There are 2 scenarios of this issue. I'm not sure if they share the same root cause, b

Another corrupted image: <a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1U8XhsSFdrSFLLrio1Au

Verified bread-cai-cai-cai by <code class="notranslat

<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" href="https://user-images.github

DLC server needs to install the system dependencies libexiv2-d

Doing multi-injection multiple times causes the injected image to be corrupted,about numbersprotocol/pyc2pa

Comments (18)

shc261392 commented on June 22, 2024 1

Another corrupted image: https://drive.google.com/file/d/1U8XhsSFdrSFLLrio1AuLA4wXJvHoQ95k/view?usp=sharing

It might be easier to find the the common trait of these images and find the root cause if we could find more cases like this

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bafu commented on June 22, 2024

Verified bread-cai-cai-cai by jp2file and got a thumbnail-relaed error

$ python3 codestream_parser/jp2file.py ~/codes/starling-cai/utils/james-cai-cai-cai.jpeg 
###############################################################                                      # JP2 file format log file generated by jp2file.py            ################################################################
                                                                                                     0       : New marker: SOI (Start of image)                                                          
                                                                                                     2       : New marker: APP1 (Application marker #1)                                                                   
                                                                                                     2459    : New marker: APP11 (JPEG XT Extension Marker)                                                  
    0       : Sub Box: "jumb" JUMBF Box                                                                    8       : Sub Box: "jumd"         JUMBF Description box        TYPE: 63 61 63 62 00 11 00 10 80 00 00 aa 00 38 9b 71
        TOGGLES: 0b11                                                                                        LABEL: cai                                
        No ID                                     
        No Signature                                                                                                                                                                                      
      37      : Sub Box: "jumb" JUMBF Box                                                            
        45      : Sub Box: "jumd"           JUMBF Description box                                              TYPE: 63 61 73 74 00 11 00 10 80 00 00 aa 00 38 9b 71
          TOGGLES: 0b11                           
          LABEL: cb.Authmedia_1                                                                                No ID                                   
          No Signature                                                                               
                                                                                                             85      : Sub Box: "jumb" JUMBF Box                                                          
          93      : Sub Box: "jumd"             JUMBF Description box
            TYPE: 63 61 61 73 00 11 00 10 80 00 00 aa 00 38 9b 71                                                TOGGLES: 0b11            
            LABEL: cai.assertions                 
            No ID                                                                                    
            No Signature                                                                             
                                                  
          133     : Sub Box: "jumb" JUMBF Box
            141     : Sub Box: "jumd"               JUMBF Description box
              TYPE: 6a 73 6f 6e 00 11 00 10 80 00 00 aa 00 38 9b 71
              TOGGLES: 0b11
              LABEL: adobe.asset.info
              No ID
              No Signature

            183     : Sub Box: "json" JSON box
              Data:
              {"title":"bread.jpg"}

          212     : Sub Box: "jumb" JUMBF Box
            220     : Sub Box: "jumd"               JUMBF Description box
              TYPE: 6a 73 6f 6e 00 11 00 10 80 00 00 aa 00 38 9b 71
              TOGGLES: 0b11
              LABEL: cai.location.broad
              No ID
              No Signature

            264     : Sub Box: "json" JSON box
              Data:
              {"location":""}


          287     : Sub Box: "jumb" JUMBF Box
            295     : Sub Box: "jumd"               JUMBF Description box
              TYPE: 6a 73 6f 6e 00 11 00 10 80 00 00 aa 00 38 9b 71
              TOGGLES: 0b11
              LABEL: cai.rights
              No ID
              No Signature

            331     : Sub Box: "json" JSON box
              Data:
              {"copyright":""}


          355     : Sub Box: "jumb" JUMBF Box
            363     : Sub Box: "jumd"               JUMBF Description box
              TYPE: 65 79 d6 fb db a2 44 6b b2 ac 1b 82 fe eb 89 d1
              TOGGLES: 0b11
              LABEL: cai.claim.thumbnail.jpg.jpg
              No ID
              No Signature

            416     : Sub Box: "jp2c" Codestream box
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "codestream_parser/jp2file.py", line 2334, in <module>
    jpg.stream_parse(file,0)
  File "/home/bafu/codes/codestream-parser/venv/lib/python3.8/site-packages/codestream_parser/jpgcode
stream.py", line 439, in stream_parse
    self.parse_table()
  File "/home/bafu/codes/codestream-parser/venv/lib/python3.8/site-packages/codestream_parser/jpgcode
stream.py", line 370, in parse_table
    self.parse_APP(ordw(self.buffer) - 0xffe0)
  File "/home/bafu/codes/codestream-parser/venv/lib/python3.8/site-packages/codestream_parser/jpgcode
stream.py", line 323, in parse_APP
    box.parse(self.superhook)
  File "/home/bafu/codes/codestream-parser/venv/lib/python3.8/site-packages/codestream_parser/jp2box.
py", line 156, in parse
    hook(self,id,"%d" % length)
  File "/home/bafu/codes/codestream-parser/venv/lib/python3.8/site-packages/codestream_parser/jp2file
.py", line 2133, in superbox_hook
    parse_superbox(box,"JUMBF Box")
  File "/home/bafu/codes/codestream-parser/venv/lib/python3.8/site-packages/codestream_parser/jp2file
.py", line 2043, in parse_superbox
    box.parse(superbox_hook)
  File "/home/bafu/codes/codestream-parser/venv/lib/python3.8/site-packages/codestream_parser/jp2box.
py", line 156, in parse
    hook(self,id,"%d" % length)
  File "/home/bafu/codes/codestream-parser/venv/lib/python3.8/site-packages/codestream_parser/jp2file
.py", line 2133, in superbox_hook
    parse_superbox(box,"JUMBF Box")
  File "/home/bafu/codes/codestream-parser/venv/lib/python3.8/site-packages/codestream_parser/jp2file
.py", line 2043, in parse_superbox
    box.parse(superbox_hook)
  File "/home/bafu/codes/codestream-parser/venv/lib/python3.8/site-packages/codestream_parser/jp2box.
py", line 156, in parse
    hook(self,id,"%d" % length)
  File "/home/bafu/codes/codestream-parser/venv/lib/python3.8/site-packages/codestream_parser/jp2file
.py", line 2133, in superbox_hook
    parse_superbox(box,"JUMBF Box")
  File "/home/bafu/codes/codestream-parser/venv/lib/python3.8/site-packages/codestream_parser/jp2file
.py", line 2043, in parse_superbox
    box.parse(superbox_hook)
  File "/home/bafu/codes/codestream-parser/venv/lib/python3.8/site-packages/codestream_parser/jp2box.
py", line 156, in parse
    hook(self,id,"%d" % length)
  File "/home/bafu/codes/codestream-parser/venv/lib/python3.8/site-packages/codestream_parser/jp2file
.py", line 2133, in superbox_hook
    parse_superbox(box,"JUMBF Box")
  File "/home/bafu/codes/codestream-parser/venv/lib/python3.8/site-packages/codestream_parser/jp2file
.py", line 2043, in parse_superbox
    box.parse(superbox_hook)
  File "/home/bafu/codes/codestream-parser/venv/lib/python3.8/site-packages/codestream_parser/jp2box.
py", line 156, in parse
    hook(self,id,"%d" % length)
  File "/home/bafu/codes/codestream-parser/venv/lib/python3.8/site-packages/codestream_parser/jp2file
.py", line 2079, in superbox_hook
    cs.stream_parse(box.infile,box.offset)
  File "/home/bafu/codes/codestream-parser/venv/lib/python3.8/site-packages/codestream_parser/jp2code
stream.py", line 194, in stream_parse
    self.load_buffer(file)
  File "/home/bafu/codes/codestream-parser/venv/lib/python3.8/site-packages/codestream_parser/jp2code
stream.py", line 185, in load_buffer
    self.load_marker(file,marker)
  File "/home/bafu/codes/codestream-parser/venv/lib/python3.8/site-packages/codestream_parser/jp2code
stream.py", line 158, in load_marker
    mrk    = ((ord(marker[0]) << 8) +
TypeError: ord() expected string of length 1, but int found

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bafu commented on June 22, 2024

Verified "good thumb image" by jp2file and can pass verification.

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bafu commented on June 22, 2024

Can not reproduce this issue by using James' example: python3 james_multiple_injection.py doge-meets-bread.jpeg

Note

When generating a thumbnail, use the original image instead of an image containing CAI metadata. It will cause an unknown issue if a thumbnail contains CAI metadata.
In my environment, if I create a thumbnail from a CAI-injected image, the thumbnail will still contains the CAI metadata.

Source and Workable Multi-Injection Images

Source image

sha256sum: 1493250b88cfda3c6879732485789a0b799a62367e2ff2d8a0e8927ffa75bb6b

Workable multi-injection image created by James' example w/ the patch

sha256sum: b6cafc3d9375eff929bc9469d4b9f947771657b486ddefa192319db654dd92a7

--- a/james_multiple_injection.py    2021-04-27 11:52:57.907932857 +0800
+++ b/james_multiple_injection.py 2021-04-27 11:46:59.239599598 +0800
@@ -20,14 +20,14 @@
 
 
 photo_filename = sys.argv[1]
-#thumbnail_filename = sys.argv[1].replace('.jpg', '-thumbnail.jpg')
+thumbnail_filename = sys.argv[1].replace('.jpg', '-thumbnail.jpg')
 
 photo_bytes = open(photo_filename, 'rb').read()
-#thumbnail_bytes = open(thumbnail_filename, 'rb').read()
+thumbnail_bytes = open(thumbnail_filename, 'rb').read()
 
 location = ''
 owner = ''
-thumbnail_bytes = b''
+#thumbnail_bytes = b''
 public_key = ''
 media_hash = ''
 timestamp = ''

The thumbnail is generated by convert -resize 50% doge-meets-bread.jpeg doge-meets-bread-thumbnail.jpeg

Workable multi-injection image created by starling_multiple_injection.py

sha256sum: 9a84438f0cc93ec41686d1e5985196a1cb10e6e6e20859eea7cc39aae73136a3

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shc261392 commented on June 22, 2024

A corrupted image can be created by using the above script with this image and this thumbnail

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bafu commented on June 22, 2024

Manually injected by using the raw image and thumbnail in the comment above, and the injected image below (bread-cai-cai-cai.jpeg) is normal:

$ python3 james_multiple_injection.py bread.jpeg

$ sha256sum bread*
af30fc972c6538fb3fc14f940cf027df588345c8456c530f2f14ca85d2e6544e  bread-cai-cai-cai.jpeg
1493250b88cfda3c6879732485789a0b799a62367e2ff2d8a0e8927ffa75bb6b  bread.jpeg
5412d7806f0579ead0b97ada042cbed5871aa0208bfa39b8b8fad7004638c24e  bread-thumbnail.jpeg

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bafu commented on June 22, 2024

I can reproduce this issue on storage-backend instance.

steps to reproduce

created a clean venv
ran testing script
got the same broken image with James'

Both AWS venv and my local venv have the same deps

diff -Naru venv-deps-aws.txt venv-deps-bofu.txt 
--- venv-deps-aws.txt   2021-04-28 13:00:53.607844061 +0800
+++ venv-deps-bofu.txt  2021-04-28 13:01:44.053226163 +0800
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 asn1crypto==1.4.0
 attrs==20.3.0
 bcrypt==3.2.0
-cai @ file:///home/ubuntu/cai/cai-1.3.0-py3-none-any.whl
+cai @ file:///home/bafu/Downloads/cai-1.3.0-py3-none-any.whl
 certifi==2020.12.5
 cffi==1.14.5
 chardet==4.0.0

Action

James will verify on a new Ubuntu 20.04 instance.
Bofu will verify on DLC which is 20.04, too.

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bafu commented on June 22, 2024

DLC server needs to install the system dependencies

libexiv2-dev (0.27.2-8ubuntu2)
libboost1.71-dev:amd64 (1.71.0-6ubuntu6)
swig (4.0.1-5build1)

Got the error when install the cai module in venv:

  x86_64-linux-gnu-g++ -pthread -shared -Wl,-O1 -Wl,-Bsymbolic-functions -Wl,-Bsymbolic-functions -Wl,-z,relro -g -fwrapv -O2 -Wl,-Bsymbolic-functions -Wl,-z,relro -g -fwrapv -O2 -g -fstack-protector-strong -Wformat -Werror=format-security -Wdate-time -D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=2 build/temp.linux-x86_64-3.8/src/exiv2wrapper.o build/temp.linux-x86_64-3.8/src/exiv2wrapper_python.o -lboost_python38 -lexiv2 -o build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.8/libexiv2python.cpython-38-x86_64-linux-gnu.so
  /usr/bin/ld: cannot find -lboost_python38
  collect2: error: ld returned 1 exit status
  error: command 'x86_64-linux-gnu-g++' failed with exit status 1
  ----------------------------------------
  ERROR: Failed building wheel for py3exiv2

Root cause: libboost fails to create correct symbolic links. We need to create them manually:

bafu@de-lab-cafe:/usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu$ ls -l | grep libboost_python
-rw-r--r--  1 root root    259776  四   1  2020 libboost_python38.so.1.71.0

bafu@de-lab-cafe:/usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu$ sudo ln -s libboost_python38.so.1.71.0 libboost_python38.so
bafu@de-lab-cafe:/usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu$ sudo ln -s libboost_python38.so libboost_python3.so

bafu@de-lab-cafe:/usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu$ ls -l | grep libboost_python
lrwxrwxrwx  1 root root        27  四  28 13:27 libboost_python38.so -> libboost_python38.so.1.71.0
-rw-r--r--  1 root root    259776  四   1  2020 libboost_python38.so.1.71.0
lrwxrwxrwx  1 root root        20  四  28 13:28 libboost_python3.so -> libboost_python38.so

then I can create correct CAI images on DLC server.

(venv) bafu@de-lab-cafe:~/debug$ sha256sum bread-cai-cai-cai.jpeg 
af30fc972c6538fb3fc14f940cf027df588345c8456c530f2f14ca85d2e6544e  bread-cai-cai-cai.jpeg

System dependencies on storage-backend dev, DLC server, and Bofu's devenv:

storage-backend dev

ubuntu@dia-dev:~$ apt-cache policy libexiv2-dev libboost1.71-dev swig
libexiv2-dev:
  Installed: 0.27.2-8ubuntu2
  Candidate: 0.27.2-8ubuntu2
  Version table:
 *** 0.27.2-8ubuntu2 500
        500 http://ap-southeast-1.ec2.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal/main amd64 Packages
        100 /var/lib/dpkg/status
libboost1.71-dev:
  Installed: 1.71.0-6ubuntu6
  Candidate: 1.71.0-6ubuntu6
  Version table:
 *** 1.71.0-6ubuntu6 500
        500 http://ap-southeast-1.ec2.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal/main amd64 Packages
        100 /var/lib/dpkg/status
swig:
  Installed: 4.0.1-5build1
  Candidate: 4.0.1-5build1
  Version table:
 *** 4.0.1-5build1 500
        500 http://ap-southeast-1.ec2.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal/universe amd64 Packages
        100 /var/lib/dpkg/status

DLC

bafu@de-lab-cafe:~/debug$ apt-cache policy libexiv2-dev libboost1.71-dev swig
libexiv2-dev:
  Installed: 0.27.2-8ubuntu2
  Candidate: 0.27.2-8ubuntu2
  Version table:
 *** 0.27.2-8ubuntu2 500
        500 http://tw.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal/main amd64 Packages
        100 /var/lib/dpkg/status
libboost1.71-dev:
  Installed: 1.71.0-6ubuntu6
  Candidate: 1.71.0-6ubuntu6
  Version table:
 *** 1.71.0-6ubuntu6 500
        500 http://tw.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal/main amd64 Packages
        100 /var/lib/dpkg/status
swig:
  Installed: 4.0.1-5build1
  Candidate: 4.0.1-5build1
  Version table:
 *** 4.0.1-5build1 500
        500 http://tw.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal/universe amd64 Packages
        500 http://tw.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal/universe i386 Packages
        100 /var/lib/dpkg/status

Bofu's devenv

apt-cache policy libexiv2-dev libboost1.71-dev swig
libexiv2-dev:
  Installed: 0.27.2-8ubuntu2
  Candidate: 0.27.2-8ubuntu2
  Version table:
 *** 0.27.2-8ubuntu2 500
        500 http://tw.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal/main amd64 Packages
        100 /var/lib/dpkg/status
libboost1.71-dev:
  Installed: 1.71.0-6ubuntu6
  Candidate: 1.71.0-6ubuntu6
  Version table:
 *** 1.71.0-6ubuntu6 500
        500 http://tw.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal/main amd64 Packages
        100 /var/lib/dpkg/status
swig:
  Installed: 4.0.1-5build1
  Candidate: 4.0.1-5build1
  Version table:
 *** 4.0.1-5build1 500
        500 http://tw.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal/universe amd64 Packages
        500 http://tw.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal/universe i386 Packages
        100 /var/lib/dpkg/status

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shc261392 commented on June 22, 2024

Found another case of corrupted image from production site.

Here are 4 related images:

downtown-koto-ku.jpg (original image, has CAI info):
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Yz-jPigYHW5AlqRD24ChC8qfzlVnVHvC/view?usp=sharing

downtown-koto-ku-thumbnail.jpg (original thumbnail, has no CAI):
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1xIQnrPNvABdcQi7jAX8j8FOJORWKxbLt/view?usp=sharing

downtown-koto-ku_cai__3__.jpg (CAI injected by backend, corrupted):
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1ermu5KnqErZkWgLLnIsFVim2rA8Pm_fN/view?usp=sharing

downtown-koto-ku-cai-cai-cai.jpg (CAI injected with utils/starling_multiple_injection.py, corrupted): https://drive.google.com/file/d/1KPM82_O38sR2M3Eavp2vfhqSOmmB6-IM/view?usp=sharing

sha256sum

2b293fb20b9d36b46ce92d06d65be1d5bc8bf2e5d5f476ea68e0875d9b75b535 downtown-koto-ku-cai-cai-cai.jpg
8fde780878a3754759e014637b03a68e2434374e3ae56f4d8f7b255f36f2acfd downtown-koto-ku-thumbnail.jpg
4039757f72e4cc6152f282ab8820ebcdf44b4dc74ae56fe5c11cef7981d8ea46 downtown-koto-ku.jpg
c2ec4c752f64e7f78555b53d4cf6c2222a06b5d4204a4094af8c843598716881 downtown-koto-ku_cai__3__.jpg

Injecting the original image with the original thumbnail results in a corrupted image with correct CAI info. (can be extracted by codestream-parser/utils/cai-parser.py or verify website)

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bafu commented on June 22, 2024

Image Viewer shows the error when opening downtown-koto-ku-cai-cai-cai.jpg

Error interpreting JPEG image file (Invalid JPEG file structure: SOS before SOF)

metadata structure in JPEG
Syntax and structure

SOF0, 0xFF, 0xC0, Start Of Frame (baseline DCT)
SOF2, 0xFF, 0xC2, Start Of Frame (progressive DCT)
SOS, 0xFF, 0xDA, Start Of Scan

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bafu commented on June 22, 2024

Question: Is thumbnail put at the right position?

Starting and ending bytes in downtown-koto-ku-thumbnail.jpg

0000:0000 | FF D8 FF E0  00 10 4A 46  49 46 00 01  01 00 00 01 | ÿØÿà..JFIF......
...
0000:3770 | D3 34 BB 89  5F A5 20 14  91 D8 62 80  38 E9 4C 1F | Ó4»._¥ ..Øb.8éL.
0000:3780 | 78 D0 72 3A  12 28 19 FF  D9                       | xÐr:.(.ÿÙ

CAI Injection position

0000:6D60 | 6B 65 74 20  65 6E 64 3D  22 77 22 3F  3E FF EB FF | ket end="w"?>ÿëÿ
0000:6D70 | FF 4A 50 00  01 00 00 00  01 00 01 EA  1E 6A 75 6D | ÿJP........ê.jum

Thumbnail position

0000:6F80 | 67 2E 6A 70  67 00 00 00  37 91 6A 70  32 63 FF D8 | g.jpg...7.jp2cÿØ
0000:6F90 | FF E0 00 10  4A 46 49 46  00 01 01 00  00 01 00 01 | ÿà..JFIF........
...
0000:A700 | BB 89 5F A5  20 14 91 D8  62 80 38 E9  4C 1F 78 D0 | »._¥ ..Øb.8éL.xÐ
0000:A710 | 72 3A 12 28  19 FF D9 00  00 37 D4 6A  75 6D 62 00 | r:.(.ÿÙ..7Ôjumb.

SOI & DQT positions (0xFFD8, 0xFFDB)

0000:03D0 | 00 00 00 01  FF D8 FF DB  00 84 00 02  01 02 02 02 | ....ÿØÿÛ........
0000:03E0 | 01 02 02 02  02 02 02 02  02 03 05 03  03 03 03 03 | ................

SOS position (0xFFDA)

0000:0610 | F8 F9 FA FF  DA 00 0C 03  01 00 02 11  03 11 00 3F | øùúÿÚ..........?
0000:0620 | 00 FD 1E FD  89 3E 3F 68  9A 6E 81 F0  9F E1 54 DE | .ý.ý.>?h.n.ð.áTÞ

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bafu commented on June 22, 2024

downtown-koto-ku.jpg contains a CAI injection

$ exiv2 -p a pr downtown-koto-ku.jpg | grep Xmp
Xmp.dcterms.provenance                       XmpText    39  self#jumbf=cai/cb.Authmedia_1/cai.claim

CAI parsing result: downtown-koto-ku.txt

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bafu commented on June 22, 2024

downtown-koto-ku-cai-cai-cai.jpg contains 4 CAI injections

$ exiv2 -p a pr downtown-koto-ku-cai-cai-cai.jpg | grep Xmp
Xmp.dcterms.provenance                       XmpText    49  self#jumbf=cai/cb.ThunderCoreNFTChain_3/cai.claim

CAI parsing result: downtown-koto-ku-cai-cai-cai.txt

There is a duplicate label cb.Authmedia_1

$ grep "LABEL: cb." downtown-koto-ku-cai-cai-cai.txt 
          LABEL: cb.Authmedia_1
          LABEL: cb.Authmedia_1
          LABEL: cb.IOTAIntegrityChain_2
          LABEL: cb.ThunderCoreNFTChain_3

However, it seems not be the root cause.

I did some experiments

renamed one of the cb.Authmedia_1 to cb.Authmedia_2
removed cb.Authmedia_1 in the multi-injection script

the output images are still broken.

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bafu commented on June 22, 2024

It seems that "single injection + 3 multiple injection" breaks the DQT marker data.

downtown-koto-ku.jpg, single injection

downtown-koto-ku-cai-cai-cai.jpg, single injection + 3 multiple injections

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bafu commented on June 22, 2024

James 6:09 PM
@bafu 我在資料夾放了兩張原本 inject 會 corrupted 的 image
https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1V_-aT9QPOtGggixasIGhcF5Je0W3nIdn?usp=sharing
6:10
labrador 跟 sE7

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scott-dt commented on June 22, 2024

@bafu 可以幫我是這兩張嗎? 先前說不能 inject 的圖

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bafu commented on June 22, 2024

Fixed by commit 1dcf02a.

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bafu commented on June 22, 2024

DQT #00 disappears in the injected photo.

NFT #2447 (ThunderCore Mainnet)
- Image URL: https://ipfs.io/ipfs/bafybeidc2kaycewge3byql7heryx6hz7ewgxj4wicd2iyeyfx4yt7cxxfa
- tt-2447-broken
tt-2447-original

$ sha256sum tt-2447-*
4c4586b2e75a96d8ad819501c69752105070d2922bc633ee79895cc052c7c374  tt-2447-broken.jpg
efea73976ab0c5ead97aeb3477bcbd75f4b9c5ff8dba12527235342425968b2a  tt-2447-original.jpg

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Doing multi-injection multiple times causes the injected image to be corrupted about pyc2pa HOT 18 OPEN

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