_path(url): decompose URLs in two parts: protocol + host/domain and path
• get_hostinfo(url): extract domain and host info (protocol + host/domain)
• fix_relative_urls(baseurl, url): prepend necessary information to relative links

>>> from courlan import *
>>> url = 'https://www.un.org/en/about-us'
>>> get_base_url(url)
'https://www.un.org'
>>> get_host_and_path(url)
('https://www.un.org', '/en/about-us')
>>> get_hostinfo(url)
('un.org', 'https://www.un.org')
>>> fix_relative_urls('https://www.un.org', 'en/about-us')
'https://www.un.org/en/about-us'

Other filters dedicated to crawl frontier management:

• is_not_crawlable(url): check for deep web or pages generally not usable in a crawling context
• is_navigation_page(url): check for navigation and overview pages

>>> from courlan import is_navigation_page, is_not_crawlable
>>> is_navigation_page('https://www.randomblog.net/category/myposts')
True
>>> is_not_crawlable('https://www.randomblog.net/login')
True

Helper function, scrub and normalize:

>>> from courlan import clean_url
>>> clean_url('HTTPS://WWW.DWDS.DE:80/')
'https://www.dwds.de'

Basic scrubbing only:

>>> from courlan import scrub_url

Basic canonicalization/normalization only, i.e. modifying and standardizing URLs in a consistent manner:

>>> from urllib.parse import urlparse
>>> from courlan import normalize_url
>>> my_url = normalize_url(urlparse(my_url))
# passing URL strings directly also works
>>> my_url = normalize_url(my_url)
# remove unnecessary components and re-order query elements
>>> normalize_url('http://test.net/foo.html?utm_source=twitter&post=abc&page=2#fragment', strict=True)
'http://test.net/foo.html?page=2&post=abc'

Basic URL validation only:

>>> from courlan import validate_url
>>> validate_url('http://1234')
(False, None)
>>> validate_url('http://www.example.org/')
(True, ParseResult(scheme='http', netloc='www.example.org', path='/', params='', query='', fragment=''))

Courlan uses an internal cache to speed up URL parsing. It can be reset as follows:

>>> from courlan.meta import clear_caches
>>> clear_caches()

The UrlStore class allow for storing and retrieving domain-classified URLs, where a URL like https://example.org/path/testpage is stored as the path /path/testpage within the domain https://example.org. It features the following methods:

• URL management

  • add_urls(urls=[], appendleft=None, visited=False): Add a list of URLs to the (possibly) existing one. Optional: append certain URLs to the left, specify if the URLs have already been visited.
  • dump_urls(): Return a list of all known URLs.
  • print_urls(): Print all URLs in store (URL + TAB + visited or not).
  • print_unvisited_urls(): Print all unvisited URLs in store.
  • get_all_counts(): Return all download counts for the hosts in store.
  • get_known_domains(): Return all known domains as a list.
  • total_url_number(): Find number of all URLs in store.
  • is_known(url): Check if the given URL has already been stored.
  • has_been_visited(url): Check if the given URL has already been visited.
  • filter_unknown_urls(urls): Take a list of URLs and return the currently unknown ones.
  • filter_unvisited_urls(urls): Take a list of URLs and return the currently unvisited ones.
  • find_known_urls(domain): Get all already known URLs for the given domain (ex. "https://example.org").
  • find_unvisited_urls(domain): Get all unvisited URLs for the given domain.
  • get_unvisited_domains(): Return all domains which have not been all visited.
  • reset(): Re-initialize the URL store.

• Crawling and downloads

  • get_url(domain): Retrieve a single URL and consider it to be visited (with corresponding timestamp).
  • get_rules(domain): Return the stored crawling rules for the given website.
  • get_crawl_delay(): Return the delay as extracted from robots.txt, or a given default.
  • get_download_urls(timelimit=10): Get a list of immediately downloadable URLs according to the given time limit per domain.
  • establish_download_schedule(max_urls=100, time_limit=10): Get up to the specified number of URLs along with a suitable backoff schedule (in seconds).
  • download_threshold_reached(threshold): Find out if the download limit (in seconds) has been reached for one of the websites in store.
  • unvisited_websites_number(): Return the number of websites for which there are still URLs to visit.
  • is_exhausted_domain(domain): Tell if all known URLs for the website have been visited.

Optional settings: - compressed=True: activate compression of URLs and rules - language=XX: focus on a particular target language (two-letter code) - strict=True: stricter URL filtering - verbose=True: dump URLs if interrupted (requires use of signal)

The main fonctions are also available through a command-line utility.

$ courlan --inputfile url-list.txt --outputfile cleaned-urls.txt
$ courlan --help
usage: courlan [-h] -i INPUTFILE -o OUTPUTFILE [-d DISCARDEDFILE] [-v]
               [--strict] [-l LANGUAGE] [-r] [--sample]
               [--samplesize SAMPLESIZE] [--exclude-max EXCLUDE_MAX]
               [--exclude-min EXCLUDE_MIN]

optional arguments:

-h, --help

show this help message and exit

I/O:

Manage input and output

-i INPUTFILE, --inputfile INPUTFILE
	name of input file (required)
-o OUTPUTFILE, --outputfile OUTPUTFILE
	name of output file (required)
-d DISCARDEDFILE, --discardedfile DISCARDEDFILE
	name of file to store discarded URLs (optional)
-v, --verbose	increase output verbosity
-p PARALLEL, --parallel PARALLEL
	number of parallel processes (not used for sampling)

Filtering:

Configure URL filters

--strict	perform more restrictive tests
-l LANGUAGE, --language LANGUAGE
	use language filter (ISO 639-1 code)
-r, --redirects
	check redirects

Sampling:

Use sampling by host, configure sample size

--sample	use sampling
--samplesize SAMPLESIZE
	size of sample per domain
--exclude-max EXCLUDE_MAX
	exclude domains with more than n URLs
--exclude-min EXCLUDE_MIN
	exclude domains with less than n URLs

coURLan is distributed under the GNU General Public License v3.0. If you wish to redistribute this library but feel bounded by the license conditions please try interacting at arms length, multi-licensing with compatible licenses, or contacting me.

See also GPL and free software licensing: What's in it for business?

courlan is optimized for English and German but its generic approach is also usable in other contexts.

Details of strict URL filtering can be reviewed and changed in the file settings.py. To override the default settings, clone the repository and re-install the package locally.

Contributions are welcome!

Feel free to file issues on the dedicated page.

This effort is part of methods to derive information from web documents in order to build text databases for research (chiefly linguistic analysis and natural language processing). Extracting and pre-processing web texts to the exacting standards of scientific research presents a substantial challenge for those who conduct such research. Web corpus construction involves numerous design decisions, and this software package can help facilitate text data collection and enhance corpus quality.

• Barbaresi, A. "Trafilatura: A Web Scraping Library and Command-Line Tool for Text Discovery and Extraction." Proceedings of ACL/IJCNLP 2021: System Demonstrations, 2021, pp. 122-131.
• Barbaresi, A. "Generic Web Content Extraction with Open-Source Software." Proceedings of the 15th Conference on Natural Language Processing (KONVENS 2019), 2019, pp. 267-268.

Contact: see homepage or GitHub.

Software ecosystem: see this graphic.

These Python libraries perform similar normalization tasks but do not entail language or content filters. They also do not focus on crawl optimization:

• furl
• ural
• yarl

• Cho, J., Garcia-Molina, H., & Page, L. (1998). Efficient crawling through URL ordering. Computer networks and ISDN systems, 30(1-7), 161–172.
• Edwards, J., McCurley, K. S., and Tomlin, J. A. (2001). "An adaptive model for optimizing performance of an incremental web crawler". In Proceedings of the 10th international conference on World Wide Web - WWW '01, pp. 106–113.