Kubernetes RBAC Analysis made Easy

Krane is a simple Kubernetes RBAC static analysis tool. It identifies potential security risks in K8s RBAC design and makes suggestions on how to mitigate them. Krane dashboard presents current RBAC security posture and lets you navigate through its definition.

• RBAC Risk rules - Krane evaluates a set of built-in RBAC risk rules. These can be modified or extended with a set of custom rules.
• Portability - Krane can run in one of the following modes:
  • Locally as a CLI or docker container.
  • In CI/CD pipelines as a step action detecting potential RBAC flaws before it gets applied to the cluster.
  • As a standalone service continuously analysing state of RBAC within a Kubernetes cluster.
• Reporting - Krane produces an easy to understand RBAC risk report in machine-readable format.
• Dashboard - Krane comes with a simple Dashboard UI helping you understand in-cluster RBAC design. Dashboard presents high-level overview of RBAC security posture and highlights detected risks. It also allows for further RBAC controls inspection via faceted tree and graph network views.
• Alerting - It will alert on detected medium and high severity risks via its Slack integration.
• RBAC in the Graph - Krane indexes entirety of Kubernetes RBAC in a local Graph database which makes any further ad-hoc interrogating of RBAC data easy, with arbitrary CypherQL queries.

• Quick Start
• Usage Guide
• Architecture
• Kubernetes Deployment
• Notifications
• Local Development
• Contributing to Krane
• Community
• Roadmap
• License

You can get started with Krane by installing it via Helm chart in your target Kubernetes cluster or running it locally with Docker.

It is assumed that you have Helm CLI installed on your machine.

$ helm repo add appvia https://appvia.github.io/krane
$ helm repo update
$ helm install krane appvia/krane --namespace krane --create-namespace

Follow Helm chart installation output on how to port-forward Krane dashboard.

It is assumed that you have docker running on your local machine. Install docker-compose if you haven't already.

Krane depends on RedisGraph. docker-compose stack defines all what's required to build and run Krane service locally. It'll also take care of its RedisGraph dependency.

docker-compose up -d

Krane docker image will be pre-built automatically if not already present on local machine.

Note that when running docker-compose locally, Krane won't start RBAC report and dashboard automatically. Instead, the container will sleep for 24h by default - this value can be adjusted in docker-compose.override.yml. Exec into a running Krane container to run commands. Local docker-compose will also mount kube config (~/.kube/config) inside the container enabling you to run reports against any Kubernetes clusters to which you already have access to.

Exec into a running Krane container.

docker-compose exec krane bash

Once in the container you can start using krane commands. Try krane -help.

krane -h

To inspect what services are running and the associated ports:

docker-compose ps

To stop Krane and its dependency services:

docker-compose down

$ krane --help

  NAME:

    krane

  DESCRIPTION:

    Kubernetes RBAC static analysis & visualisation tool

  COMMANDS:

    dashboard Start K8s RBAC dashboard server
    help      Display global or [command] help documentation
    report    Run K8s RBAC report

  GLOBAL OPTIONS:

    -h, --help
        Display help documentation

    -v, --version
        Display version information

    -t, --trace
        Display backtrace when an error occurs

  AUTHOR:

    Marcin Ciszak <[email protected]> - Appvia Ltd <appvia.io>

To run a report against a running cluster you must provide a kubectl context

krane report -k <context>

You may also pass -c <cluster-name> flag if you plan to run the tool against multiple clusters and index RBAC graph separately for each cluster name.

To run a report against local RBAC yaml/json files, provide a directory path

krane report -d </path/to/rbac-directory>

NOTE: Krane expects the following files (in either YAML or JSON format) to be present in specified directory path:

• psp
• roles
• clusterroles
• rolebindings
• clusterrolebindings

If Pod Security Policies are not in use you may bypass the expectation above by creating a psp file manually with the following content:

{
  "items": []
}

Note, PodSecurityPolicy was deprecated in Kubernetes v1.21, and removed from Kubernetes in v1.25.

To run a report from a container running in Kubernetes cluster

krane report --incluster

NOTE: Service account used by Krane will require access to RBAC resources. See Prerequisites for details.

To validate RBAC definition as a step in CI/CD pipeline

krane report --ci -d </path/to/rbac-directory>

NOTE: Krane expects certain naming convention to be followed for locally stored RBAC resource files. See section above. In order to run krane commands it's recommended that CI executor references quay.io/appvia/krane:latest docker image.

CI mode is enabled by --ci flag. Krane will return non zero status code along with details of breaking risk rules when one or more dangers have been detected.

To view RBAC facets tree, network graph and latest report findings you need to start dashboard server first.

krane dashboard

Cluster flag -c <cluster-name> may be passed if you want to run the dashboard against specific cluster name. Dashboard will look for data related to specified cluster name which is cached on the file system.

Command above will start local web server on default port 8000, and display the dashboard link.

Krane indexes RBAC entites in RedisGraph. This allows us to query network of dependencies efficiently and simply using subset of CypherQL supported by RedisGraph.

The following nodes are created in the Graph for the relevant RBAC objects:

• Psp - A PSP node containing attributes around the pod security policy. Only applicable when working with K8s < 1.25.
• Rule - Rule node represents access control rule around Kubernetes resources.
• Role - Role node represents a given Role or ClusterRole. kind attribute defines type of role.
• Subject - Subject represents all possible actors in the cluster (kind: User, Group and ServiceAccount)
• Namespace - Kubernetes Namespace node.

• :SECURITY - Defines a link between Rule and Psp nodes. Only applicable when working with K8s < 1.25.
• :GRANT - Defines a link between Role and Rule associated with that role.
• :ASSIGN - Defines a link between an Actor (Subject) and given Role/ClusterRole (Role node).
• :RELATION - Defines a link between two different Actor (Subject) nodes.
• :SCOPE - Defines a link between Role and Namespace nodes.
• :ACCESS - Defines a link between Subject and Namespace nodes.
• :AGGREGATE - Defines a link between ClusterRoles (one ClusterRole aggregates another) A-(aggregates)->B
• :COMPOSITE - Defines a link between ClusterRoles (one ClusterRole can be aggregated in another) A<-(is a composite of)-B

All edges are bidirectional, which means graph can be queried in either direction. Only exceptions are :AGGREGATE and :COMPOSITE relations which are uni-directional, though concerned with the same edge nodes.

In order to query the graph directly you can exec into a running redisgraph container, start redis-cli and run your arbitrary queries. Follow official instructions for examples of commands.

You can also query the Graph from Krane console. First exec into running Krane container, then

# Start Krane console - this will open interactive ruby shell with Krane code preloaded

console

# Instantiate Graph client

graph = Krane::Clients::RedisGraph.client cluster: 'default'

# Run arbitrary CypherQL query against indexed RBAC Graph

res = graph.query(%Q(
  MATCH (r:Rule {resource: "configmaps", verb: "update"})<-[:GRANT]-(ro:Role)<-[:ASSIGN]-(s:Subject)
  RETURN s.kind as subject_kind, s.name as subject_name, ro.kind as role_kind, ro.name as role_name))

# Print the results

res.print_resultset

# Results...
+----------------+--------------------------------+-----------+------------------------------------------------+
| subject_kind   | subject_name                   | role_kind | role_name                                      |
+----------------+--------------------------------+-----------+------------------------------------------------+
| ServiceAccount | bootstrap-signer               | Role      | system:controller:bootstrap-signer             |
| User           | system:kube-controller-manager | Role      | system::leader-locking-kube-controller-manager |
| ServiceAccount | kube-controller-manager        | Role      | system::leader-locking-kube-controller-manager |
| User           | system:kube-scheduler          | Role      | system::leader-locking-kube-scheduler          |
| ServiceAccount | kube-scheduler                 | Role      | system::leader-locking-kube-scheduler          |
+----------------+--------------------------------+-----------+------------------------------------------------+

Note: Example query above will select all Subjects with assigned Roles/ClusterRoles granting access to update configmaps.

RBAC risk rules are defined in the Rules file. The structure of each rule is largely self-explanatory. Built-in set can be expanded / overridden by adding extra custom rules to the Cutom Rules file.

Macros are "containers" for a set of common/shared attributes, and referenced by one or more risk rules. If you choose to use macro in a given risk rule you would need to reference it by name, e.g. macro: <macro-name>. Note that attributes defined in referenced macro will take precedence over the same attributes defined on the rule level.

Macro can contain any of the following attributes:

• query - RedisGraph query. Has precedence over template. Requires writer to be defined.
• writer - Writer is a Ruby expression used to format query result set. Writer has precedence over template.
• template - Built-in query/writer template name. If query & writer are not specified then chosen query generator will be used along with matching writer.

Rule can contain any of the following attributes:

• id [Required] Rule id is a unique rule identifier.

• group_title [Required] Title applying to all items falling under this risk check.

• severity [Required] Severity, as one of :danger, :warning, :info.

• info [Required] Textual information about the check and suggestions on how to mitigate the risk.

• query [Conditonal] RedisGraph query.

  • Has precedence over template. Requires writer to be defined.

• writer [Conditonal] Writer is a Ruby expression used to format query result set.

  • Writer has precedence over template. Requires query to be defined.

• template [Conditonal] Built-in query/writer template name. If query & writer are not specified then chosen query generator will be used along with matching writer.

  • Some built-in templates require match_rules attribute to be specified on individual rule level in order to build correct query. Templates currently requiring it:

    • risky-role - Builds multi-match graph query based on the access rules specified by match_rules. Generated graph query returns the following columns:
      • role_name
      • role_kind
      • namespace_name (an array is returned if multiple items returned)

• match_rules [Conditonal] Required when template relies on match rules in order to build a query.

  • Example:

     match_rules:
     - resources: ['cronjobs']
       verbs: ['update']

    Attributes and values follow Kubernetes RBAC role specification.

• custom_params [Optional] List of custom key-value pairs to be evaluated and replaced in a rule query and writer representation.

  • Example:

    custom_params:
    - attrA: valueA
    - attrB: valueB

    Template placeholders for the keys above {{attrA}} and {{attrB}} will be replaced with valueA and valueB respectively.

• threshold [Optional] Numeric value. When definied this will become available as template placeholder {{threshold}} in the writer expression.

• macro [Optional] Reference to common parameters defined in a named macro.

• disabled [Optional] When set to true it'll disable given rule and exclude it from evaluation. By default all rules are enabled.

- id: verbose-rule-example
  group_title: Example rule
  severity:    :danger
  info:        Risk description and instructions on how to mitigate it goes here
  query: |
    MATCH
      (s:Subject)-[:ACCESS]->(ns:Namespace)
    WHERE
      NOT s.name IN {{whitelist_subject_names}}
    RETURN
      s.kind as subject_kind,
      s.name as subject_name,
      COLLECT(ns.name) as namespace_names
    ORDER BY
      subject_kind,
      subject_name,
      namespace_names DESC
  threshold: 2
  writer: |
    if result.namespace_names.count > {{threshold}}
      "#{result.subject_kind} #{result.subject_name} can access namespaces: #{result.namespace_names.join(', ')}"
    end
  disabled: true

The example above explicitly defines a graph query which is used to evaluate RBAC risk, and a writer expression used to format query result set. The query simply selects all Subjects (excluding whitelisted) and Namespaces to which they have access to. Note that the result set will only include Subjects having access to more than 2 Namespaces (Noticed threshold value there?). Last writer's expression will be captured as formatted result item output.

writer can access the result set item via result object with methods matching elements returned by the query, e.g. result.subject_kind, result.subject_name etc.

Note:

• {{threshold}} placeholder in the writer expression will be replaced by the rule's threshold keyword value.
• {{whitelist_subject_names}} represents a custom field which will be interpolated with Whitelist values defined for a given rule id. If a placeholder field name is not defined in the whitelist it'll be substituted with an empty array [''] by default. Read more on whitelisting below.

Built-in templates simplify risk rule definition significantly, however, they are designed to extract specific kind of information and may not be a good fit for your custom rules. If you find yourself reusing the same query or writer expressions across multiple rules, you should consider extracting those to a macro and reference it in your custom rules to DRY them up.

- id: risky-any-verb-secrets
  group_title: Risky Roles/ClustersRoles allowing all actions on secrets
  severity: :danger
  info: Roles/ClusterRoles allowing all actions on secrets. This might be dangerous. Review listed Roles!
  template: risky-role
  match_rules:
  - resources: ['secrets']
    verbs: ['*']

Example above shows one of the built-in rules. It references risky-role template which upon processing will expand the rule by injecting query and writer expressions before rule evalutation triggers. match_rules will be used to build appropriate match query.

Optional whitelist contains a set of custom defined attribute names and respective (whitelisted) values.

Attribute names and their values are arbitrary. They are defined in the Whitelist file and divided into three separate sections:

• global - Top level scope. Custom attributes defined here will apply to all Risk Rules regardless of the cluster name.
• common - Custom attributes will be scoped to specific Risk Rule id regardless of the cluster name.
• cluster (with nested list of cluster names) - Custom attributes will apply to specific Risk Rule id for a given cluster name.

Each Risk Rule, upon evaluation, will attempt to interpolate all parameter placeholders used in the query, e.g. {{your_whitelist_attribute_name}}. If a placeholder parameter name (i.e. a name between the double curly brackets) matches any of the whitelisted attribute names for that Risk Rule id, it will be replaced with its calculated value. If no values are found for a given placeholder, it'll be substituted with [''].

Example whitelist below produces the following placeholder-key => value mapping for a Risk Rule with id attribute value matching "some-risk-rule-id"

{{whitelist_role_names}}    => ['acp:prometheus:operator']
{{whitelist_subject_names}} => ['privileged-psp-user', 'another-user']

The placeholder keys above, when used in the custom graph queries, will be replaced by their respective values upon Risk Rule evaluation.

Example:

---
rules:
  global:                        # global scope - applies to all risk rule and cluster names
    whitelist_role_names:        # custom attribute name
      - acp:prometheus:operator  # custom attribute values

  common:                        # common scope - applies to specific risk rule id regardless of cluster name
    some-risk-rule-id:           # this corresponds to risk rule id defined in config/rules.yaml
      whitelist_subject_names:   # custom attribute name
        - privileged-psp-user    # custom attribute values

  cluster:                       # cluster scope - applies to speciifc risk rule id and cluster name
    default:                     # example cluster name
      some-risk-rule-id:         # risk rule id
        whitelist_subject_names: # custom attribute nane
          - another-user         # custom attribute values

Krane can be deployed to a local or remote Kubernetes clusters easily.

Kubernetes namespace, service account along with appropriate RBAC must be present in the cluster. See the Prerequisites for reference.

Default Krane entrypoint executes bin/in-cluster-run which waits for RedisGraph instance to become available before starting RBAC report loop and dashboard web server.

You may control certain aspects of in-cluster execution with the following environment variables:

• KRANE_REPORT_INTERVAL - Defines interval in seconds for RBAC static analysis report run. Default: 300 (in seconds, i.e. 5 minutes).
• KRANE_REPORT_OUTPUT - Defines RBAC risk report output format. Possible values :json, :yaml, :none. Default: :json.

Before we begin, you'll need the following tools:

• Helm CLI

Install helm chart:

$ helm repo add appvia https://appvia.github.io/krane
$ helm repo update
$ helm install krane appvia/krane --namespace krane --create-namespace

See values.yaml file for details of other settable options and parameters.

kubectl create \
  --context <docker-desktop> \
  --namespace krane \
  -f k8s/redisgraph-service.yaml \
  -f k8s/redisgraph-deployment.yaml \
  -f k8s/krane-service.yaml \
  -f k8s/krane-deployment.yaml

Note that Krane dashboard service is not exposed by default!

kubectl port-forward svc/krane 8000 \
  --context=<docker-desktop> \
  --namespace=krane

# Open Krane dashboard at http://localhost:8000

You can find the example deployment manifests in k8s directory.

Modify manifests as required for your deployments making sure you reference the correct version of Krane docker image in its deployment file. See Krane Docker Registry for available tags, or just use latest.

If your K8s cluster comes with built-in Compose-on-Kubernetes controller support (docker-desktop supports it by default), then you can deploy Krane and its dependencies with a single docker stack command:

docker stack deploy \
  --orchestrator kubernetes \
  --namespace krane \
  --compose-file docker-compose.yml \
  --compose-file docker-compose.k8s.yml krane

Note: Make sure your current kube context is set correctly prior to running the command above!

The application Stack should be now deployed to a Kubernetes cluster and all services ready and exposed. Note that Krane will automatically start its report loop and dashboard server.

docker stack services --orchestrator kubernetes --namespace krane krane

Command above will produce the following output:

ID                  NAME                MODE                REPLICAS            IMAGE                         PORTS
0de30651-dd5        krane_redisgraph    replicated          1/1                 redislabs/redisgraph:1.99.7   *:6379->6379/tcp
aa377a5f-62b        krane_krane         replicated          1/1                 quay.io/appvia/krane:latest   *:8000->8000/tcp

Check your Kubernetes cluster RBAC security posture by visiting http://localhost:8000.

Note that for remote cluster deployments you'll likely need to port-forward Krane service first

kubectl --context=my-remote-cluster --namespace=krane port-forward svc/krane 8000

To delete the Stack

docker stack rm krane \
  --orchestrator kubernetes \
  --namespace krane

Krane will notify you about detected anomalies of medium and high severity via its Slack integration.

To enable notifications specify Slack webhook_url & channel in the config/config.yaml file, or alternatively set both SLACK_WEBHOOK_URL and SLACK_CHANNEL environment variables. Environment variables will take precedence over config file values.

This section describes steps to enable local development.

Install Krane code dependencies with

./bin/setup

Krane depends on RedisGraph. docker-compose is the quickest way to get Krane's dependencies running locally.

docker-compose up -d redisgraph

To inspect RedisGraph service is up:

docker-compose ps

To stop services:

docker-compose down

At this point you should be able to modify Krane codebase and test results by invoking commands in local shell.

$ ./bin/krane --help                    # to get help
$ ./bin/krane report -k docker-desktop  # to generate your first report for
                                        # local docker-desktop k8s cluster
...

To enable Dashboard UI local development mode

$ cd dashboard
$ npm install
$ npm start

This will automatically start the Dashboard server, open default browser and watch for source files changes.

Krane comes preconfigured for improved developer experience with Skaffold. Iterating on the project and validating the application by running the entire stack in local or remote Kubernetes cluster just got easier. Code hot-reload enables local changes to be automatically propagated to the running container for faster development lifecycle.

skaffold dev --kube-context docker-desktop --namespace krane --port-forward

Run tests locally with

bundle exec rspec

We welcome any contributions from the community! Have a look at our contribution guide for more information on how to get started. If you use Krane, find it useful, or are generally interested in Kubernetes security then please let us know by Starring and Watching this repo. Thanks!

Join discussion on our Community channel.

Krane is a community project and we welcome your contributions. To report a bug, suggest an improvement, or request a new feature please open a Github issue. Refer to our contributing guide for more information on how you can help.

See our Roadmap for details about our plans for the project.

Author: Marcin Ciszak [email protected]

Copyright (c) 2019-2020 Appvia Ltd

This project is distributed under the Apache License, Version 2.0.