zkLLVM is a compiler from high-level programming languages into an input for provable computations protocols. It can be used to generate input for any arbitrary zero-knowledge proof system or protocol, which accepts input data in form of algebraic circuits It assumed to be used together with Placeholder proof system or any other arithmetization compatible with Placeholder proof system.

Every proof output from zkLLVM is an in-EVM verifiable one through the Proof Market. Use the Proof Market Toolchain repository (https://github.com/NilFoundation/proof-market-toolchain) to generate in-EVM verifiers.

Notice: zkLLVM is NOT a virtual machine and has nothing to do with it. It, moreover, with its existence proves the absence of necessity in zkVMs, posing them as redundant.

zkLLVM is designed as an extension to LLVM toolchain, thus supports any front end which compiles to LLVM IR. This enables developers to write code in native language instead of DSL's specific to other libraries.

zkLLVM extends:

1. clang/clang++ : Compiles the program into general intermediate representation byte-code from C/C++.
2. rustc: Compiles the program into general intermediate representation byte-code from Rust. (https://github.com/NilFoundation/zkllvm-rslang)
3. assigner Creates the circuit execution trace (a.k.a. assignment table) and produces data, needed by the prover to produce proof.

Languages currently supported are:

1. C/C++ (all the standards Clang 15 supports).
2. Rust (https://github.com/NilFoundation/zkllvm-rslang).
3. Your language suggestions are warmly welcomed in Telegram (https://t.me/nilfoundation) or on Discord (https://discord.gg/KmTAEjbmM3).

• Boost >= 1.76.0
• CMake >= 3.5
• Clang >= 12.0
• Python >= 3.7

On Debian systems, everything except Boost can be installed with the following command:

sudo apt install build-essential libssl-dev cmake clang-12 git curl pkg-config libspdlog-dev

Clone the repository and all the submodules via:

git clone --recurse-submodules [email protected]:NilFoundation/zkllvm.git
cd zkllvm

cmake -G "Unix Makefiles" -B ${ZKLLVM_BUILD:-build} -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Release .

Proof Market requires the IR files in the *.ll format. If you are generating circuit/statement to publish on proof market. Please use the below command instead.

cmake -G "Unix Makefiles" -B ${ZKLLVM_BUILD:-build} -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Release -DCIRCUIT_ASSEMBLY_OUTPUT=TRUE .

3. Build the compiler

make -C ${ZKLLVM_BUILD:-build} assigner clang -j$(nproc)

4. Build the Rust toolchain

Make sure you have rustc with cargo installed first.

make -C ${ZKLLVM_BUILD:-build} rslang -j$(nproc)

Note: if you want an advanced Rust compilation, you can build zkllvm first:

make -C ${ZKLLVM_BUILD:-build} -j$(nproc)

And then use Rust default build system x.py.

You can install rslang as another toolchain in rustup or as a standalone application. Installation is done via rslang-installer.py script. It finds and downloads required release of rslang and installs it in the desired location.

• x86-64 GNU/Linux

• Python 3.7+

1. Install rustup as described on official page.

2. Install rslang:

Run this in your shell:

curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/NilFoundation/zkllvm@master/rslang-installer.py | python - --channel nightly

You can also download the rslang-installer.py first and then run it:

curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -O https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/NilFoundation/zkllvm@master/rslang-installer.py
python rslang-installer.py --channel nightly

Now you can use toolchain called zkllvm to compile with rslang:

rustc +zkllvm -V

To install rslang without rustup use --no-rustup argument. You will need to pass PATH to desired installation directory.

curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -O https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/NilFoundation/zkllvm@master/rslang-installer.py
python rslang-installer.py --no-rustup --prefix PATH

zkLLVM's workflow is as follows:

1. Write Circuit : Users willing to prove some statement are supposed to implement an application in a language compatible with some frontend (C++ for now). This code will be compiled with a modified version of the clang compiler, which will output intermediate representation of the circuit.

   For the most performant cryptography circuits (e.g. hashes, signatures, VDFs, proof system verifications, etc.) we recommend using =nil; Foundation's Crypto3 library.

   The circuit developer will be generating the in-EVM applications for the circuits they have created. This will enable on-chain verification of the proof. The in-EVM logic consists of gate representations of the circuit. These contracts work in conjunction with the Placeholder proof validation in-EVM logic. The process to transpile the circuit into smart contracts is handled by the lorem-ipsum project.

2. Publish Circuit/Generate Proof: zkLLVM is tightly coupled with =nil; Foundation's Proof Market. Users willing to generate a proof for the circuit, will be matched with counter-parties based on price and other conditions. The circuit generated above needs to be published to proof market to enable this.

To generate a proof it is required to pass the following to the proof generator:

* Circuit : Arithmetization of the circuit.
* Inputs: Public (and private) inputs to circuit part of the proof request. 

This generates the binary proof file. This flow is handled by the proof market toolchain repository & documented here.

Users can generate & inspect intermediate artifacts such as execution trace by running the assigner process. See examples below.

3. Verify Proof: Proof can be retrieved from the proof market and verified on chain. Users can verify proof in these modes :

   1. Offline : Tooling to support validation of off-chain proof will be added in the future.
   2. On-chain : This flow of generating smart contracts is handled by the lorem-ipsum project. A high level flow is described in the guides for circuit developer & proof verifier described above.
      

   Above we see how a dApp can use generated verifiers on-chain by simply including verification interfaces.

make -C ${ZKLLVM_BUILD:-build} circuit_cpp_examples -j$(nproc) 
${ZKLLVM_BUILD:-build}/bin/assigner/assigner -b ${ZKLLVM_BUILD:-build}/examples/cpp/arithmetics_example.bc -i examples/inputs/arithmetics.inp -t assignment.tbl -c circuit.crct -e pallas

make -C ${ZKLLVM_BUILD:-build} circuit_cpp_examples -j$(sysctl -n hw.logicalcpu)
${ZKLLVM_BUILD:-build}/bin/assigner/assigner -b ${ZKLLVM_BUILD:-build}/examples/cpp/arithmetics_example.bc -i examples/inputs/arithmetics.inp -t assignment.tbl -c circuit.crct -e pallas

You can also run the assigner with --check flag to validate the satisfiability of the circuit. If the circuit is satisfiable, the assigner will output the satisfying assignment in the assignment.tbl file. If there is an error, the assigner will output the error message and throw an exception via std::abort.

make -C ${ZKLLVM_BUILD:-build} circuit_cpp_examples -j$(nproc) 
${ZKLLVM_BUILD:-build}/bin/assigner/assigner -b ${ZKLLVM_BUILD:-build}/examples/cpp/arithmetics_example.bc -i examples/inputs/arithmetics.inp -t assignment.tbl -c circuit.crct -e pallas --check

make -C ${ZKLLVM_BUILD:-build} circuit_cpp_examples -j$(sysctl -n hw.logicalcpu)
${ZKLLVM_BUILD:-build}/bin/assigner/assigner -b ${ZKLLVM_BUILD:-build}/examples/cpp/arithmetics_example.bc -i examples/inputs/arithmetics.inp -t assignment.tbl -c circuit.crct -e pallas --check