Binary Logic GNU R Package
Convert, negate, shift and rotate binary digits. (switchEndianess, bin2gray, bytesNeeded, binaryPrefix, fillUpToByte).
devtools are required to install "binaryLogic" from github: devtools
library(devtools)
# install 'binaryLogic'
install_github("d4ndo/binaryLogic")
library(binaryLogic)Starting with a simple conversion. Decimal (Base10) to binary (Base2) and vice versa.
the_answer_to_the_ultimate_question_of_life_the_universe_and_everything <- as.binary(42)
the_answer_to_the_ultimate_question_of_life_the_universe_and_everything
#> [1] 1 0 1 0 1 0
as.numeric(the_answer_to_the_ultimate_question_of_life_the_universe_and_everything)
#> [1] 42
summary(the_answer_to_the_ultimate_question_of_life_the_universe_and_everything)
#> Signedness Endianess value<0 Size[bit] Base10
#> 1 unsigned Big-Endian FALSE 6 42Behavior »Class Binary«
| Operator | Behavior |
|---|---|
| [== or !=] | Comparision by value. |
| [<, <= or > , >=] | Comparision by value. |
| [+ or -] | Operations by value. |
| [*, ^] | Operations by value. |
| [%/%, %%] | Operations by value |
| [/] | Not supported. |
| [&, ¦, xor] | Bitwise Operations. The smaller vector is filled up with zeros. |
| [!] | Indicates logical negation (NOT). Bitwise Operations |
The logical == operator compares every element of the vector (Bitwise comparison). e.g.
two <- as.binary(2); two <- as.logical(two); two == two;
#> [1] TRUE TRUEThe binary == operator compares the value and it does not distinguish between big and little endian.
two <- as.binary(2); two == two;
#> [1] TRUEBinaryLogic operators:
| Operator | Behavior |
|---|---|
| shiftLeft(binary), shiftRight(binary) | shift Operation. |
| rotate(binary) | shift Operation. |
| negate(binary) | Indicates arithmetic negation. value <- value * (-1) |
| switchEndianess(binary) | |
| bin2gray(binary) | convert binary to gray code |
| gray2bin(gray) | convert gray code to binary |
This class is just not that great at heavy number crunching, but it brings some benefits. Especially if you like to work using vectors in R. The »binary« class inherits from the »logical« class. Some function from package binaryLogic can be applied to logical vectors such as shift or rotate (see help).
The internal structure looks like this. It is composed of a »logical vector« and several attributes. In this example(Big-Endian), it corresponds to the value = 2(Base10).
structure(c(TRUE, FALSE), class = c("binary", "logical"), signed = FALSE, littleEndian = FALSE)
#> [1] 1 0The binary number is represented by a logical vector. The Bit order usually follows the same endianess as the byte order. How to read:
-
Little Endian (LSB) —> (MSB)
-
Big Endian (MSB) <— (LSB)
The Big Endian endianess stores its MSB at the lowest adress. The Little Endian endianess stores its MSB at the highest adress.
e.g.
b <-binary(8)
b
#> [1] 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0-
»Little Endian« : MSB at b[1] and LSB at b[8].
-
»Big Endian« : LSB at b[1] and MSB at b[8].
Calculation:
The size has to be considerd in a calculation with a signed number. e.G.: An 8 Bit signed number can hold this range of base10 numbers [127 to -128]. You will run into a problem if a calculation is outside of this range. The reference is the larger number in size.
Size:
The size »must« be specified. In Byte e.G. (1 Byte = 8 Bit, 2 Byte, .. n Byte). By default it is 2 Byte.
Calculation:
An unsigned number will increase it's size when caluculation is not in range.
Size:
The size »can« be specified. In Bit. (1 Bit , 2 Bit, .. n Bit). There is no default size because the size is calculated on the fly.
as.binary(0xAF)
#> [1] 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1
as.binary(42)
#> [1] 1 0 1 0 1 0
as.binary(42, littleEndian=TRUE)
#> [1] 0 1 0 1 0 1
as.binary(c(0xAF, 0xBF, 0xFF))
#> [[1]]
#> [1] 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1
#>
#> [[2]]
#> [1] 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1
#>
#> [[3]]
#> [1] 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
as.binary(c(2,4,8,16), signed=TRUE, size=1)
#> [[1]]
#> [1] 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
#>
#> [[2]]
#> [1] 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
#>
#> [[3]]
#> [1] 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
#>
#> [[4]]
#> [1] 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
as.binary(-1, signed=TRUE, size=1)
#> [1] 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1other way around
two <- as.binary(2, signed=TRUE, size=4)
as.integer(negate(two))
#> [1] -2
# or
as.double(two)
#> [1] 2
# alias for
as.numeric(two)
#> [1] 2as.binary(c(1,1,0), signed=TRUE, logic=TRUE)
#> [1] 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0
as.binary(c(TRUE,TRUE,FALSE), logic=TRUE)
#> [1] 1 1 0
bigEndian <- as.binary(c(1,1,0,0), logic=TRUE)
summary(bigEndian)
#> Signedness Endianess value<0 Size[bit] Base10
#> 1 unsigned Big-Endian FALSE 4 12
littleEndian <- switchEndianess(bigEndian)
print(littleEndian)
#> [1] 0 0 1 1
littleEndian <- as.binary(bigEndian, littleEndian=TRUE)
print(littleEndian)
#> [1] 1 1 0 0
summary(littleEndian)
#> Signedness Endianess value<0 Size[bit] Base10
#> 1 unsigned Little-Endian FALSE 4 3other way around
as.logical(as.binary(2))
#> [1] TRUE FALSEb <- as.binary(charToRaw("A"))
summary(b)
#> Signedness Endianess value<0 Size[bit] Base10
#> 1 unsigned Big-Endian FALSE 7 65
as.raw(b)
#> [1] 41b <- as.binary(0:7, n=3)
g <- lapply(b, bin2gray)
print(g)
#> [[1]]
#> [1] FALSE FALSE FALSE
#>
#> [[2]]
#> [1] FALSE FALSE TRUE
#>
#> [[3]]
#> [1] FALSE TRUE TRUE
#>
#> [[4]]
#> [1] FALSE TRUE FALSE
#>
#> [[5]]
#> [1] TRUE TRUE FALSE
#>
#> [[6]]
#> [1] TRUE TRUE TRUE
#>
#> [[7]]
#> [1] TRUE FALSE TRUE
#>
#> [[8]]
#> [1] TRUE FALSE FALSE
gray2bin(g[[8]])
#> [1] 1 1 1Be aware about this kind of notation »0xAF«. Because Gnu R converts this to an integer first and then it will be converted to a binary digit. This is just a limitation, if you want to use a little endian formation. It can be fixed by using switchEndianess setting the stickyBits=TRUE.
#Watch out for this notation
as.binary(0xAF, littleEndian=TRUE)
#> [1] 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1
littleEndian <- switchEndianess(as.binary(0xAF), stickyBits = TRUE)
littleEndian
#> [1] 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1
summary(littleEndian)
#> Signedness Endianess value<0 Size[bit] Base10
#> 1 unsigned Little-Endian FALSE 8 245
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