• Prelude
• About
• Formatting
  • Whitespace
  • Indentation
  • Parentheses
• The Guide
  • Expressions
  • Naming
  • Comments
    • Comment Annotations
  • Modules
  • Documentation
  • Typespecs
  • Structs
  • Exceptions
  • Collections
  • Strings
  • Regular Expressions
  • Metaprogramming
  • Testing
• Resources
  • Alternative Style Guides
  • Tools
• Getting Involved
  • Contributing
  • Spread the Word
• Copying
  • License
  • Attribution

Liquid architecture. It's like jazz — you improvise, you work together, you play off each other, you make something, they make something.

—Frank Gehry

Style matters. Elixir has plenty of style but like all languages it can be stifled. Don't stifle the style.

This is community style guide for the Elixir programming language. Please feel free to make pull requests and suggestions, and be a part of Elixir's vibrant community.

If you're looking for other projects to contribute to please see the Hex package manager site.

Translations of the guide are available in the following languages:

• Chinese Simplified
• Chinese Traditional
• French
• Japanese
• Korean
• Portuguese
• Russian
• Spanish

Elixir v1.6 introduced a Code Formatter and Mix format task. The formatter should be preferred for all new projects and source code.

The rules in this section are applied automatically by the code formatter, but are provided here as examples of the preferred style.

• Avoid trailing whitespace. ^[link]

• End each file with a newline. ^[link]

• Use Unix-style line endings (*BSD/Solaris/Linux/OSX users are covered by default, Windows users have to be extra careful). ^[link]

• If you're using Git you might want to add the following configuration setting to protect your project from Windows line endings creeping in: ^[link]

  git config --global core.autocrlf true

• Limit lines to 98 characters. Otherwise, set the :line_length option in your .formatter.exs file. ^[link]

• Use spaces around operators, after commas, colons and semicolons. Do not put spaces around matched pairs like brackets, parentheses, etc. Whitespace might be (mostly) irrelevant to the Elixir runtime, but its proper use is the key to writing easily readable code. ^[link]

  sum = 1 + 2
  {a, b} = {2, 3}
  [first | rest] = [1, 2, 3]
  Enum.map(["one", <<"two">>, "three"], fn num -> IO.puts(num) end)

• Do not use spaces after non-word operators that only take one argument; or around the range operator. ^[link]

  0 - 1 == -1
  ^pinned = some_func()
  5 in 1..10

• Use blank lines between defs to break up a function into logical paragraphs. ^[link]

  def some_function(some_data) do
    some_data |> other_function() |> List.first()
  end
  
  def some_function do
    result
  end
  
  def some_other_function do
    another_result
  end
  
  def a_longer_function do
    one
    two
  
    three
    four
  end

• Don't put a blank line after defmodule. ^[link]

• If the function head and do: clause are too long to fit on the same line, put do: on a new line, indented one level more than the previous line. ^[link]

  def some_function([:foo, :bar, :baz] = args),
    do: Enum.map(args, fn arg -> arg <> " is on a very long line!" end)

  When the do: clause starts on its own line, treat it as a multiline function by separating it with blank lines.

  # not preferred
  def some_function([]), do: :empty
  def some_function(_),
    do: :very_long_line_here
  
  # preferred
  def some_function([]), do: :empty
  
  def some_function(_),
    do: :very_long_line_here

• Add a blank line after a multiline assignment as a visual cue that the assignment is 'over'. ^[link]

  # not preferred
  some_string =
    "Hello"
    |> String.downcase()
    |> String.trim()
  another_string <> some_string
  
  # preferred
  some_string =
    "Hello"
    |> String.downcase()
    |> String.trim()
  
  another_string <> some_string

  # also not preferred
  something =
    if x == 2 do
      "Hi"
    else
      "Bye"
    end
  String.downcase(something)
  
  # preferred
  something =
    if x == 2 do
      "Hi"
    else
      "Bye"
    end
  
  String.downcase(something)

• If a list, map, or struct spans multiple lines, put each element, as well as the opening and closing brackets, on its own line. Indent each element one level, but not the brackets. ^[link]

  # not preferred
  [:first_item, :second_item, :next_item,
  :final_item]
  
  # preferred
  [
    :first_item,
    :second_item,
    :next_item,
    :final_item
  ]

• When assigning a list, map, or struct, keep the opening bracket on the same line as the assignment. ^[link]

  # not preferred
  list =
  [
    :first_item,
    :second_item
  ]
  
  # preferred
  list = [
    :first_item,
    :second_item
  ]

• If any case or cond clause needs more than one line (due to line length, multiple expressions in the clause body, etc.), use multi-line syntax for all clauses, and separate each one with a blank line. ^[link]

  # not preferred
  case arg do
    true -> IO.puts("ok"); :ok
    false -> :error
  end
  
  # not preferred
  case arg do
    true ->
      IO.puts("ok")
      :ok
    false -> :error
  end
  
  # preferred
  case arg do
    true ->
      IO.puts("ok")
      :ok
  
    false ->
      :error
  end

• Place comments above the line they comment on. ^[link]

  String.first(some_string) # not preferred
  
  # preferred
  String.first(some_string)

• Use one space between the leading # character of the comment and the text of the comment. ^[link]

  #not preferred
  String.first(some_string)
  
  # preferred
  String.first(some_string)

• Indent and align successive with clauses. Put the do: argument on a new line, aligned with the previous clauses. ^[link]

  with {:ok, foo} <- fetch(opts, :foo),
       {:ok, my_var} <- fetch(opts, :my_var),
       do: {:ok, foo, my_var}

• If the with expression has a do block with more than one line, or has an else option, use multiline syntax. ^[link]

  with {:ok, foo} <- fetch(opts, :foo),
       {:ok, my_var} <- fetch(opts, :my_var) do
    {:ok, foo, my_var}
  else
    :error ->
      {:error, :bad_arg}
  end

• Use parentheses for one-arity functions when using the pipe operator (|>). ^[link]

  # not preferred
  some_string |> String.downcase |> String.trim
  
  # preferred
  some_string |> String.downcase() |> String.trim()

• Never put a space between a function name and the opening parenthesis. ^[link]

  # not preferred
  f (3 + 2)
  
  # preferred
  f(3 + 2)

• Use parentheses in function calls, especially inside a pipeline. ^[link]

  # not preferred
  f 3
  
  # preferred
  f(3)
  
  # not preferred and parses as rem(2, (3 |> g)), which is not what you want.
  2 |> rem 3 |> g
  
  # preferred
  2 |> rem(3) |> g()

• Omit square brackets from keyword lists whenever they are optional. ^[link]

  # not preferred
  some_function(foo, bar, [a: "baz", b: "qux"])
  
  # preferred
  some_function(foo, bar, a: "baz", b: "qux")

The rules in this section may not be applied by the code formatter, but they are generally preferred practice.

• Run single-line defs that match for the same function together, but separate multiline defs with a blank line. ^[link]

  def some_function(nil), do: {:error, "No Value"}
  def some_function([]), do: :ok
  
  def some_function([first | rest]) do
    some_function(rest)
  end

• If you have more than one multiline def, do not use single-line defs. ^[link]

  def some_function(nil) do
    {:error, "No Value"}
  end
  
  def some_function([]) do
    :ok
  end
  
  def some_function([first | rest]) do
    some_function(rest)
  end
  
  def some_function([first | rest], opts) do
    some_function(rest, opts)
  end

• Use the pipe operator to chain functions together. ^[link]

  # not preferred
  String.trim(String.downcase(some_string))
  
  # preferred
  some_string |> String.downcase() |> String.trim()
  
  # Multiline pipelines are not further indented
  some_string
  |> String.downcase()
  |> String.trim()
  
  # Multiline pipelines on the right side of a pattern match
  # should be indented on a new line
  sanitized_string =
    some_string
    |> String.downcase()
    |> String.trim()

  While this is the preferred method, take into account that copy-pasting multiline pipelines into IEx might result in a syntax error, as IEx will evaluate the first line without realizing that the next line has a pipeline. To avoid this, you can wrap the pasted code in parentheses.

• Avoid using the pipe operator just once. ^[link]

  # not preferred
  some_string |> String.downcase()
  
  System.version() |> Version.parse()
  
  # preferred
  String.downcase(some_string)
  
  Version.parse(System.version())

• Use bare variables in the first part of a function chain. ^[link]

  # not preferred
  String.trim(some_string) |> String.downcase() |> String.codepoints()
  
  # preferred
  some_string |> String.trim() |> String.downcase() |> String.codepoints()

• Use parentheses when a def has arguments, and omit them when it doesn't. ^[link]

  # not preferred
  def some_function arg1, arg2 do
    # body omitted
  end
  
  def some_function() do
    # body omitted
  end
  
  # preferred
  def some_function(arg1, arg2) do
    # body omitted
  end
  
  def some_function do
    # body omitted
  end

• Use do: for single line if/unless statements. ^[link]

  # preferred
  if some_condition, do: # some_stuff
  

• Never use unless with else. Rewrite these with the positive case first. ^[link]

  # not preferred
  unless success do
    IO.puts('failure')
  else
    IO.puts('success')
  end
  
  # preferred
  if success do
    IO.puts('success')
  else
    IO.puts('failure')
  end

• Use true as the last condition of the cond special form when you need a clause that always matches. ^[link]

  # not preferred
  cond do
    1 + 2 == 5 ->
      "Nope"
  
    1 + 3 == 5 ->
      "Uh, uh"
  
    :else ->
      "OK"
  end
  
  # preferred
  cond do
    1 + 2 == 5 ->
      "Nope"
  
    1 + 3 == 5 ->
      "Uh, uh"
  
    true ->
      "OK"
  end

• Use parentheses for calls to functions with zero arity, so they can be distinguished from variables. Starting in Elixir 1.4, the compiler will warn you about locations where this ambiguity exists. ^[link]

  defp do_stuff, do: ...
  
  # not preferred
  def my_func do
    # is this a variable or a function call?
    do_stuff
  end
  
  # preferred
  def my_func do
    # this is clearly a function call
    do_stuff()
  end

This guide follows the Naming Conventions from the Elixir docs, including the use of snake_case and CamelCase to describe the casing rules.

• Use snake_case for atoms, functions and variables. ^[link]

  # not preferred
  :"some atom"
  :SomeAtom
  :someAtom
  
  someVar = 5
  
  def someFunction do
    ...
  end
  
  # preferred
  :some_atom
  
  some_var = 5
  
  def some_function do
    ...
  end

• Use CamelCase for modules (keep acronyms like HTTP, RFC, XML uppercase). ^[link]

  # not preferred
  defmodule Somemodule do
    ...
  end
  
  defmodule Some_Module do
    ...
  end
  
  defmodule SomeXml do
    ...
  end
  
  # preferred
  defmodule SomeModule do
    ...
  end
  
  defmodule SomeXML do
    ...
  end

• Functions that return a boolean (true or false) should be named with a trailing question mark. ^[link]

  def cool?(var) do
    String.contains?(var, "cool")
  end

• Boolean checks that can be used in guard clauses should be named with an is_ prefix. For a list of allowed expressions, see the Guard docs. ^[link]

  defguard is_cool(var) when var == "cool"
  defguard is_very_cool(var) when var == "very cool"

• Private functions should not have the same name as public functions. Also, the def name and defp do_name pattern is discouraged.

  Usually one can try to find more descriptive names focusing on the differences. ^[link]

  def sum(list), do: sum_total(list, 0)
  
  # private functions
  defp sum_total([], total), do: total
  defp sum_total([head | tail], total), do: sum_total(tail, head + total)

• Write expressive code and try to convey your program's intention through control-flow, structure and naming. ^[link]

• Comments longer than a word are capitalized, and sentences use punctuation. Use one space after periods. ^[link]

  # not preferred
  # these lowercase comments are missing punctuation
  
  # preferred
  # Capitalization example
  # Use punctuation for complete sentences.

• Limit comment lines to 100 characters. ^[link]

• Annotations should usually be written on the line immediately above the relevant code. ^[link]

• The annotation keyword is uppercase, and is followed by a colon and a space, then a note describing the problem. ^[link]

  # TODO: Deprecate in v1.5.
  def some_function(arg), do: {:ok, arg}

• In cases where the problem is so obvious that any documentation would be redundant, annotations may be left with no note. This usage should be the exception and not the rule. ^[link]

  start_task()
  
  # FIXME
  Process.sleep(5000)

• Use TODO to note missing features or functionality that should be added at a later date. ^[link]

• Use FIXME to note broken code that needs to be fixed. ^[link]

• Use OPTIMIZE to note slow or inefficient code that may cause performance problems. ^[link]

• Use HACK to note code smells where questionable coding practices were used and should be refactored away. ^[link]

• Use REVIEW to note anything that should be looked at to confirm it is working as intended. For example: REVIEW: Are we sure this is how the client does X currently? ^[link]

• Use other custom annotation keywords if it feels appropriate, but be sure to document them in your project's README or similar. ^[link]

• Use one module per file unless the module is only used internally by another module (such as a test). ^[link]

• Use snake_case file names for CamelCase module names. ^[link]

  # file is called some_module.ex
  
  defmodule SomeModule do
  end

• Represent each level of nesting within a module name as a directory. ^[link]

  # file is called parser/core/xml_parser.ex
  
  defmodule Parser.Core.XMLParser do
  end

• List module attributes, directives, and macros in the following order: ^[link]

  1. @moduledoc
  2. @behaviour
  3. use
  4. import
  5. require
  6. alias
  7. @module_attribute
  8. defstruct
  9. @type
  10. @callback
  11. @macrocallback
  12. @optional_callbacks
  13. defmacro, defmodule, defguard, def, etc.

  Add a blank line between each grouping, and sort the terms (like module names) alphabetically. Here's an overall example of how you should order things in your modules:

  defmodule MyModule do
    @moduledoc """
    An example module
    """
  
    @behaviour MyBehaviour
  
    use GenServer
  
    import Something
    import SomethingElse
  
    require Integer
  
    alias My.Long.Module.Name
    alias My.Other.Module.Example
  
    @module_attribute :foo
    @other_attribute 100
  
    defstruct [:name, params: []]
  
    @type params :: [{binary, binary}]
  
    @callback some_function(term) :: :ok | {:error, term}
  
    @macrocallback macro_name(term) :: Macro.t()
  
    @optional_callbacks macro_name: 1
  
    @doc false
    defmacro __using__(_opts), do: :no_op
  
    @doc """
    Determines when a term is `:ok`. Allowed in guards.
    """
    defguard is_ok(term) when term == :ok
  
    @impl true
    def init(state), do: {:ok, state}
  
    # Define other functions here.
  end

• Use the __MODULE__ pseudo variable when a module refers to itself. This avoids having to update any self-references when the module name changes. ^[link]

  defmodule SomeProject.SomeModule do
    defstruct [:name]
  
    def name(%__MODULE__{name: name}), do: name
  end

• If you want a prettier name for a module self-reference, set up an alias. ^[link]

  defmodule SomeProject.SomeModule do
    alias __MODULE__, as: SomeModule
  
    defstruct [:name]
  
    def name(%SomeModule{name: name}), do: name
  end

• Avoid repeating fragments in module names and namespaces. This improves overall readability and eliminates ambiguous aliases. ^[link]

  # not preferred
  defmodule Todo.Todo do
    ...
  end
  
  # preferred
  defmodule Todo.Item do
    ...
  end

Documentation in Elixir (when read either in iex with h or generated with ExDoc) uses the Module Attributes @moduledoc and @doc.

• Always include a @moduledoc attribute in the line right after defmodule in your module. ^[link]

  # not preferred
  
  defmodule AnotherModule do
    use SomeModule
  
    @moduledoc """
    About the module
    """
    ...
  end
  
  # preferred
  
  defmodule AThirdModule do
    @moduledoc """
    About the module
    """
  
    use SomeModule
    ...
  end

• Use @moduledoc false if you do not intend on documenting the module. ^[link]

  defmodule SomeModule do
    @moduledoc false
    ...
  end

• Separate code after the @moduledoc with a blank line. ^[link]

  # not preferred
  defmodule SomeModule do
    @moduledoc """
    About the module
    """
    use AnotherModule
  end
  
  # preferred
  defmodule SomeModule do
    @moduledoc """
    About the module
    """
  
    use AnotherModule
  end

• Use heredocs with markdown for documentation. ^[link]

  # not preferred
  defmodule SomeModule do
    @moduledoc "About the module"
  end
  
  defmodule SomeModule do
    @moduledoc """
    About the module
  
    Examples:
    iex> SomeModule.some_function
    :result
    """
  end
  
  # preferred
  defmodule SomeModule do
    @moduledoc """
    About the module
  
    ## Examples
  
        iex> SomeModule.some_function
        :result
    """
  end

Typespecs are notation for declaring types and specifications, for documentation or for the static analysis tool Dialyzer.

Custom types should be defined at the top of the module with the other directives (see Modules).

• Place @typedoc and @type definitions together, and separate each pair with a blank line. ^[link]

  defmodule SomeModule do
    @moduledoc false
  
    @typedoc "The name"
    @type name :: atom
  
    @typedoc "The result"
    @type result :: {:ok, term} | {:error, term}
  
    ...
  end

• If a union type is too long to fit on a single line, put each part of the type on a separate line, indented one level past the name of the type. ^[link]

  # not preferred
  @type long_union_type ::
          some_type | another_type | some_other_type | one_more_type | a_final_type
  
  # preferred
  @type long_union_type ::
          some_type
          | another_type
          | some_other_type
          | one_more_type
          | a_final_type

• Name the main type for a module t, for example: the type specification for a struct. ^[link]

  defstruct [:name, params: []]
  
  @type t :: %__MODULE__{
          name: String.t() | nil,
          params: Keyword.t()
        }

• Place specifications right before the function definition, after the @doc, without separating them by a blank line. ^[link]

  @doc """
  Some function description.
  """
  @spec some_function(term) :: result
  def some_function(some_data) do
    {:ok, some_data}
  end

• Use a list of atoms for struct fields that default to nil, followed by the other keywords. ^[link]

  # not preferred
  defstruct name: nil, params: nil, active: true
  
  # preferred
  defstruct [:name, :params, active: true]

• Omit square brackets when the argument of a defstruct is a keyword list. ^[link]

  # not preferred
  defstruct [params: [], active: true]
  
  # preferred
  defstruct params: [], active: true
  
  # required - brackets are not optional, with at least one atom in the list
  defstruct [:name, params: [], active: true]

• If a struct definition spans multiple lines, put each element on its own line, keeping the elements aligned. ^[link]

  defstruct foo: "test",
            bar: true,
            baz: false,
            qux: false,
            quux: 1

  If a multiline struct requires brackets, format it as a multiline list:

  defstruct [
    :name,
    params: [],
    active: true
  ]

• Make exception names end with a trailing Error. ^[link]

  # not preferred
  defmodule BadHTTPCode do
    defexception [:message]
  end
  
  defmodule BadHTTPCodeException do
    defexception [:message]
  end
  
  # preferred
  defmodule BadHTTPCodeError do
    defexception [:message]
  end

• Use lowercase error messages when raising exceptions, with no trailing punctuation. ^[link]

  # not preferred
  raise ArgumentError, "This is not valid."
  
  # preferred
  raise ArgumentError, "this is not valid"

• Always use the special syntax for keyword lists. ^[link]

  # not preferred
  some_value = [{:a, "baz"}, {:b, "qux"}]
  
  # preferred
  some_value = [a: "baz", b: "qux"]

• Use the shorthand key-value syntax for maps when all of the keys are atoms. ^[link]

  # not preferred
  %{:a => 1, :b => 2, :c => 0}
  
  # preferred
  %{a: 1, b: 2, c: 3}

• Use the verbose key-value syntax for maps if any key is not an atom. ^[link]

  # not preferred
  %{"c" => 0, a: 1, b: 2}
  
  # preferred
  %{:a => 1, :b => 2, "c" => 0}

• Match strings using the string concatenator rather than binary patterns: ^[link]

  # not preferred
  <<"my"::utf8, _rest::bytes>> = "my string"
  
  # preferred
  "my" <> _rest = "my string"

No guidelines for regular expressions have been added yet.

• Avoid needless metaprogramming. ^[link]

• When writing ExUnit assertions, put the expression being tested to the left of the operator, and the expected result to the right, unless the assertion is a pattern match. ^[link]

  # preferred
  assert actual_function(1) == true
  
  # not preferred
  assert true == actual_function(1)
  
  # required - the assertion is a pattern match
  assert {:ok, expected} = actual_function(3)

• Aleksei Magusev's Elixir Style Guide — An opinionated Elixir style guide stemming from the coding style practiced in the Elixir core libraries. Developed by Aleksei Magusev and Andrea Leopardi, members of Elixir core team. While the Elixir project doesn't adhere to any specific style guide, this is the closest available guide to its conventions.

• Credo's Elixir Style Guide — Style Guide for the Elixir language, implemented by Credo static code analysis tool.

Refer to Awesome Elixir for libraries and tools that can help with code analysis and style linting.

It's our hope that this will become a central hub for community discussion on best practices in Elixir. Feel free to open tickets or send pull requests with improvements. Thanks in advance for your help!

Check the contributing guidelines for more information.

A community style guide is meaningless without the community's support. Please tweet, star, and let any Elixir programmer know about this guide so they can contribute.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License

The structure of this guide, bits of example code, and many of the initial points made in this document were borrowed from the Ruby community style guide. A lot of things were applicable to Elixir and allowed us to get some document out quicker to start the conversation.

Here's the list of people who have kindly contributed to this project.